Condition Of Coral Reef Ecosystems Research Articles

The Condition of Coral Reef Ecosystem for the Suitability of Dive Tourism Utilization in Karimunjawa Island, Karimunjawa National Park, Jepara

The Condition of Coral Reef Ecosystem for the Suitability of Dive Tourism Utilization in Karimunjawa Island, Karimunjawa National Park, Jepara

Coral diseases of mushroom coral (Fungiidae) in Pari Island, Kepulauan Seribu, Jakarta

Coral disease is one of the causes of the decline in the condition of coral reef ecosystems. This study aims to measure coral health based on the abundance and prevalence of coral health categories. The research was conducted in the Pari Island Cluster, Seribu Islands at four stations. The Belt Transect method with 2 × 100 meters was used to calculate coral health and a 30 m Line Intercept Transect (LIT) with three replications to determine substrate cover. The condition of coral reefs can be categorized as moderate to good based on this percentage value. The study results found five genera from the Fungiidae, namely Fungia, Ctenactis, Herpolitha, Heliofungia, and Sandalolitha. The most commonly found genus is the genus Fungia. The health condition of Fungiidae corals in Pari Island is divided into two categories, namely 35% healthy and 65% unhealthy, consisting of changes in tissue color - white (coral bleaching), changes in tissue color - not white (yellow band disease), and compromised health (damage by sedimentation). Yellow band disease is only found in the genus ˆ and is not found in other genera.

Pioneer assessment on megabenthic community suggest the recent ecological condition of coral reef in Senggigi Beach, Western Lombok Island, Indonesia

Abstract. Ghafari MIA, Fitrianti V. 2021. Pioneer assessment on megabenthic community suggests the recent ecological condition of coral reef in Senggigi Beach, Western Lombok Island, Indonesia. Indo Pac J Ocean Life 5: 14-21. Megabenthic communities are among the excellent bioindicator used nowadays. This study was the first to conduct in Senggigi Beach and provide preliminary useful information regarding the condition of coral reef ecosystem on-site, through assessing the megabenthic community from 2019-2020 to 202-2021. Benthos Belt Transect (BBT) method was used to collect data from 6 different observation sites. There are 3 groups of targeted megabenthic fauna assessed: the bioindicator group (sea urchin and blue starfish), the corallivorous group (drupella snail and crown-of-thorns starfish), and the commercially valued group (edible sea cucumber, giant clam, spiny lobster, and commercial top shells). Sea urchin was found to dominate all stations, indicating a decreasing live coral cover after bleaching. Presence of corallivorous megabenthos was very rare, as it is not a potential threat to corals. There is a trend of increasing density of edible sea cucumber and giant clam by 30% and 50% respectively, with a mass giant clam recruit in 2021. We suspect less or no impact of anthropogenic activity to megabenthic community dynamic in Senggigi Beach to date, but their community dynamic is purely influenced by the decline condition of coral reef ecosystem due to recent 2016 mass bleaching.

Biodiversity of the “Karang Jeruk” Coral Reef Ecosystem in Tegal Regency, Central Java, Indonesia

“Karang Jeruk” is a Fish Sanctuary whose existence is expected to provide protection for the biota in it. The purpose of this study was to collect and conduct baseline analyzes of the condition of coral reef ecosystem. The results for the ecological index are the Diversity Index (H’) is 1.7362 (depth 3 m) and 1.8382 (depth 10 m), so that the diversity is moderate with moderate ecological pressure. Uniformity Index (E) is 0.7864 (3 m depth) and 1.0362 (10 m depth) so that it is included in the high population uniformity category. Simpson Dominance Index (C) is 0.2405 (3 m depth) and 0.2211 (10 m depth), including the species dominance category is low. The percentage of coral cover is 1.30%-69.28% in the damaged to good category. Diversity Index data (H’) is 1.5157 (3 m depth) and 1.3896 (10 m depth), so that the diversity is moderate with moderate ecological pressure. Uniformity Index (E) is 0.7062 (3 m depth) and 0.6353 (10 m depth) so that it is included in the high population uniformity category. Simpson Dominance Index (C) is 0.2920 (3 m depth) and 0.3497 (10 m depth), including the species dominance category is low.

A MAPPING OF CHANGES IN CORAL REEFS CONDITION BASED ON DEVELOPMENT THE MARINE ECOTOURISM IN THE SOUTHERN PART COAST OF PADANG CITY – INDONESIA

This study aims to determine changes in the condition of coral reef ecosystems using satellite imagery. The research method used is the Geographic Information System (GIS) approach using Lyzengaalgorithm method with data of Landsat +ETM 7 in 1998, 2008 and Landsat OLI 8 in 2018. The results of this study indicate a decrease in the extent of coral reef conditions in 1998-2008 occurs in live coral cover covering 106.60 ha and the addition of area occurred in dead coral cover covering 147.97 ha. While the decrease of coral reefs condition in 2008-2018 occurs in dead coral cover covering 29.66 ha and the addition of area occurred in live coral cover covering 112.29 ha. Coral mortality index in Nirwana beach with an average 62.28 %, meaning very large coral deaths in this region. Coral mortality index in Cindakir estuary with an average 46.60 %, meaning quite large coral deaths in this region so that coral reefs need to be rehabilitated in these waters, which can be done in form of artificial coral transplants. The coral mortality index in Muara Dua bay average 39 %, meaning that coral mortality is quite large in this region, while the coral mortality index in Ujung Siboko bay average 44.65 %, this means quite a large number of coral deaths in this region, but this location has a very good soft coral and it is necessary to rehabilitate corals in these waters with the form of artificial coral transplants.

Potential, suitability, and carrying capacity of coral reef ecosystem in West Buleleng MPA

Marine protected area (MPA) of West Buleleng, Pemuteran, Bali has the potential for the development of marine tourism activity through its coral reef ecosystem. Since 2011, the number of tourists visiting this area has been increasing every year and without proper management, it might harm the coral ecosystem. The purposes of this study are to analyze; the potential of coral reef resources based on the analysis of coral’s coverage area, the Tourism Suitability Index (TSI), and the carrying capacity to protect the coral reef ecosystem yet support the development of tourism activities in West Buleleng MPA. Data analysis methods consist of ecological analysis by measuring the potential and condition of coral reef ecosystems, the suitability index of tourism and the carrying capacity of the coral reef ecosystem. The results showed the potential of coral reef resources in West Buleleng MPA is fairly good with a percentage of coral cover about 57.08%. The suitability index of snorkeling and diving activities in the coral reef ecosystem was 76.9% with the carrying capacity of 36 tourists per day or 13.140 tourists per year for those tourism activities.

Coral Reef Zone Analysis in Development of Segmentation Ecotourism in Karimunjawa National Park

Karimunjawa is one of the main destinations that present underwater beauty that is quite popular. But due to increased tourism activities provide economic benefits but also have a negative impact on coral reef ecosystems so that prudent and sustainable management is needed, these characteristics are felt capable of being helped by remote sensing technology. The purpose of this research is to analyze the coral reef zoning for the development of ecotourism segmentation and the carrying capacity of coral reef ecosystems and to map the condition of coral reef ecosystems in the Karimunjawa National Park area through remote sensing technology. The method used in data collection uses a survey method which is divided into 2 types in-situ conducted on 19th April 2019 to 2nd May 2019 and ex-situ taken for 4 years for coral cover and 1 year for sea surface temperature. By using quantitative descriptive analysis, land suitability results are obtained based on the land suitability index approach and the percentage of coral cover in determining the mapping of ecotourism segmentation areas. The results of this research show that through in-situ approach, data collection in three stations on Sintok and Menjangan Kecil Islands has good coral cover while Cemara Besar is damaged. The appropriate Tourism Conformity Index value is on Menjangan Kecil Island while the other two stations are not so that the carrying capacity calculation is only done on the appropriate and very appropriate island. Inversely proportional through the analysis of the Scenic Beauty Estimation value, Cemara Besar Island which shows a high value while on the Menjangan Kecil Island the lowest. Spatial analysis shows that the fluctuation in sea surface temperature during one year is not too significant and is still limited to the optimum temperature range for coral growth so that it does not affect the conditions causing damage to coral reefs, called bleaching. Looking at the distribution of coral reefs via satellite, over the past 4 years shows an increase in dead coral cover leaving 6,752,802 m2 in 2019.

Studi Ekosistem Terumbu Karang di Taman Nasional Kepulauan Seribu

Taman Nasional Laut Kepulauan Seribu (TNLKpS) has a unique natural resource is the natural beauty of the sea and coral ecosystems are unique. But along with the rapid population growth of Jakarta as the capital city and the increasing number of tourists also affect the condition of coral reefs in TNLKpS. This study aimed to analyze and assess the ecological condition of coral reef ecosystems in the utilization zone travel TNLKpS by coral cover life and death, diversity as well as the factors causing the damage of the survey line intercept transect (LIT), literature review, interviews and analysis of the condition of coral reefs by Decree LH No. 4 of 2001 on Baku Criteria Damage Coral Karan. Condition of the reef by live coral cover otherwise damaged to moderate, based on the otherwise dead coral cover damaged high to moderate damage, then the number and type of reef fish more on the depth of 10 meters in comparison with 3 meters. Thecondition of coral reef ecosystems is common in 3 islands (Pulau Putri, Pulau Macan and Pulau Angin Angin Genteng) in TNKS is still quite good, but in some snorkeling spots it looks bad (3 stations) and medium (2 stations) when compared to spots diving (only 1 bad station).

Spatial Distribution of Collections Yielding Marine Natural Products.

The societal benefits of coral reef ecosystems include shoreline protection, habitat provision for reef fish, tourism, and recreation. Rarely considered in valuation of reefs is the considerable contribution of marine natural products (MNPs) to both human health and the economy. To better understand the relation of MNP discovery with the characteristics and condition of coral reef ecosystems, we initiated a study to track the collection location and taxonomic identity of organisms that have provided pharmacological products. We reviewed collection information and associated data from 298 pharmacological products originating from marine biota during the past 47 years. The products were developed from 232 different marine species representing 15 phyla, and the 1296 collections of these specimens occurred across 69 countries and seven continents. Our evaluation of the collection data was hampered by sundry observational and reporting issues, including imprecise location descriptions and omission of collection dates. Nonetheless, the study provides an important synopsis and appraisal of years of study and exploration by the marine natural product community. Understanding and quantifying the benefits of MNP discovery will depend upon improved reporting of collections, including accurate taxonomic identification, collection dates, and locations.

Komunitas ikan karang di Pantai Malalayang dan Pantai Meras Teluk Manado

The study aimed to identify species of reef fishes, to obtain indexes of diversity and dominance, eveness and to analyze the comparison of communities between the two study sites by Sorensen similarity index. Data was gathered in-situ with underwater recordings at a depth of 6 meters assisted by diving apparatus, and using fish visual census method. Subsequent data were identified using fish identifikaction guide and WoRMS (Word Register of Marine Science) online identification applications. The number of species and specimens of reef fishes from each study site after bein identified were then analyzed the diversity, dominance and similarity of the community between the two study sites. The coral reef fishes identification results that obtained from each study site were: 20 families, 86 spesies and 362 specimen at Malalayang beach, and 15 families, 55 spesies and 217 specimen at Meras beach. The value of the calculated index o community structure obtained by H’ 3.42 (Malalayang) and 2.91 (meras) has been shown the ecological condition of coral reef ecosystem which is still stable even though diversity is moderate, but inversely with low dominance value (D=0.08). The coral reef fishes in both study sites were very diverse and there was no dominant species. Eveness of community between two study sites high.The result of community similarity analysis using Sorensen Index was 49 % (<50 %) indicates that there was no community similarity of coral reef fishes between Malalayang Beach and Meras Beach which was allegedly caused by natural factors and or anthropogenic one in both research sites.Keywords : coral reef fishes community, diversity, dominance, community similarity

Community Structure Of Coral Reefs In Saebus Island, Sumenep District, East Java

Increasing degradation coral reefs ecosystem has created many concerns. Reduction of this damage can only be done with good and proper management of coral reef ecosystem based on existing condition. The condition of coral reef ecosystem can be determined by assessing its community structure. This study investigates community structure of coral reef ecosystems around Saebus Island, Sumenep District, East Java, by using satellite imagery analysis and field observations. Satellite imagery analysis by Lyzenga methods was used to determine the observation stations and substrate distribution. Field observations were done by using Line Intercept Transect method at 4 stations, at the depth of 3 and 10 meters. The results showed that the percentage of coral reef coverage at the depth of 3 and 10 meters were 64.36% and 59.29%, respectively, and included in fine coverage category. This study found in total 25 genera from 13 families of corals at all stations. The most common species found wereAcropora,Porites, andPocillopora, while the least common species wereFavitesandMontastrea. Average value of Diversity, Uniformity and Dominancy indices were 2.94, 0.8 and 0.18 which include as medium, high, and low category, respectively. These results suggest that coral reef ecosystems around Saebus Island is in a good condition.

Comparison of two photographic methodologies for collecting and analyzing the condition of coral reef ecosystems

AbstractCoral reefs are declining rapidly in response to unprecedented rates of environmental change. Rapid and scalable measurements of how benthic ecosystems are responding to these changes are critically important. Recent technological developments associated with the XL Catlin Seaview Survey have begun to provide high‐resolution 1‐m2 photographic quadrats of ~1.8–2 km of coral reefs at 10 m depth by using a semi‐autonomous image collection SeaView II camera system (SVII). The rapid collection of images by SVII can result in images being taken at a variable distance (1–2 m) from the substrate as well as having natural light variability between images captured. This variability can affect the quality of taxonomic resolution archived from photographic quadrats captured by SVII. Conventional approaches for taking photographic quadrats of coral reefs involve taking images from a fixed distance with the use of artificial light. These methods often provide images that enable high taxonomic resolution, but are typically used to cover areas of 50–150 m. Here, we select key metrics associated with coral reef condition from a functional perspective to contrast how much is lost in terms of association and agreement from image annotations using SVII images (1‐m2 photoquadrats) compared to conventional methods, capturing 0.5‐m2 photoquadrats using a digital single lens reflex camera from a fixed height of 0.5 m above the benthos. Comparisons were made over the same 50‐m linear transects at 15 sites in the Maldives. Photoquadrats were manually analyzed using an online image annotation tool and image repository called coral net with 25 randomly placed dots per 0.5 m2 of a quadrat. Our results reveal high levels of correlation and agreement between methods when measuring the abundance of hard corals as a functional group and individual labels, which make up hard corals as a functional group. These results demonstrate the two methods are comparable when measuring functional groups and coral communities on coral reefs. Therefore, involving rapid semi‐automated technologies that maximize data collection for monitoring coral reefs does not necessarily imply that taxonomic resolution is compromised. This insight has important ramifications for detecting important changes in coral reef condition, such as a decline in coral cover or shifts in benthic community composition.

SUITABILITY OF CORAL REEF ECOSYSTEM CONDITION BASED ON LOCAL ECOLOGY KNOWLEDGE WITH SURVEY METHOD IN EAST COAST OF WEH ISLAND

Local ecological knowledge (LEK) refers to the knowledge of people in a local community that can be used in assessing environmental conditions as well as reflecting the interaction that occur in an ecosystem. The purpose of this study was to examine condition of coral reef ecosystem based on the LEK’s community in a marine protected area east coast weh island (KKPD PTPW) Sabang. Assessment of the coral reef condition based on the local’s ecological knowledge is justified from the suitability of the area by comparing map of the coral reefs condition based on LEK and observation map of the coral reefs condition during the study. Based on LEK, it is known that in the PTPW Sabang region coral reefs which falls under deteriorated class is found in the northern sea of Kelurahan Kota Atas, while those which falls under good condition class are found in Ie Meule and Ujung Kareng as well as in Anoi Itam except Benteng. Result from the observations done in 13 stations found that sea region near Sumur Tiga, Ujung Kareung and Benteng have a good coral reefs with a coverage range of 51-65 %. While the sea in Ujung Seuke, Anoi Itam and Reuteuk have a moderate coral reefs with a percentage of coverage ranging from 44- 49. Respondents’ perceptions of the coral reef condition during the last 10 years which include 55% respondents in Ie Meule and 74.29% of respondend in Anoi Itam stated that there is an increment of coral reefs coverage.

SUITABILITY OF CORAL REEF ECOSYSTEM CONDITION BASED ON LOCAL ECOLOGY KNOWLEDGE WITH SURVEY METHOD IN EAST COAST OF WEH ISLAND

<em>Local ecological knowledge (LEK) refers to the knowledge of people in a local community that can be used in assessing environmental conditions as well as reflecting the interaction that occur in an ecosystem. The purpose of this study was to examine condition of coral reef ecosystem based on the LEK’s community in a marine protected area east coast weh island (KKPD PTPW) Sabang. Assessment of the coral reef condition based on the local’s ecological knowledge is justified from the suitability of the area by comparing map of the coral reefs condition based on LEK and observation map of the coral reefs condition during the study. Based on LEK, it is known that in the PTPW Sabang region coral reefs which falls under deteriorated class is found in the northern sea of Kelurahan Kota Atas, while those which falls under good condition class are found in Ie Meule and Ujung Kareng as well as in Anoi Itam except Benteng. Result from the observations done in 13 stations found that sea region near Sumur Tiga, Ujung Kareung and Benteng have a good coral reefs with a coverage range of 51-65 %. While the sea in Ujung Seuke, Anoi Itam and Reuteuk have a moderate coral reefs with a percentage of coverage ranging from 44- 49. Respondents’ perceptions of the coral reef condition during the last 10 years which include 55% respondents in Ie Meule and 74.29% of respondend in Anoi Itam stated that there is an increment of coral reefs coverage.</em>

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ELECTRONIC LOGGING INSTRUMENT TO HELP SCIENTIFIC DIVER IN CORAL REEF MONITORING

Indonesia is situated in the Coral Triangle region that has the world’s highest coral reef biodiversity. Therefore, coral reef monitoring needs to be conducted regularly to assess the condition of coral reef ecosystem for management purpose. There are several coral reef monitoring methods available such as the line intercept transect (LIT), point intercept transect (PIT), photo transect, belt transect and benthic towed-diver. In Indonesia, LIT and PIT are the most commonly used methods for coral monitoring. However, there is a main disadvantage when collecting data using these methods, that is scientific divers need to spend hours to input the data after dives. Here, we introduce an electronic logging instrument called Coral Input Data Instrument that helps to decrease the input data time by employing a look-up table system that simplifies data input process by replacing text with numerical coding. In addition, water quality data such as temperature, depth and visibility also are embedded in the electronic logging instrument. The instrument hardware consists of Arduino Mega 2560, keypad 4x3, LCD Module 16x2 character, real time clock, temperature sensor, pressure sensor, visibility sensor and micro SD card module. Arduino IDE 1.6.5 software is used to program the microcontroller. In this paper, we describe the design and implementation of the instrument in the field.

CORAL REEFS DIVERSITY IN GILI GENTING ISLAND SUMENEP MADURA

Coral reef ecosystem is the most threatened ecosystem among marine ecosystem in the world due to the combination of anthropogenic and natural disturbances. More research is needed to be monitor ed and assess coral reef ecosystems, which will be used to fin d understanding of the ecological integrity and further improvement of the protection strategy in the future. This re search was aimed to know the diversity of coral reef diversity at Gili Genting Island Sumenep Madura and evaluate the condition of coral reef ecosystem based on cover the percentage. Line intercept method was used to understand coral reef diversity and its condition in the desired observation station. The result revealed that 9 families, 22 genera and 4 5 species of coral have been successfully found, in which Acropora is the most common genus found in in Gili Genting Island . The cover percentage analysis also indicated that the condition of coral reef ecosystem in Gili Genting Island could be classified to very bad category where th e total average of cover percentage is 12.55%. These findings provide the prelim inary information about the condition of coral reef ecosystem in small i sland that might be useful for the future integrated management based on ecological perspective.

KONDISI EKOSISTEM TERUMBU KARANG DI ROTE TIMUR, KABUPATEN ROTE NDAO, TAMAN NASIONAL PERAIRAN LAUT SAWU MENGGUNAKAN METODE MANTA TOW

Waters of the Savu Sea serves strategic means for the development of East Nusa Tenggara province, because most of the district / city in the province is highly dependent on the Savu Sea. The purpose of this study was to determine the condition of coral reef ecosystems using the Manta Tow in the waters of the East Rote, District of Rote Ndao, province of East Nusa Tenggara in the plan of conservation areas Savu Sea Marine National Park. The results show the percentage of hard coral life cover in the East Rote 3 study sites in the category of bad. The west side has average cover of 23.98%. Mulut Seribu Strait have hard coral life cover percentage of 15.8% and eastern side has the lowest percentage to hard coral life cover average by 12.33%.

EKOSISTEM TERUMBU KARANG DAN KONDISI OSEANOGRAFI PERAIRAN KAWASAN WISATA BAHARI LOMBOK

The research that was carried out in Lombok marine tourism is purposed to find out 1) the condition of coral reef ecosystem 2) the condition of waters oceanography and 3) the relationship between the conditions of coral reef ecosystem and the oceanography condition of Lombok marine tourism. The observation was conducted with the line transect method in the windward zone and leeward zone, in 3 meters and 10 meters depth with three test times. The condition of coral reef that would be analyzed is about 1) percentage of the coral cover 2) the death index of coral 3) the form of growth coral, whereas the oceanography condition that would be analyzed is the temperature, salinity, the pH, DO, the brightness, and the flow speed. Knowing the relationship between the condition of coral reefs and the condition of oceanography will be carried out with the analysis of regression. The result shows that the condition of coral reefs ecosystem in windward zone has 36.9% cover coral, the death index of coral 0.17, the form growth coral that was found is 13 kinds 251 number of forms of the growth coral, while the condition of coral reef ecosystem in leeward zone reached 23.72% cover coral, the death index of coral 0.45, the form of growth coral that was found is 11 kinds 276 number of forms of the growth coral. The condition of oceanography factor of windward zone has 22,36 meters brightness, the temperature 27.52◦C, the flow speed 4.77 m./sec, the salinity 33.21 Ppt, the pH 7.56 and the protracted oxygen 6.41 Mg.l-1, the brightness of leeward zone reached 14.36 meter, the temperature 27.83◦C, the speed of the flow 2.68 m./sec, the salinity 31.54 Ppt, the pH 7.77 and the protracted oxygen 5.40 Mg.l-1. There is relationship between the oceanographic factor and the condition of coral reef ecosystem, from the sixth oceanographic factors, salinity has the highest effective contribution that is 49.79%, and the lowest is the pH that only 1.52%.

Bioindicators of changes in water quality on coral reefs: review and recommendations for monitoring programmes

Effective environmental management requires monitoring programmes that provide specific links between changes in environmental conditions and ecosystem health. This article reviews the suitability of a range of bioindicators for use in monitoring programmes that link changes in water quality to changes in the condition of coral-reef ecosystems. From the literature, 21 candidate bioindicators were identified, whose responses to changes in water quality varied spatially and temporally; responses ranged from rapid (hours) changes within individual corals to long-term (years) changes in community composition. From this list, the most suitable bioindicators were identified by determining whether responses were (i) specific, (ii) monotonic, (iii) variable, (iv) practical and (v) ecologically relevant to management goals. For long-term monitoring programmes that aim to quantify the effects of chronic changes in water quality, 11 bioindicators were selected: symbiont photophysiology, colony brightness, tissue thickness and surface rugosity of massive corals, skeletal elemental and isotopic composition, abundance of macro-bioeroders, micro- and meiobenthic organisms such as foraminifera, coral recruitment, macroalgal cover, taxonomic richness of corals and the maximal depth of coral-reef development. For short-term monitoring programmes, or environmental impact assessments that aim to quantify the effects of acute changes in water quality, a subset of seven of these bioindicators were selected, including partial mortality. Their choice will depend on the specific objectives and the timeframe available for each monitoring programme. An assessment framework is presented to assist in the selection of bioindicators to quantify the effects of changing water quality on coral-reef ecosystems.

Editorial: Indicator Hierarchy and Scaling∗

The recent 14th International Conference on Environmental Bioindicators featured a roundtable discussion on indicators of the condition of coral reef ecosystems. Most readers of this Journal would ...