Hydrolysis Conditions Research Articles

Determination Of Optimal Conditions For Template Sol-Gel Synthesis For The Formation Of Antibacterial Materials

One of the current global problems is the increasing resistance of microorganisms to antibacterial agents and the emergence of associated infections. Therefore, the synthesis of new hybrid materials capable of resisting bacteria is necessary. In this work, loading platforms for antibacterial material based on tetraethoxysilane were formed using yeast cells Ogataea polymorpha BKM Y-2559 and Cryptococcus curvatus VKM Y-3288 as templates under conditions of acid and alkaline hydrolysis. Using scanning electron microscopy, it was shown that an alkaline environment is most optimal when using yeast cells as templates for the formation of a porous material. The surface-active properties of a number of quaternary ammonium compounds were studied using the tensometry method to select the optimal template for the production of antibacterial materials in one stage.

A novel copper(II) complex with a salicylidene carbohydrazide ligand that promotes oxidative stress and apoptosis in triple negative breast cancer cells.

We report the synthesis, characterization, anti-cancer activity and mechanism of action of a novel water-soluble Cu(II) complex with salicylidene carbohydrazide as the ligand and o-phenanthroline as the co-ligand. The synthesized complex (1) was characterized by FT-IR, EPR, and electronic spectroscopy, as well as single crystal X-ray diffraction. This compound was found to be paramagnetic from EPR spectra and X-ray crystallography revealed that the molecule crystallized in an orthorhombic crystal system. The crystal lattice was asymmetric containing two distinct binuclear copper complexes containing the Schiff base as the major ligand, o-phenanthroline as a co-ligand, two nitrate anions, and two water molecules. The Cu(II) in the first site coordinated with the enolised ligand comprising enolate O-, phenolate O-, and the imine N and N,N from o-phen. The major part of this complex exists as Cu(II) coordinated with two H2O molecules at the second site with nitrate acting as the counter anion. However, a smaller portion of the complex exists where Cu(II) is coordinated with NO3- and H2O, and the remaining water molecule acts as lattice water. It was tested for DNA binding and cleavage properties which revealed that it binds in an intercalative mode to CT-DNA with Kb value of 1.25 × 104 M-1. Furthermore, cleavage studies reveal that the complex has potential for efficient DNA cleavage under both oxidative and hydrolytic conditions. It was able to enhance the rate of cleavage by 2.8 × 108 times. The complex shows good cytotoxicity to breast cancer monolayer (2D) as well as spheroid (3D) systems. The IC50 values for MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 monolayer culture was calculated as 1.86 ± 0.17 μM and 2.22 ± 0.08 μM, respectively, and in (3D) spheroids of MDA-MB-231 cells, the IC50 value was calculated to be 1.51 ± 0.29 μM. It was observed that the complex outperformed cisplatin in both breast cancer cell lines. The cells treated with complex 1 underwent severe DNA damage, increased oxidative stress and cell cycle arrest which finally led to programmed cell death or apoptosis in triple negative breast cancer cells through an intrinsic pathway.

Green strategies for the valorization of industrial medicinal residues of Serenoa repens small (saw palmetto) as source of bioactive compounds

Serenoa repens is a medicinal plant well-known for its therapeutic potential in treating various urological disorders and prevention of prostatic cancer. However, the extraction process in the pharmaceutical industry leads to the generation of plant residues, typically discarded, wasting valuable resources. In this study, we aimed to explore a series of green extraction strategies to effectively valorize the residues of Serenoa repens fruits. Initially, we employed supercritical CO2 (1.2% yield on dry biomass) on the discarded biomass to identify and quantify residual fatty acids and polyprenols (1.6% of the extract dry weight), a class of unsaturated isoprenoid alcohols with promising biomedical applications. Subsequently, subcritical water extraction was utilized on the exhausted biomass to extract polar compounds. An increase in the extraction yield was observed with the rise in processing temperature up to 180 °C (yields were found higher than 26%). Phenolic compounds and carbohydrate macromolecules profiles were affected by the increased hydrolytic conditions. Polar extracts exhibited robust bioactivities, demonstrating significant antioxidant activity and antimicrobial efficacy against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria strains. Extracts obtained at 180 °C demonstrated the highest efficacy. Furthermore, in vitro assessment of mannans-rich fraction provided a new perspective of potential applications in the cosmeceuticals field. Results underscore the potential of the sustainable extraction biorefinery for the residue of this medicinal plant and demonstrate that, harnessing these bioactive compounds, new sustainable and eco-friendly approaches for its complete utilization can be offered, thereby promoting near-zero waste practices and contributing to a more sustainable future.

Extraction of cellulose nanofibers from sugarcane bagasse at different hydrolysis conditions

This study investigated the effect of alkaline treatment and various acid hydrolysis conditions on the extraction of cellulose nanofibers from sugarcane bagasse. Alkaline treatments were conducted using sodium hydroxide and sodium hypochlorite solutions. After the alkaline treatment, acid hydrolysis was performed in solutions containing 60, 64, and 68% wt. of sulfuric acid at temperatures of 30 ± 1 °C and 45 ± 1 °C. The effectiveness of the alkaline treatment in removing non-cellulosic components was assessed by infrared spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy, which demonstrated satisfactory results in eliminating non-cellulosic components. Transmission electron microscopy revealed the impact of temperature on the dimensions of the extracted cellulose nanofibers, with acid hydrolysis at 45 °C yielding smaller nanofibers compared to hydrolysis at 30 °C. X-ray diffraction analysis showed a higher percentage of crystallinity for hydrolysis at 45 °C, which can be attributed to the removal of a substantial amount of amorphous cellulose content.

Influence of enzymatic hydrolysis conditions on antimicrobial activities and peptide profiles of milk protein-derived hydrolysates from white wastewater

The focus of our investigation lies in the hydrolysis of milk proteins found in the substantial wastewater generated by the dairy industry, particularly in the white and cleaning wastewater resulting from rinsing and cleaning-in-place processes in order to enhance the value of dairy constituents by producing a diverse population of peptides, including potential antimicrobial peptides generated by 4 different enzymes: pepsin, trypsin, pronase E, and thermolysin. The protein/peptide content was influenced by the degree of hydrolysis values ranging from 2 % to 13 %, and UPLC-MS/MS characterization reveals distinct peptide sequences in enzymatic hydrolysates. The impact of hydrolysis time was also examined, revealing significant differences between 30 minutes and 240 minutes, with 555 peptides identified at 30 minutes, increasing to 693 at 240 minutes. After 4 hours, grouping showed variations: 181 peptides (thermolysin), 153 (pepsin), 126 (trypsin), and 83 (pronase E). A comparative analysis of the characterized sequences with antimicrobial peptides databases identified 17 antimicrobial peptides after 240 minutes pronase E and thermolysin hydrolysis, though they were insufficient to inhibit strains like Clostridium tyrobutyricum and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrobial assays also revealed that peptides from Pronase T30, Pronase T240, and Thermolysine T240 exhibited antifungal activity against Mucor racemosus (MIC 2.5 mg/mL), but none against Penicillium commune. The effet of enzymatic hydrolysis demonstrated in this study highlights, for the first time, the potential for valorizing dairy white wastewater within the context of a circular economy framework.

Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Gastroprotective Polymer Conjugates of Aceclofenac

: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs account for a sizeable fraction of the drugs prescribed worldwide. If consumed for a long time, they can cause ulcers and lifethreatening side effects. Since the acidic group present in NSAIDs is mainly responsible for these side effects, the scientists try to synthesize polymer drug conjugates that avoid these side effects but still retain the potency of the parent drug. Macromolecular drug conjugates of aceclofenac were prepared by employing pectin, β cyclodextrin, deacetylated chitin (chitosan) and albumin (egg and bovine serum). The prepared conjugates were characterized and tested for their anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and antiulcerogenic activity. Further experimentation was undertaken to analyze the behavior of compounds and their stability in hydrolytic conditions. Test compound A1, a pectin conjugate of aceclofenac, exhibited significant antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity with a significant decrease in ulcer index (4.45±0.24) as against aceclofenac (8.61±0.40) or vehicle (12.39±0.44) treated group. A novel and safer polymer drug conjugate of aceclofenac has been synthesized and evaluated.

Study of the Sodium Borohydride Hydrolysis Reaction's Performance via a Kaolin-Supported Co-Cr Bimetallic Catalyst

Hydrogen is an attractive source of energy because of its properties, which include superior quality, effectiveness, pureness, dependability, and sustainability. Technologies for producing and storing hydrogen are being developed in parallel with fuel cell development. Chemical storage of hydrogen in a metal hydride containing boron eliminates the problem of hydrogen transportation and storage. Through catalytic reactions, hydrogen stored in solid form in boron hydrides can be recovered. In this study, a nowel developed Co-Cr bimetallic catalyst supported by kaolin, a natural mineral, was synthesized to be used for hydrogen production by hydrolysis of sodium boron hydride. The structural characteristics of the produced Co-Cr@Kaolin catalyst were ascertained by EDX, FTIR, and SEM analyses. Next, the ideal conditions for the hydrolysis reaction of sodium borohydride (NaBH4) catalyzed by Co-Cr@Kaolin were examined. These included the concentration of the catalyst, the amount of support material (kaolin), the amount of catalyst, and the concentration of NaBH4. The optimal hydrolysis conditions were found to be 2.5% NaOH concentration, 40 mg of catalyst, and 2% NaBH4 concentration at 303 K. The maximum rate of hydrogen production was determined as 5007 ml g-1 min-1 under optimal conditions. After conducting hydrolysis operations at different temperatures to elucidate the reaction kinetics, it was found that the catalytic hydrolysis reaction was of the 0th order and that the reaction activation energy was 19.36 kJ mol-1. The hydrogen production rate obtained as a result of the hydrolysis reaction accompanied by a Co-Cr catalyst was determined as 3166 ml g-1 min-1. It is therefore established that supporting kaolin to Co-Cr catalyst enhances its efficacy.

Optimizing β-Lactoglobulin antigenicity through single enzyme hydrolysis: Exploring structural changes and effects on linear epitopes

β-lactoglobulin (β-LG) is the major allergen in dairy products, but research on the optimal conditions for antigen reduction in β-LG using different enzymes remains limited. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the antigenicity, structural characteristics, and peptide distribution of advantageous protease hydrolysates capable of eliminating the allergenic epitopes of β-LG selected via bioinformatics tools. The results showed that under optimal enzymatic hydrolysis conditions, the antigen reduction rates for the four advantageous proteases acting on β-LG were 47.37 % (pepsin), 33.54 % (chymotrypsin A), 38.71 % (papain), and 45.91 % (stem bromelain), respectively. The four proteases effectively degraded β-LG, causing shorter peptide chain formation, reduced content of highly ordered α-helix, decreased fluorescence intensity, and lower surface hydrophobicity. Furthermore, they cleaved the linear epitopes of β-LG into peptides of varying sizes, leading to different antigen reduction rates among the hydrolysates. These findings provide a theoretical basis for developing targeted enzymatic hydrolysis technologies and low-allergenicity dairy-based materials.

Biotransformation of ginsenoside compound K using β-glucosidase in deep eutectic solvents.

Ginsenoside compound K (CK) holds significant potential for application in the pharmaceutical industry, which exhibits numerous pharmacological activity such as cardioprotective and antidiabetic. However, the difficult separation technique and limited yield of CK hinder its widespread use. The study investigated the process of converting ginsenoside CK using β-glucosidase. It aimed to determine the specific site where the enzyme binds and the most favorable arrangement of the enzyme. Molecular docking was also employed to determine the interaction between β-glucosidase and ginsenosides, indicating a strong and spontaneous contact force between them. The effectiveness of the conversion process was further improved using a "green" deep eutectic solvent (DES). A univariate experimental design was used to determine the composition of DES and the optimal hydrolysis conditions for β-glucosidase to convert ginsenoside Rb1 into ginsenoside CK. The employment of β-glucosidase enzymatic hydrolysis in the synthesis of rare ginsenoside CK applying the environmentally friendly solvent DES is not only viable and effective but also appropriate for industrial use. The characterization methods confirmed that DES did not disrupt the structure and conformation of β-glucosidase. In ChCl:EG = 2:1 (30%, v/v), pH 5.0 of DES buffer, reaction temperature 50 ℃, enzyme substrate mass ratio 1:1, after 36h of reaction, the CK yield was 1.24 times that in acetate buffer, which can reach 86.2%. In this study, the process of using β-glucosidase enzymatic hydrolysis and producing rare ginsenoside CK in green solvent DES is feasible, efficient and suitable for industrial production and application.

Production and Optimization of Bioethanol from Mixed Banana and Papaya Peels Using <i>Saccharomyces Cerevisiae</i>

Mixed fruit peels (Banana (BP) and Papaya (PP) bioethanol was produced using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The proximate and compositional analysis of BP and PP was obtained about 6.67% moisture, 5.75% ash, 82.75% volatile matter, and 5% fixed carbon and 1.1gram, 38.1%, 15.7% and 45.1% extractives, hemicellulose, lignin, and cellulose respectively from BP and 8.165% moisture, 5.5% ash, 81.25% volatile matter and 6% fixed carbon 2.08 gram, 42%, 8.6% and 47.32% extractives, hemicellulose, lignin, and cellulose respectively from PP. After Pretreat with KOH (5% w/v) optimize hydrolysis process parameters based on central composite design (CCD) to maximize fermentable sugars. The optimized hydrolysis conditions were 50:50 w/v% mixing of BP and PP, 1.75% H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, and pH 5. The reducing sugar content was measured by DNS and results 11.737g/ml from fifty (50) grams of BP and PP. The maximum yield of bioethanol was 22.5% recorded after 72 hours. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) peaks associated with O-H, C-O, and C-H stretching and vibrations confirmed the presence of bioethanol in the product. The result confirms that the combination of BP and PP boosts bioethanol productivity than single peels.

Optimization of the alcalase and trypsin hydrolysis conditions of an isolated protein from Scenedesmus obliquus microalgae and characterization of its functional properties

This study focused on fine-tuning the enzymatic hydrolysis variables, specifically the duration and enzyme concentrations of alcalase and trypsin, for Scenedesmus obliquus protein using response surface methodology (RSM) with a central composite design (CCD). The aim was to characterize the amino acids, separate hydrolysates based on molecular weight, and assess functional activities such as antioxidant, emulsifying, fat-binding, and foaming capacities. After fractionating the hydrolysates, bioactivities were evaluated through standard assays. The optimal hydrolysis conditions—10.24 g/100 mL alcalase and 2.56 g/100 mL trypsin—yielded the highest protein extraction. Peptides smaller than 5 kDa demonstrated 80% DPPH inhibition and superior fat-binding capacity. Emulsifying capacity peaked at 112 m2/g for peptides under 10 kDa, and the highest foaming index was observed for peptides below 5 kDa. The application of RSM effectively optimized the hydrolysis of microalgal protein isolates for maximum efficiency, highlighting microalgae's potential as a sustainable source of functional ingredients.

Fluorinated triphenylamine phthalocyanine @ silica-coated gold nanorods: A photoactivated lysosome escape and targeting mitochondria two-photon probe for imaging-guided photothermal synergistic photodynamic therapy in cancer cells

The timely evasion of nanomedicines from lysosomes is essential to avert premature degradation under the acidic and hydrolytic conditions characteristic of these cellular compartments. However, the development of effective strategies has been hindered by the complexity of design material and the scarcity of practical methods. In this study, we have synthesized a novel nanoparticle, designated as TPA-BPAF-SiPc@AuNR@SiO2. This nanoparticle was prepared by encapsulating near-infrared fluorinated triphenylamine-substituted silicon phthalocyanines (TPA-BPAF-SiPc) within mesoporous silica-coated gold nanorods (AuNR@SiO2). TPA-BPAF-SiPc@AuNR@SiO2 functions as a dual-function two-photon probe, facilitating photoactivated lysosome escape and targeting mitochondria. The inherent aggregation-induced emission (AIE) two-photon fluorescence of TPA-BPAF-SiPc is notably bright when encapsulated in AuNR@SiO2 nanocarriers, a phenomenon not observed in polymer nanocarriers composed of 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-2000] (DSPE-PEG2000) or in THF/water mixtures. Upon irradiation, this nanoparticle autonomously escapes from lysosomes and selectively targets mitochondria, a process can be visually monitored in real-time through the two-photon AIE fluorescence of TPA-BPAF-SiPc. Moreover, upon activation, TPA-BPAF-SiPc@AuNR@SiO2 produces a substantial quantity of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induces hyperthermia effects, showcasing its potential for effective photodynamic therapy (PDT) in conjunction with synergistic hyperthermia. Flow cytometry data corroborate the induction of tumor cell death through both necrosis and apoptosis pathways by TPA-BPAF-SiPc@AuNR@SiO2. This study underscores the potential of TPA-BPAF-SiPc@AuNR@SiO2 as a multifunctional probe capable of enabling lysosome escape, mitochondria targeting, and two-photon fluorescence imaging-guided photothermal synergistic photodynamic therapy, specifically tailored for the treatment of breast cancer.

Modulating Carbon Fiber Surfaces with Vinyltriethoxysilane Grafting to Enhance Interface Properties of Carbon Fiber/Norbornene-Polyimide Composites.

In this study, vinyltriethoxysilane (TEVS) was introduced onto the surface of carbon fiber using liquid-phase oxidation and impregnation methods to incorporate vinyl groups onto the carbon fiber, thereby enhancing the chemical bonding between the carbon fiber and norbornene-polyimide (PI-NA). Through a systematic study of the hydrolysis conditions and concentration of the TEVS solution, the optimal modification conditions were determined. These conditions were used to graft TEVS onto the surface of oxidized carbon fiber to prepare carbon-fiber-reinforced PI-NA composites (CF/PI-NA). The results show that when carbon fiber was treated with a 0.4 wt% TEVS solution, the interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) of the composites reached 65.12 MPa, and the interfacial shear strength (IFSS) reached 88.58 MPa, representing increases of 27.58% and 35.62%, respectively, compared to the CF/PI-NA composite materials prepared from untreated carbon fiber. It is worth noting that the modification method described in the study is simple and easy to implement, and it has the potential for large-scale continuous production applications.

Preparation, identification and screening of anti-osteoporosis milk-derived peptides: Intervention effects in osteoporosis rats

To identify milk-derived peptides with both antioxidant and calcium absorption activities in combating osteoporosis, we employed a comprehensive screening approach that included virtual enzymatic hydrolysis, molecular docking, and cellular experiments using osteoblasts. Under the optimal conditions for dual-enzyme hydrolysis, the 1,1-diphenyl-2-trinitrophenylhydrazine (DPPH) radical scavenging rate and soluble calcium binding capacity of the milk-derived peptides were 19.69% and 0.6965 μg/mL, respectively. Six peptide segments, namely KEDVPSER, HKEMPFPK, YPSYG, EDVPSE, VPQLE, and IPAVF, were identified through UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS and molecular docking for further validation. Among the peptides, YPSYG significantly promoted the proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells both with and without CaCl2 (P < 0.05), increasing proliferation by 38.27% and 20.67%, respectively, compared to the control group. Additionally, YPSYG significantly improved proliferation after H2O2-induced oxidative damage (P < 0.05), with a 38.23% higher rate than the model group. Compared with rats in the osteoporosis model group, YPSYG significantly enhanced serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and N-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen in rats (s-PINP) levels and decreased tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) levels (P < 0.05). Furthermore, milk-derived peptides and YPSYG significantly increased the bone weight index, maximum load, and bending energy of the femur and tibia in osteoporotic rats (P < 0.05). Additionally, these peptides significantly reduced the number of osteoclasts in the metaphysis of the femur and tibia in osteoporotic rats and alleviated microstructural damage. This study confirmed that milk-derived peptides, including YPSYG, effectively promoted bone formation and improved bone microstructure in osteoporotic rats. These findings provided a foundation for developing functional foods for elderly bone health.

Enzymatic Hydrolysis as an Effective Method for Obtaining Wheat Gluten Hydrolysates Combining Beneficial Functional Properties with Health-Promoting Potential.

The byproduct from wheat starch production contains approximately 70% gluten (WG) and is an inexpensive but demanding protein raw material for the food industry. This study attempted to determine the optimal hydrolysis conditions for such raw material to obtain peptides combining beneficial functional characteristics with health-promoting activity. The proteases Bromelain, Alcalase, Flavourzyme, and a protease from A. saitoi were used for hydrolysis. It was shown that the tested proteases differ both in terms of the effective hydrolysis conditions of gluten and the profile of the released hydrolysates. Bromelain was particularly effective in converting gluten into peptides, combining beneficial health and functional properties. It achieved maximum activity (189 U/g) against WG at pH 6 and 60 °C, and the best-balanced peptides in terms of desired properties were released at a dose of 2.5 U/g. These peptides were free from most allergenic epitopes, effectively inhibited ACE, and, at 0.34 g, were equivalent to the approved dose of BHT. Their emulsifying activity was higher than that of gluten, and the foaming formation and stabilization potential exceeded that of ovalbumin by 10% and 19%, respectively. It seems that Bromelain-released WG hydrolysates are a promising candidate for a safe fat stabilizer and egg white substitute.

The functional attributes of protein hydrolysates from horsegram (Macrotyloma uniflorum)

SummaryThe functional attributes of enzymatically derived horsegram protein hydrolysates from dehulled horsegram were investigated in this study. Hydrolysates were produced using commercial proteases, namely Alcalase® 2.4L and Protex 6L, at varying degrees of hydrolysis (DH) – specifically, 5%, 8%, and 10%. Maximum DH reached 11% with Alcalase® 2.4L and 11.5% with Protex 6L. Optimal hydrolysis conditions entailed a dehulled horsegram concentration of 2.5% (w/v), an enzyme–substrate ratio (E/S) of 0.001% for Alcalase® 2.4L and 0.002% for Protex 6L, at 55 °C and 60 °C, respectively, for 5 h, maintaining a pH of 7.5. Enhanced solubility was observed across a wide pH range (2–10), with HG‐PH exhibiting an increase from 21% to 56%. Analysis of functional properties revealed a significant elevation (P &lt; 0.05) in both water holding and oil holding capacities with increasing DH. Emulsion activity decreased from 0.5 to 0.1 in proportion to DH increase. Conversely, foaming capacity (FC) showed a positive correlation with the hydrolysis extent, rising from 24% to 98%. However, foam stability decreased across all samples, declining from 84% to 12%. These findings underscore the potential of incorporating these hydrolysates into diverse food applications, capitalising on their heightened solubility, water and oil holding capacities, and foam‐forming characteristics. The comprehensive array of functional properties exhibited by HG‐PH renders it a promising ingredient for integration into food product formulations.

Optimization, isolation, identification and molecular mechanisms in B16F10 melanoma cells of a novel tyrosinase inhibitory peptide derived from split gill mushrooms

Hyperpigmentation often arises from an imbalance in melanogenesis, primarily due to the overexpression of tyrosinase (TYR). While the inhibition of TYR presents a common approach to skin whitening, it can lead to undesirable side effects. Thus, there is growing interest in safe and natural alternatives for TYR inhibition. Bioactive compounds and peptides sourced from split gill mushrooms hold promise in this regard. This study aims to optimize the conditions for papain-mediated hydrolysis of split gill mushroom protein to inhibit TYR activity, utilizing response surface methodology (RSM) and central composite design (CCD). Optimal conditions were determined at a temperature of 46.70 °C, a hydrolysis time of 217.09 min, and an enzyme-to-substrate ratio (E/S) of 1.1%. Under these conditions, the resulting hydrolysates exhibited significant TYR inhibition, with an IC50 value of 117.86 μg/mL and a degree of hydrolysis (DH) of 87.97%. Further purification via ultrafiltration and RP-HPLC yielded a peptide, Tyr-Ala-Ser-Ile-Leu-Leu (YASILL or YL-6), identified through LC-Q-TOF-MS/MS, which competitively inhibited TYR. YL-6 demonstrated an IC50 value of 3.97 mM for mono-phenolase activity and 6.75 mM for di-phenolase activity. Molecular docking analysis revealed hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions between TYR and YL-6. Treatment of B16F10 cells with YL-6 across concentrations ranging from 10-3000 μM showed no cytotoxic effects.The inhibition of melanin synthesis was investigated via qRT-PCR along with Western blot in MITF, TYR, TRP-1, and TRP-2. The results obtained in this research may prove significant in guiding the development of commercially viable cosmetic products to whiten the skin.

Utilizing cutting-edge analytical techniques for the Identification, Isolation, and structural characterization of donepezil HCl forced degradation products

The current study elucidates the stress degradation behavior of donepezil HCl, a medication used to treat Alzheimer-type dementia. Using hydrolytic, oxidative, thermal, and photolytic conditions, the forced degradation investigation was conducted in accordance with ICH recommendations. In neutral hydrolysis, oxidative, thermal, and photolytic conditions, donepezil is comparatively stable; nevertheless, significant degradation was noted in acid and base hydrolysis. Using sophisticated analytical methods such as LCMS, Preparative-HPLC, NMR, and HRMS, the degradation products were identified, isolated, and their structural validity was confirmed. Degradation products 1, 2, and 3 are the three degradation products that were found and isolated during acid degradation. Conversely, products 1 and 3 generated during base hydrolysis degradation. Degradation product 1 and 3 were known products, while degradation product 2 is new compound that have not yet been documented. Using an advanced analytical approach, this is the first recorded comprehensive structural characterization of all degradation products. In the current work, high-resolution mass spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy were employed to get specific confirmation of degradation product structures. In the future, degradation products with lower runtime will also be identified using the present LCMS technique.

Improved Sugar Recovery from Mandarin Peel under Optimal Enzymatic Hydrolysis Conditions and Application to Bioethanol Production

Improved Sugar Recovery from Mandarin Peel under Optimal Enzymatic Hydrolysis Conditions and Application to Bioethanol Production

Soy whey and brewer’s spent grain hydrolysates wholly replace conventional medium for microalgae growth: Process performance and economic considerations

To enhance circularity in heterotrophic microalgal bioprocesses, this study completely substituted glucose and Bold’s basal medium (BBM) with brewer’s spent grain (BSG) and soy whey (SW) hydrolysates. Mild acid hydrolysis conditions of BSG (0.2 M H2SO4, 130 °C, 36 min) and SW (0.1 M HCl, 95 °C, 30 min) were optimised for glucose release, and their hydrolysates were optimally mixed (15 % SW-85 % BSG) to obtain a medium that best supported Auxenochlorella protothecoides growth. Maximum biomass production (Xmax) and productivity (PXmax) obtained in the hydrolysate medium containing 50.75 g/L endogenous glucose (Xmax: 22.17 g/L; PXmax: 7.06 g/L/day) were comparable to that in BBM containing 50.44 g/L exogenous glucose (Xmax: 20.02 g/L; PXmax: 6.34 g/L/day). Moreover, estimated hydrolysate medium production costs were within an order of magnitude to BBM. Overall, the integrated approach of tailored hydrolytic treatments and complementary side-streams presents a promising technical and economic feasibility, with applications extending beyond A. protothecoides.