Ignore Condition Research Articles

A Reasonable Expectation Account of The Epistemic Condition of Blameworthiness and Ignorance Rooted in Myside Bias

A Reasonable Expectation Account of The Epistemic Condition of Blameworthiness and Ignorance Rooted in Myside Bias

Survival analysis with censored data: a further twist on ignorability conditions

A key assumption for the application of methods concerning censored data is that the random nature of the censoring mechanism should be ignorable when making likelihood-based inferences. The constant-sum property is an ignorability assumption that is critical for the correct use of a simplified version of the likelihood function and for the identifiability of the survival function [Oller R, Gómez G, Calle ML. Interval censoring: identifiability and the constant-sum property. Biometrika. 2007;94(1):61–70]. It has been proven to be weaker than the assumption of independence between the lifetime variable and the assessment process that leads to censored data. An important caveat is that the theoretical framework established in the class of constant-sum censoring models requires full knowledge of the support of the lifetime variable. In the present work we investigate the consequences of a wrong specification of the support. One might naively expect that this information is not necessary and that, for instance, the estimation of the survival function would assign null or almost null probabilities to regions outside the support. We reveal via examples that this premise is generally true but there are also several exceptions. To shed light on this issue, we introduce a new ignorability condition that extends the constant-sum property and removes the knowledge of the support from the equation. We also show that the independence assumption is stronger than the new extended constant-sum condition.

Socio-cultural Life of Kashmir During 19th Century A.D

The paper discusses various aspects of the society, including religious narrow-mindedness, superstitions, and the prevailing conditions of ignorance and lack of education during the 19th century A.D. One of the key points highlighted in the paper is the dominance of devout superstitions and mental insolvency among the people of Kashmir during that era. The society was deeply rooted in religious practices and rituals, Hindu engaging in symbol worship and religious ceremonies while Muslims were superstitious. These superstitious beliefs were considered obstacles to the progress of science and education. The lack of education was a significant issue in 19th-century Kashmir. The scarcity of educational opportunities led to widespread ignorance, and this ignorance further propagated the prevalence of superstitions and religious practices.

Strategy-based motor learning decreases the post-movement β power

Motor learning depends on the joint contribution of several processes including cognitive strategies aiming at goal achievement and prediction error-driven implicit adaptation. Understanding this functional interplay and its clinical implications requires insight into the individual learning processes, including at a neural level. Here, we set out to examine the impact of learning a cognitive strategy, over and above implicit adaptation, on the oscillatory post-movement β rebound (PMBR), which typically decreases in power following (visuo)motor perturbations. Healthy participants performed reaching movements towards a target, with online visual feedback replacing the view of their moving hand. The feedback was sometimes rotated, either relative to their movements (visuomotor rotation) or invariant to their movements (and relative to the target; clamped feedback), always for two consecutive trials interspersed between non-rotated trials. In both conditions, the first trial with a rotation was unpredictable. On the second trial, the task was either to re-aim, and thereby compensate for the rotation experienced in the first trial (visuomotor rotation; Compensate condition), or to ignore the rotation and keep on aiming at the target (clamped feedback; Ignore condition). After-effects did not differ between conditions, indicating that the amount of implicit learning was similar, while large differences in movement direction in the second rotated trial between conditions indicated that participants successfully acquired re-aiming strategies. Importantly, PMBR power following the first rotated trial was modulated differently in the two conditions. Specifically, it decreased in both conditions, but this effect was larger when participants had to acquire a cognitive strategy and prepare to re-aim. Our results therefore suggest that the PMBR is modulated by cognitive demands of motor learning, possibly reflecting the evaluation of a behaviourally significant goal achievement error.

The Relationship of Knowledge and Attitudes of Traders with Traditional Market Sanitation Hygiene

Hygiene sanitation of the traditional market environment with conditions of ignorance of market traders must be clean from garbage, dirt in trading facilities and around the market and do not use personal protective equipment, various public health problems can occur if traders do not know and are not aware to maintain the cleanliness of market environment sanitation. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between knowledge and attitudes of traders with hygiene, sanitation, environment, traditional markets in Kota Fajar Village, North Kluert District, South Aceh Regency. Type of quantitative research with Cross Sectional design. The study was conducted on June 5-18, 2022 with a sample of 74 traders using a simple Random Sampling technique Data collection using questionnaires. Data analysis using univariate and bivariate analysis with chi-square test. The level of knowledge of market traders in maintaining the sanitary hygiene of the market environment was partly obtained by the results that 11 respondents 64.7% had poor knowledge with poor sanitary hygiene. Negative attitudes of 13 respondents 17.6% with poor sanitary hygiene . Based on statistical tests using chi-square, there is a relationship between the knowledge (P value 0.000) and attitude (P value 0.000) of market traders by maintaining the sanitary hygiene of the traditional market environment. It is expected that market traders will know and be aware of maintaining the cleanliness of facilities including personal protective equipment

Replication: Knowledge and Luck

Is a belief true when it is due to a lucky guess? This study replicated Turri and colleagues' (2014) study investigating how we make judgments of others' knowledge (i.e., what they know). In this replication, 97 participants completed a short survey that compared three different conditions-one in which the character made the right decision due to their knowledge ("Knowledge"), one in which the character made the right decision due to a lucky guess ("Gettier"), and one in which the character was wrong ("Ignorance"). It was found that subjects attributed knowledge and reasonableness to the characters depending on the condition they were in. Subjects attributed higher knowledge ratings to the characters in the Gettier condition than in the Knowledge and Ignorance conditions. However, ratings for reasonableness, the soundness of the character's conclusions, were higher in the Knowledge condition than the Gettier and Ignorance conditions. Overall, findings were in line with the Turri et. al (2014) study, demonstrating that these effects can replicate. We also found support for an additional hypothesis for gender differences in knowledge ratings: the female character ("Emma") was rated lower in knowledge that the male characters ("Darrel" and "Gerald") regardless of the condition.

MENGENAL KEADAAN ALAM, KEADAAN SOSIAL, DAN KEBUDAYAAN MASYARAKAT ARAB SEBELUM ISLAM DI BUKU SKI DI MI

Arab society before Islam was a society that lived in the Jahiliyah era. Jahiliyyah which means ignorance and in Islamic law Jahiliyyah means "ignorance of divine guidance" or "condition of ignorance of God's guidance". This paper aims to get to know the natural conditions, social conditions and culture of Arab society before Islam. The results of the study: The Arabian Peninsula is a desert region located in the southwestern part of Asia. The Arabian Peninsula was a strategic area on ancient world maps, when the Australian and American continents were unknown to people, because it was located at the meeting point of three continents, namely Asia, Europe and Africa. The northern region challenges Arabia with the Syrian desert valley, the east is bordered by the Persian plateau, while the west is bordered by the Red Sea. The Arab region consists of deserts where the air is very hot and windy, this area is the Tihamah area, while the area that is in the form of valleys in the mountains is the Hijaz area. The social condition of Pre-Islamic Arab society was based on ethnicities that continued to maintain the teachings of their ancestors, by continuing to maintain traditions such as humiliation, killing female babies, worshiping idols, gambling, stealing, drinking intoxicants, robbing and justifying any means to make wishes come true. The most prominent pre-Islamic Arab cultural community is the field of Arabic literature, especially Arabic poetry. The country of Yemen is a very important cultural growth place that once developed in the Arabian Peninsula before Islam came. The Arab nation is a nation that has a high sense of art.

Review of the Functioning of SHG in the Context of Economic Development of the Women Members and its Impact on their Income

Purpose: Women in the research area are totally ignorant of their potential and individuality, which results in unhealthy lives. They also live in poverty and the most deplorable conditions of ignorance. They are driven by a strong desire to escape poverty. They take part in self-help group’ income-generating activities in addition to other things they do. However, from the time they first join Self Help Groups through the end of their involvement in such activities, their socio-economic situation pushes them to deal with various issues. Rural women are the most marginalized group and are excluded from both economic and social life. Microcredit is the most effective tool for empowering women since it gives them the ability to meet their needs throughout their lives. The study comes to the conclusion that self-help group members’ capacity, capability, professional, and entrepreneurial skills need to be improved in order to make them successfully engaged in income-generating activities. SHG taught members approach dealing with difficulties with greater confidence, entrepreneurial skill, knowledge, and a more upbeat attitude. The expansion of group members’ businesses and income-generating endeavors is essential for the self-help group to continue to exist. Also, loans should be provided to these women in reasonable rate and they should have knowledge about all the financial aspects of loan which is lacking currently. Design/Methodology/Approach: The majority of the data included in the current paper comes from secondary sources. The government’s website was used to obtain secondary data, while other publications such as journal articles and government publications were used as verified sources. Findings: After joining the group, it is discovered that access to education, health care, nutritious food, and housing has increased. All of them agree that their understanding of the value of children’s education, health, finance, and their roles in society has increased. As a result of their association with the group, they feel more confident about leading better lives. Originality/Value: This study investigates the relationship between SHGs, microfinance organizations, and the empowerment of women. The contribution of SHG to the development of women’s rights and its impact on women’s engagement in the business field. Paper type: Review Paper

Do young children track other's beliefs, or merely their perceptual access? An interactive, anticipatory measure of early theory of mind.

This paper aimed to contribute to answering three questions. First, how robust and reliable are early implicit measures of false belief (FB) understanding? Second, do these measures tap FB understanding rather than simpler processes such as tracking the protagonist's perceptual access? Third, do implicit FB tasks tap an earlier, more basic form of theory of mind (ToM) than standard verbal tasks? We conducted a conceptual replication of Garnham & Perner's task (Garnham and Perner 2001 Br. J. Dev. Psychol. 19, 413–432) simultaneously measuring children's anticipatory looking and interactive behaviours toward an agent with a true or FB (N = 81, M = 40 months). Additionally, we implemented an ignorance condition and a standard FB task. We successfully replicated the original findings: children's looking and interactive behaviour differed according to the agent's true or FB. However, children mostly did not differentiate between FB and ignorance conditions in various measures of anticipation and uncertainty, suggesting the use of simpler conceptual strategies than full-blown ToM. Moreover, implicit measures were all related to each other but largely not related to performance in the standard FB task, except for first look in the FB condition. Overall, our findings suggest that these implicit measures are robust but may not tap the same underlying cognitive capacity as explicit FB tasks.

Four-year-olds adapt their deception to the epistemic states of others

The study tested whether young children adapt their deceptive communication spontaneously to the subjective representations of a recipient, and how this relates to passing the explicit standard false belief task. Four-year-olds ( n = 65) participated in an interaction-based paradigm, in which a confederate hid a toy in one of two boxes and then changed its location. A competitor tried to steal the toy. He was either ignorant about the toy’s location or held a true belief or a false belief about it. Children withheld information from the competitor by remaining silent more often in the false belief condition than in the true belief and in the ignorance conditions. Only children who passed the explicit false belief task, but not children who failed it, lied more often in the true belief than in the false belief condition by referring the competitor to the empty box. This finding suggests that 4-year-olds use the same understanding of subjective representations in practical spontaneous communication and in elicited explicit reasoning. • 4-year-olds adapted their communication to the mental state of a competitor. • They withheld information more often when he held false belief than a true belief. • Adaptive lying was only present in children who passed the explicit false belief task. • Children used a common understanding for spontaneous lying and explicit reasoning.

Otpori stanovnika Bihorskog kadiluka Portinim reformama od donošenja Hatt-i Šerifa od Gülhane do reformi Omer Lutfi paše

With the French Revolution of 1789, a new spirit of nationalism flowed through Europe, in which the era of the national principle began, which will last until the end of the First World War. This principle also won in developed societies, as a result of which it inevitably had to be reflected in the Ottoman Empire, which was a heterogeneous community of peoples and religions. The wars waged by the Ottoman Empire at the end of the 18th century showed that the organization and armament of their army lagged behind the organization and armament of the armies of Christian European countries, which made it necessary to take certain reform steps to prevent the Empire's decline. Almost all structures were interested in the organization that dominated the social life of the Ottoman Empire, due to different interests. Due to the preservation of certain privileges, which the reform could violate, the most significant opponents of the creation of a new order were the Janissaries. The reform action had to first influence them as the bearers of the old military system, which is why it encountered a strong dam of supporters. Along with the janissaries, members of the Bektashi tariqat (order), who were their ideologues, were also attacked. The great social upheaval that arose as a result of the reforms that had begun was difficult and long. That is why it took about three and a half decades for the obstacles to be overcome and for the reforms to begin with the abolition of the mentioned military order, after which the Hatt-i Sheriff was proclaimed, proclaiming the requested freedoms, which was officially announced on November 3, 1839. This paper deals with this process at the local level and covers the period up to 1850, when the great action of the central government on a more organized implementation of the reforms proclaimed by the Hatt-i Sheriff of Gülhane took place, ie until the reaction of the central government against various types of resistance. In the indicated period, the implementation of reforms met with sharp and strong resistance from a part of the Muslim population in the Balkan kadiluks, and thus in the kadiluk Bihor, whose main city center was the town of Akova (Bijelo Polje). The other part of the population fully supported the start of the reform course. The division into supporters and opponents of the reforms was the source of numerous conflicts on personal and other grounds. Members of the ulema class had a great influence on encouraging the population to resist. In the conditions of pronounced ignorance of the rural population, which made up the largest part of the total population of the kadiluk of Bihor, the ulema were, to a significant extent, facilitated in influencing the direction of the process in the desired direction. In this sense, the population was often provided with inaccurate information regarding the demands and expectations of both local and central authorities, which misled them, which, at the same time, influenced the emergence of resistance among them. Forms of resistance ranged from individual rebellions and disobedience to local authorities, through tax refusals to open riots that required regular military forces to quell. Although the implementation of the planned reforms was aimed at overcoming numerous social negativities, such phenomena could not be avoided, which is why this period in the kadiluk area of Bihor remained recognizable by the numerous murders that took place then. The commander-in-chief of the Ottoman forces in the Bosnian eyalet, tasked with pacifying the rebel Muslim population and carrying out the reform to the end, was Omer Lutfi Pasha.

Reciprocity and the duty to stay

ABSTRACT Some restrictionist arguments justifying the duty to stay as a means of addressing medical brain drain have relied on reciprocity as the moral basis for their policy proposals. In this essay, I argue that such reciprocity-based justifications for the duty to stay ignore crucial conditions of fittingness as relates to the funding of medical training.

Introduction: Severe Uncertainty in Science, Medicine, and Technology

Introduction: Severe Uncertainty in Science, Medicine, and Technology

Deficits in attentional modulation of auditory N100 in first-episode schizophrenia.

Reductions of the auditory N100 are present in schizophrenia, even at the first episode (FESz). Because most studies examine auditory N100 on active target detection oddball tasks, it remains unclear if the abnormality in FESz results from sensory deficits or impaired enhancement of N100 by selective attention, or both. N100 was recorded from 21 FESz and 22 matched healthy controls (HC) on a single-tone task and a two-tone oddball task. Overall, N100 was smaller in FESz (p=.036). Attention enhanced N100 amplitude (p<.001), but this differed between groups, with FESz impaired in N100 modulation (group x attention, p=.012). The oddball task showed greater N100 enhancement than the single-tone task (p<.001) in both groups. Group differences in N100 enhancement in the oddball task were large (Cohen's d=0.85). Exploratory correlations showed that better N100 enhancement on the oddball task in FESz was associated with better MATRICS Overall Composite scores (cognitive tasks highly sensitive to psychosis), lower PANNS Negative factor and SANS scores, and better interpersonal (social) and role functioning in the last year. N100 during ignore conditions showed no significant difference between groups, albeit smaller in FESz, with small to medium effect sizes. Although sensory deficits in N100 are likely present, they are compounded by a failure to enhance N100 with attention. The failure of N100 enhancement by attentional gain control in FESz suggests functional dysconnection between cognitive control areas and the sensory cortex. N100 amplitude on active attention tasks may be a useful outcome biomarker for targeted enhancement of the cognitive control system.

Education and Ignorance: Between the Noun of Knowledge and the Verb of Thinking

In this paper we look at the relations between knowledge and thinking through the lens of ignorance. In relation to knowledge, ignorance becomes its “constitutive outside,” and as such it may be politically organised in order to delimit the borders of the right to knowledge [the “ignorance economy,” see Roberts and Armitage (Prometheus 26 (4): 335–354, 2008)]. In this light, the notion of a knowledge-based society should be understood as a society structured along the lines of knowledge distribution: the rights of possession of and access to knowledge demand that ignorance is planned and executed as the condition of their establishment. In relation to thinking, ignorance appears differently. According to Rancière, the teacher's ignorance conditions the student's appearance as Anthropos, a being who can be asked: what do you think about it? Hence, we are dealing with the ambiguity of ignorance which seems to be both the criterion of social exclusion, and the condition of emancipation. Following this thread with reference to Heidegger's discourse on thinking, we would like to explore the possibility of comprehending knowledge and education beyond the relations of ownership and demands of productivity. Following Rancière, we may say that thinking—as displacing the notion of ignorance—stands in the position of “politics” and questions the ways knowledge societies are structured as “police orders” along the lines of knowledge possession and exclusion.

‘Bad character’, tragic errors and deep ignorance

AbstractThis paper proposes new grounds for the legal ambivalence about ‘bad character evidence’. It is suggested that errors based on such evidence are profoundly tragic in the Aristotelian sense: the defendant who previously committed crime is likely to reoffend; nevertheless, she beats the odds and refrains from further crime commission – only to then be falsely convicted based on the very odds she has almost heroically managed to beat. It is further proposed that the tragic nature of such false convictions might make them particularly unfair to the defendant. It is, however, submitted that the likelihood of errors based on such evidence is unknown and probably also unknowable. Accordingly, the maximin rule for decision in conditions of deep ignorance is applied, leading to the conclusion that exclusion is to be preferred.

The Rise and Fall of Classical Greece

The Rise and Fall of Classical Greece

The impact of different responses to fat talk on body image and socioemotional outcomes

Fat talk, the act of making disparaging comments about one’s own appearance, has been associated with an extensive range of negative body image outcomes. Despite this well-established body of literature highlighting the prevalence and consequences, scant research exists on the impact of different responses to fat talk in situ. The current online experiment aimed to explore four different responses to fat talk and their impact on body satisfaction, shame, and feelings of support. Female participants (N = 191, Mage = 23.52, SDage = 4.54, rangeage = 18–40) recalled or imagined an experience of engaging in fat talk before being randomly assigned to receive a set response (where their fat talk was either challenged, ignored, reassured, or reciprocated). Largely in line with hypotheses, the Ignore condition led to the lowest level of body satisfaction and perceived support, and the highest level of shame. The Challenge condition resulted in positive outcomes for both perceived support and feelings of shame. The findings demonstrate that ignoring fat talk is associated with negative outcomes, providing evidence to inform practical guidelines aimed at tackling the social phenomenon.

Email Overload? Brain and Behavioral Responses to Common Messaging Alerts Are Heightened for Email Alerts and Are Associated With Job Involvement.

We tested brain and behavioral responses to two common messaging alerts (Outlook and Android whistle) using an oddball paradigm, where participants had to detect the two alerts among a background of white noise and occasional matched, distractor stimuli. Twenty-nine participants were tested using a behavioral target detection task and a subset of 14 were tested both with event-related potential (ERP) and behavioral oddball detection. For the ERP recordings, participants were instructed to attend to a distractor DVD in one condition and in the other, to actively attend to the stimuli. We measured mismatch negativity (MMN) and P3a components and questionnaire responses to job involvement, rumination and work-life balance. There were significantly larger MMN responses to target alert signals, but only in the ignore condition. In both ignore and attend conditions, MMN was larger for the Android stimuli, probably as a result of the larger physical discriminability for the Android tone. On the other hand, there was a significant P3a for Outlook tones, but not for Android tones in the ignore condition. Neither alert showed significant P3a activity within the attend condition, but instead later frontal positivity, which was larger for the Outlook alert (in comparison to its matched distractor) and this effect was not seen for the Android tones. This was despite the Outlook alert being less perceptually discriminable compared to the Android alert. These findings suggest that the indices of attentional processing are more affected by the significance of the alert than the physical qualities. These effects were coupled with the finding that the faster reaction times to the Outlook sounds were correlated with greater job involvement. These data suggest that work-related messages might signal greater attentional switch and effort which in turn may feed into greater job involvement.

Thomas Aquinas (A.K.A. the Medieval Church, Canonists, Scholastics, and Schoolmen) and J M Keynes on the Necessity of Excluding Smithhs Projectors, Imprudent Risk Takers, and Prodigals From Receiving Any Bank Loans

J. M. Keynes had already recognized in his 1930 A Treatise on Money that the major cause of deflation and inflation problems at the macro level was the ability of Smith’s Projectors, Imprudent risk takers, and Prodigals, whom Keynes categorized as Wall Street connected speculators and rentiers (modern day hedge funds, private equity firms, and investment banks) in his General Theory in 1936, were the fundamental problem in a capitalist society because they diverted bank loans from investment in durable capital formation into the financial manipulation of paper claims in various stock and money markets. The General Theory makes it even clearer because it reiterates what he had said in both the A Treatise on Money and in the 1932 Symposium on Usury in the Economic Journal in response to Keynes’s decision to publish a 1931 article by Henry Somerville. Keynes heavily supported Somerville’s major point about the dangers of using bank loans to finance speculative debt leverage practices versus loans to finance the purchase of durable capital equipment. This is the same point made by Smith with respect to loans made to his three categories of upper-income class citizens that Smith labeled as Projectors, Imprudent risk takers, and Prodigals. Both Smith and Keynes were influenced by Aristotle. Keynes admitted that he felt that the arguments of the “ancients”, “Medieval Church”, and “Schoolmen” were also influential in his general conclusions, although he differed from them in some specifics. Smith also used the term “Scholastics” and “Schoolmen” several times in his The Theory of Moral Sentiments. By far the most prominent member of the Medieval Church, Canonists, Scholastics, and Schoolmen was Thomas Aquinas. Somerville, in his June 1936 article in The Commonweal, titled, Usury as a New Issue, argued for a connection between the views of Keynes and Aquinas specifically. He had originally pointed out in the December 1931 issue of the Economic Journal Keynes’s connection with the “canonists” in his A Treatise on Money. In March 1932, the Savings and Usury Symposium was held in the Economic Journal. Keynes essentially states what he latter restated in the General Theory in chapter 23 in 1936. Keynes’s view on the dangers to the macroeconomy of making loans to speculators and rentiers did not change from 1930 until the end of his life. Aquinas’s work on decision making under conditions of ignorance, risk, uncertainty, imperfect information, asymmetric information and imprecise/indeterminate, interval-valued probabilities puts him heads and shoulders above any contemporary thinker until Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations was published in 1776. Aquinas’s contribution has not been correctly appreciated because of his realization that precise, mathematical, point estimates of both prices and probabilities are generally impossible. This thus greatly constrains the use of the mathematical laws of the probability calculus upon which both neoclassical and modern economics is built on.