Condensed Molasses Solubles Research Articles

Effect of Application of Condensed Molasses Solubles Enhanced with Iron on Growth and Productivity of Cherry Tomato

Crops hardly absorb iron (Fe) from high pH soil in plastic greenhouse. Low absorption of iron disturb developing and stabilizing chlorophyll thus result in chlorosis of leaf. Iron absorption of crops can be promoted by application of iron-chelate fertilizer. However use of iron-chelate fertilizer is limited by its high cost. This study was conducted to suggest a simple and low cost methodology for manufacturing iron chelate fertilizer and to analyze the effect of condensed molasses solubles enhanced with iron (CMS-Fe) application on growth and yield of cherry tomato in alkali soil. Soil pH used in this experiment was 7.55. One liter of CMS-Fe solutions were treated by soil injection with four different application levels respectively (Fe 0, 100, 200, 400 ppm). On the 73rd day after transplanting, growth and yield characteristics of cherry tomato and iron content of leaf were analyzed. Iron content and SPAD value of leaf in CMS-Fe application treatments were higher than those in none Fe enhanced CMS and inorganic fertilizer (NPK) application treatments. Yield of CMS-Fe application significantly increased compared with those of none Fe enhanced CMS and inorganic fertilizer application only. Therefore, CMS-Fe application by soil injection is quite useful to improve growth and productivity of cherry tomato in high pH soil. Effect of Fe-enhanced CMS application on SPAD value and Fe content in cherry tomato leaves, and fresh weight of fruits.

Effect of vinasse (condensed molasses solubles) on performance and meat chemical composition of Holstein male calves

Twenty-four Holstein male calves (BW = 320 ± 48kg) were used to evaluate the effects of vinasse supplementation on growth, carcase and meat chemical composition and total-tract digestibility in a randomised complete block design. The calves were divided into four groups and allocated to four diets: a maize/barley-based diet with no added vinasse (C); a diet containing 5% (DM basis) vinasse (LV); a diet containing 10% (DM basis) vinasse (MV) and a diet containing 15% (DM basis) vinasse (HV). Amount of feed offered was recorded daily and the calves were weighed monthly and slaughtered after 4 months of trial. Dry matter intake was not affected significantly by treatments. Calves fed with C and LV diets had higher live slaughter weight, ADG, longissimus muscle area and lower feed efficiency than calves fed the MV and HV diets (p < .001). Digestibility of OM, EE and NDF were not different between C and LV diets (p > .05), but it was decreased as the level of vinasse increased to the level of 15% in HV diet (p < .05). No differences were detected in the NH3–N and molar proportion of rumen VFAs except for propionate, in which calves were fed the C and LV diets had higher concentration of propionate and total VFAs compare to those fed the MV and HV diets (p < .05). These results showed that vinasse can be included in the growing calves ration around 5% without adverse effects and would promote carcase composition.

Vinasse added to dried sugar beet pulp: Preference rate, voluntary intake, and digestive utilization in sheep1

Three experiments were performed to study the nutritional characteristics of sugar beet pulp (SBP) according to the concentration of vinasse (condensed molasses solubles) added. Eighteen Merino ewes were used to study preference in Exp. 1, and 18 Merino ewes were used in Exp. 2 to study voluntary intake of SBP with different amounts of vinasse inclusion (0, 7, and 13% on a DM basis; SBP0, SBP7, and SPB13, respectively). Sheep showed a marked preference for SBP with vinasse, regardless of the amount of addition, whereas voluntary feed intake was not affected (P > 0.34). Eight ruminally cannulated Merino ewes were used in Exp. 3 to study rumen fermentation of SBP0 and SBP13. Regardless of the diet fed to the animals (SBP0 or SBP13), disappearance rates of DM, NDF, and CP were greater when SBP13, compared with SBP0, was incubated in sacco (P < 0.05), and NDF and CP disappearance rates were increased when animals were fed the SBP13 diet. No significant differences were observed for pH, ammonia concentration, or total or individual VFA in the ruminal liquor of sheep at different sampling times after feeding (P > 0.23) in response to vinasse addition. Experiment 4 was designed to study digestibility, solid passage rate, and excretion of purine derivatives from 12 Merino ewes fed SBP0 and SBP13. Digestibility of NDF tended to be greater (P < 0.10) for the SBP13 group compared with the SBP0 group; digestibilities of DM, OM, CP, and ADF were not affected (P > 0.11). Digesta flow kinetics and urinary excretion of purine derivatives were not significantly affected by the presence (SBP13) or absence (SBP0) of vinasse in the diet (P > 0.21). In conclusion, sheep showed a clear preference for SBP with vinasse. However, the lack of significant differences in most of the in vivo variables measured indicates that ewes can be satisfactorily fed with any of the amounts of vinasse inclusion studied.

반추위 미생물의 질소공급원으로서 Condensed Molasses Solubles (CMS)의 사료 가치 평가

본 연구는 monosodium glutamate의 부산물인 condensed molasses solubles (CMS)가 반추가축의 질소 공급원으로서 반추위 미생물 단백질 합성에 미치는 영향을 in vitro 실험을 통하여 조사하였다. 실험 1에서는 반추위 미생물에 대한 질소 공급원으로서 CMS의 가치를 요소와 비교하였고, 실험 2는 미생물의 생성양이 최대가 되는 시간대를 조사하기 위하여 수행하였고, 실험 3에서는 실험 1과 2에서 배양 후 실시된 원심분리 (1000g×5분)에 의해 생성된 침전물이 총 질소의 공급양과 측정된 질소양에 차이를 발생시킴에 따라 침전물의 성분을 조사하고자 수행하였고, 실험 4는 배양 2시간대에서 CMS와 요소로부터 발생되는 암모니아의 발생양을 조사하기 위하여 수행하였다. 이상의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 반추위 미생물태 질소 합성량은 CMS/당밀 처리구 (7.79mg/100ml)와 요소/당밀 (7.61mg/100ml)의 처리구간에 유의적인 차이는 없었지만 CMS/당밀의 처리구가 암모니아태 질소의 함량을 유의적으로 감소시켰다. 2. CMS/당밀 처리구의 암모니아태 질소 함량과 pH는 당밀/요소 처리구보다 유의적으로 감소하였다. 하지만 미생물태 질소의 양은 처리구간에 차이가 없었다. 최대 미생물의 성장률은 배양 후 10시간에서 발생하였다. 3. 당밀 대신 100% 수용성인 설탕을 이용하였을 경우에도 침전물이 발생하여 침전물이 당밀에 의한 것이 아님이 확인되었고, 또한 배양 시간이 짧았을 경우 (2시간) 질소의 손실양도 상대적으로 크게 감소하여, 총 질소의 공급양과 측정된 질소양의 차이는 침전물에 박테리아가 포함되었기 때문인 것으로 조사되었다. 4. 배양 2시간 동안 CMS로부터 발생되는 암모니아의 생성속도는 요소로부터 발생되는 속도보다 유의적으로 빠르게 나타났다. 본 실험의 결과 CMS는 반추위 미생물 단백질을 합성하는 데 있어 최소한 요소의 가치를 지니고 있음이 조사되었다. A series of four in vitro experiments were conducted to evaluate condensed molasses solubles (CMS) as a source of nitrogen for ruminal microbes. In experiment 1, as compared with urea, the value of CMS as a nitrogen source was examined. In experiment 2, to determine the time needed for maximal response of microbial synthesis, the treatments were incubated for increasing times (from 6 h to 16 h). Because a sediment that was assumed to cause nitrogen loss was found after incubation in experiments 1 and 2, it was decided to avoid formation of sediment using sugar instead of molasses or a shorter time incubation (experiments 3 and 4). Furthermore, in experiment 4, because the extent to which ammonia nitrogen is released from CMS and urea before 6 h of incubation was uncertain, it was decided to examine the peaks of concentrations of ammonia nitrogen released from CMS and urea by sampling after 2 h incubation. There was no significant difference in the concentration of microbial-N between molasses/CMS and molasses/ urea treatments in experiment 1, although there were greater decreases in ammonia concentration with the molasses/CMS treatment. The microbial protein synthesis was increased progressively until 10 h for both treatments (experiment 2). Although ingredients that were completely soluble (sucrose, urea) were used in experiment 3, the sediment was still evident suggesting that the sediment was largely of microbial not feed origin. Ammonia release from CMS was much faster than from urea during 2 h incubation. In conclusion, the results of the present studies suggest that the feed value of CMS as a source of nitrogen for ruminal bacteria was similar to that of urea when it was estimated in vitro.

Effects of betaine and condensed molasses solubles on nitrogen balance and nutrient digestibility in piglets fed diets deficient in methionine and low in compatible osmolytes

A balance experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of betaine monohydrate (BET) or betaine derived from condensed molasses solubles (CMS) as a substitute for methionine and choline on nitrogen (N) balance and total tract nutrient digestibility in weaned piglets. The experiment included four treatments with 32 barrows with an average initial body weight (BW) of 13.5 kg. The supplementation of DL-methionine and choline (positive control = PC) to the basal diet, which was deficient in methionine and low in compatible osmolytes in the form of betaine or its precursor choline (negative control = NC) resulted in a significant increase in N retention of 0.8 g/d. The substitution of DL-methionine and choline with BET or CMS did not affect N retention compared to the PC and the NC treatment either. Feeding the PC diet increased the digestibilities of organic matter, NDF, ADF, NFE, crude ash, Ca, P, methionine, tryptophan and cystine by 1.9%, 7.3%, 9.7%, 1.1%, 6.3%, 13.9%, 7.7%, 15.9%, 4.3% and 2.8%, respectively, and tended (p < 0.20) to increase the digestibilities of most other amino acids by 1.6 – 3.4%. Digestibility of CP, EE (HCl), Mg and Na was 3.1% (p = 0.09), 5.1% (p = 0.09), 5.1% (p = 0.06) and 3.3% (p = 0.17) higher, respectively, when compared to the NC treatment. BET and CMS supplementation increased most nutrient digestibilities in the same magnitude as for the PC treatment. In summary, the supplementation of betaine, originating from different sources, to a diet with low contents of compatible osmolytes increased in particular the fermentation of fibre and enhanced mineral absorption. The supplementation of the NC with DL-methionine was more efficient in improving N retention than the replacement of DL-methionine by betaine originating from BET or CMS.

Effects of betaine and condensed molasses solubles on ileal and total tract nutrient digestibilities in piglets

The study was carried out to investigate the effects of betaine monohydrate (BET) and betaine derived from condensed molasses solubles (CMS) on ileal and total tract nutrient digestibility in weaned piglets. The experiment included three treatments with 12 eight-week-old barrows with an average initial body weight (BW) of 8.5 kg. The piglets were fitted with a simple T cannula at the distal ileum. They were fed a basal diet (control, CON) based on wheat, barley and soybean meal alone or either supplemented with betaine monohydrate (betaine treatment, BET) or condensed molasses solubles (condensed molasses solubles treatment, CMS). Each treatment included four piglets in two repeated measurements. Titanium dioxide was added as a digestibility marker. The collection of faeces began at 20.00 h on day 7 and continued for 48 consecutive hours. Ileal digesta were collected for 24 h from 20.00 to 08.00 h on day 9 and 10 and from 08.00 to 20.00 h on day 11. The second collection period started on day 14 following the same procedure. The ileal and total tract digestibilities of NDF, ADF and crude ash were improved (p<0.05) due to supplemental BET and CMS. The supplementation of CMS increased (p<0.05) the ileal digestibilities of and most amino acids by 2 to 8 percentage units whereas BET supplementation resulted in a decrease (p<0.05) in the ileal digestibilities of crude protein and most amino acids by 2 to 7 percentage units. It can be concluded that, in piglets, betaine originating from different sources promotes efficiently the fermentation of dietary NDF and ADF in association with improved mineral absorption, whereas the effects on ileal amino acid digestibility are equivocal.

Beet‐vinasse (condensed molasses solubles) as an ingredient in diets for cattle and pigs – nutritive value and limitations

Sugar beet vinasse, originating as the condensed molasses residue from yeast production, was fed to bulls and pigs to determine the feed value. It contained, per kg dry matter (DM content 66.8%), 293 g crude protein, 305 g N-free extract (therefrom 34.4 g total sugar), and 395 g crude ash. The experiment was carried out with three fattening bulls (German Holstein) and four adult pigs (Gottingen Minipig). In bulls, two balance trials lasting 20 days each (10 days adaptation; 10 days collection) were conducted in which subsequently a basal ration without and with vinasse (14% in DM) was fed. In pigs, the experiment consisted of three 12-day balance trials with the final 5 days as collection period. In the first trial, pigs received a basal diet without vinasse and in the following, a mixed diet with 16 and 43% vinasse (in DM) respectively. Digestibilities of components in vinasse in bulls were: organic matter 73.5%, crude protein 72.6%, and N-free extract 52.3%. In bulls, no influence on faeces quality could be detected while feeding 14% vinasse in DM. While feeding 16% vinasse in DM to pigs, the digestibility of organic matter amounted to 72.3% (crude protein 71.8%; NfE 74.6%). Feeding higher amounts of vinasse (43% in DM) in the diet of pigs, digestibilities were reduced (organic matter: 61.6%), which might be a result of a reduced retention time of the chyme as a result of an osmotically driven diarrhoea because of unexpectedly high sulphate (136 g/kg DM) content in the vinasse. It is concluded that because of organic matter digestibility >70% for cattle and pigs, the use of vinasse in these species in small proportions is reasonable.

Condensed Molasses Solubles(CMS) / 당밀 혼합물이 반추위 미생물 단백질 합성량에 미치는 영향

본 연구는 monosodium glutamate의 생산 후 발생되는 부산물인 condensed molasses solubles(CMS)가 반추가축의 질소 공급원으로서 반추위 미생물 단백질 합성에 미치는 효과를 조사하기 위하여 수행하였다. 반추위 canulae가 부착된 4마리의 비착유소를 4 <TEX>${\times}$</TEX> 4 라틴 방각법에 적용하여 실험을 수행하였으며, 4개의 처리구는 다음과 같다. (1) 기초사료(앞착된 보리 3kg/일과 보리짚의 자유채식), (2) 기초사료에 당밀 200g/일 그리고 물 300g/일 첨가, (3) 기초사료에 당밀 200g/일, CMS 100g/일 그리고 물 200g/일 첨가 (4) 기초 사료에 당밀 200g/일, CMS 200g/일, 그리고 물 100g/일 첨가. CMS의 첨가수준에 따른 반추위내 발효양상은 처리구간에 유의적인 차이가 없었으나, CMS를 200g/일을 첨가한 처리구가 다른 처리구들에 비해 반추위내 미생물 단백질 합성량의 표시로서 이용된 allantoin/creatinine의 비율을 증가시키는 경향이 나타났다(P < 0.10). An experiment was conducted to evaluate condensed molasses solubles(CMS, a by-product from monosodium glutamate production) as a source of nitrogen for ruminant with particular reference to its effects on microbial protein synthesis. Four non-lactating dairy cows fitted with rumen cannulas were used in a 4 <TEX>${\times}$</TEX> 4 Latin square with 14-day periods. The four treatments were (1) basal diet consisting of barley straw ad libitum and 3 kg/d of rolled barley, (2) basal diet plus 200 gld molasses and 300 g/d water, (3) basal diet plus 200 g/d molasses, 100 g/d CMS and 200 g/d water, (4) basal diet plus 200 g/d molasses, 200 g/d CMS and 100 g/d water. Ruminal pH remained at high levels and showed little variation during the day between treatments. The concentration of total and individual VFA in the rumen was similar between treatments. There was no difference in the concentration of ammonia in the rumen between treatments, although the intake of nitrogen in molassesl CMS mixture treatments was higher than that of control and molasses treatment. But there was a suggestion of an increased synthesis of microbial protein with the higher level of inclusion of CMS when the allantoin/creatinine ratio was used as an index of microbial protein production(P <0.10).

Use of cane condensed molasses solubles in feeding broilers

The mean composition of condensed molasses solubles (vinasse or stillage) obtained from the three alcohol fermentation plants of the sugar cane industry including proximate constituents, inorganic components and amino acid composition was obtained. Mean solids content was 620 g kg −1. Vinasse found to be low in fat and fiber but high in ash and different carbohydrate contents. Potassium content of ash was almost 500 g kg −1 which may be more a disadvantage than an advantage in poultry feeding. Ash can contribute substantially to the supply of calcium, magnesium, sodium, iron and chloride in poultry feed. Vinasse was low in protein and the total content of essential amino acids including lysine and methionine was average. Performance results of broilers fed up to 60 g kg −1 of neutralized stillage have shown that low levels of up to 40 g kg −1 can prove profitable for the broiler feed industry, chiefly in sugar cane producing countries where its price is low and it is considered a waste by-product that may pollute.

Effect of sugarcane condensed molasses solubles, sugarcane molasses and monensin on performance and volatile fatty acid production in finishing steers

Three experiments were conducted to compare sugarcane condensed molasses solubles (CMS), sugarcane molasses or a CMS—molasses mixture as ingredients in steer finishing diets, and to determine the effect of monensin in combination with CMS on ruminal volatile fatty acid production. In Experiments 1 and 2, 40 yearling steers were fed on a dry basis 0 or 5% CMS, 5% molasses or 5% of a CMS—molasses mixture (50% w/w fresh basis) for 67 and 96 days, respectively. Steers in Experiment 2 were all fed 33 g/metric ton of monensin. Average daily gain and dry feed conversion rate were, respectively, 0.89 kg and 9.61 in Experiment 1, and 1.28 kg and 6.14 in Experiment 2, with no differences among treatments. There were no treatment effects on carcass characteristics. Experiment 3 was a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with 0 or 33 g monensin/metric ton fed to 40 yearling beef steers, in combination with 0 or 10% CMS (dry basis), for 134 days. In Experiment 3, 10% CMS decreased gain ( P<0.01) from 1.14 to 0.97 kg and increased dry feed/gain ( P<0.05) from 6.89 to 7.89. Feeding 10% CMS produced leaner ( P<0.05) carcasses, while monensin had no effect on carcass characteristics. Steers fed CMS had increased acetic ( P<0.01), butyric ( P<0.05) and isovaleric ( P<0.01) acid concentrations, and decreased propionic ( P<0.01) and valeric ( P<0.01) acid concentrations. Monensin increased ruminal concentration of propionic ( P<0.01) and isovaleric ( P<0.01) acids and decreased butyric ( P<0.05) and valeric ( P<0.01) acids. Condensed molasses solubles may have limited value in replacing molasses or in combination with molasses in finishing diets, and monensin appears to have a beneficial effect when fed in combination with CMS.

Sugarcane Condensed Molasses Solubles as a Feed Ingredient for Finishing Cattle2

Sugarcane Condensed Molasses Solubles as a Feed Ingredient for Finishing Cattle2

Condensed Molasses Solubles, Corn Steep Liquor and Fermented Ammoniated Condensed Whey as Protein Sources for Beef Cattle Grazing Dormant Native Range

Condensed Molasses Solubles, Corn Steep Liquor and Fermented Ammoniated Condensed Whey as Protein Sources for Beef Cattle Grazing Dormant Native Range

Título en español

En dos pruebas realizadas en el Valle de Lajas se evaluó el potencial nutritivo del mosto de melaza deshidratado al incluirse en dietas completas para novillas Charbray en crecimiento con aproximadamente 16% de proteína bruta (CP), que contenían 50% de heno de yerbas tropicales molido, 15% de harina de atún, 10% de melaza y diferentes proporciones de maíz amarillo y mosto. En las dos pruebas, se usó el ritmo de crecimiento, la eficiencia de utilización de alimento y la salud general de los animales como criterios comparativos. En la primera se les suplió cinco niveles de mosto deshidratado (0, 3, 6, 9 y 12%) por 64 días, a cinco grupos diferentes de tres novillas cada uno, cuyo peso inicial aproximado era 190 kg. Los grupos originalmente incluidos que recibían 15, 18 y 21% de mosto deshidratado, fueron eliminados por la falta de crecimiento o crecimiento lento, y porque algunas de las novillas fueron certificadas como preñadas. En el segundo estudio se compararon cuatro niveles de mosto deshidratado (0, 8, 12 y 16%) en dietas idénticas a las usadas en el primer estudio, en novillas de peso inicial aproximado de 280 kg, que se alimentaron por 84 días dentro de las mismas condiciones del primer estudio. En ambas pruebas, niveles de mosto superiores al 6% de la dieta disminuyeron la tasa de crecimiento de los animales, pero más marcadamente a partir del 9%. La utilización del alimento fue menos eficiente cuando se usaron niveles de mosto más altos del 12% de la dieta. Ningún animal, ni aun los que recibieron dietas con 21% de mosto deshidratado, padecieron de diarrea, como ocurrió en estudios anteriores con pollos, gallinas ponedoras, cerdos en crecimiento y guineas, al usarse dietas con niveles de mosto deshidratado entre el 10 y el 15%. La salud de todos los animales que se usaron en ambas evaluaciones fue excelente. El ritmo de crecimiento y la eficiencia de utilización del alimento de los animales disminuyó según estos aumentaron de peso (al comparar datos del estudio 1 contra el 2). No obstante, dietas completas de este tipo que contenían niveles moderados de mosto, promovieron un crecimiento muy bueno para las condiciones semiáridas del valle de Lajas y el sur de Puerto Rico en un sistema de corral de ceba, una tasa de y crecimiento y una eficiencia de conversión que se podría superar aún más en futuros estudios si se aumentase la densidad calórica de la dieta según los animales aumentasen de peso.

Título en español

Se emplearon 4 grupos de 6 vacas Holstein y Pardo Suiza, 2 grupos siguiendo cada una de las secuencias de tratamientos de un experimento de diseño de reversión doble, con 3 períodos de 28 días. El tratamiento A empleó un suplemento líquido con 80% de la fracción soluble de estreptomicetos y 20% de melaza de caña, y el tratamiento 8, una modificación del mismo incluyendo 10% de la fracción soluble de melaza condensada (SCM), es decir, mosto condensado de la destilación de ron. Estos se suplieron a placer a los grupos durante unas 6 horas diarias, y reemplazaron una cantidad de alimento concentrado sólido equivalente en materia seca (MS), reduciendo así a ración del concentrado, que de otro modo fueron de 1 kg por 2.5 kg de leche producida sobre los 5 kg diarios. De noche todos los animales pastaron en praderas de calidad módica. La aceptación de ambos suplementos líquidos fue excelente y el consumo aumentó durante el curso de la experimentación. Las medias globales ponderadas (peso doble para datos del período 2) de consumo diario de MS en suplementos A y B fueron 3.15 y 3.22 kg. Las raciones de concentrado sólido decrecieron progresivamente y las medias correspondientes fueron escasamente .72 y .73 kg. La disminución en la producción de leche fue más acelerada que lo normal, lo cual refleja probablemente un exceso de sustitución por suplementos líquidos y el consumo deficiente de proteína digerible. Las respectivas medias globales ponderadas de leche diaria fueron 11.80 y 11.65 kg; y del porciento de grasa 4.11 y 3.99. Varios criterios de eficiencia parcial de transformación del alimento, tal como leche/MS suplementaria, favorecieron levemente al tratamiento A (3.11 contra 2.96). El costo de los suplementos totales/kg de leche fue aproximadamente 8 centavos con ambos tratamientos. Ninguna de las diferencias entre tratamientos en los criterios evaluados fue significativa. La inclusión de 10% de SCM en este tipo de suplemento líquido sería un modo para deshacerse de este residuo.

Citrus Condensed Molasses Solubles as an Energy Source for Ruminants2

Two feeding studies with steers and one balance trial with lambs were conducted to evaluate citrus condensed molasses solubles (CCMS) containing 45% dry matter as a feedstuff for ruminants. The CCMS contained 10.64% crude protein, 14.55% ash and 74.64% N free extract on a dry matter basis. In a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments, CCMS was added to diets to replace 0, 7, 14 or 21% (as-fed basis) of either corn or citrus pulp in an 85-day feeding trial with 40 yearling steers. These CCMS substitutions represented 0, 3.15, 6.30 and 9.45%, respectively, of the total dietary dry matter. Average daily gains, feed conversion rates and carcass characteristics did not differ among treatment groups. In a second study, 40 yearling steers were allotted randomly to four treatment groups in a completely randomized design. Treatments were 10% CCMS, 5% CCMS + 5% sugarcane molasses, 2.5% CCMS + 7.5% molasses and 10% molasses (as-fed basis) included in a corn-citrus pulp-cottonseed meal diet. These additions represented 4.76, 5.89, 6.46 and 6.57% of total dry matter. Daily gains and feed conversion rates during the 97-day trial were not affected by treatment. Dressing percentage was higher (P<.05) when 5% CCMS + 5% molasses was fed, but other carcass characteristics did not differ among groups. In a third study, 15 lambs were allotted randomly to three diets containing 0, 10 and 20% (dry matter) of CCMS as a replacement for dry corn and soybean meal, and digestibility of nutrients and rumen fermentation were examined. Solubles had no effect on organic matter digestibility, but crude fiber and ether extract digestibility increased (P<.05) as CCMS increased from 0 to 20% in the diet. Digestibility of crude protein was depressed (P<.01) by CCMS at 20%, but there were no differences in N retention. The feeding of CCMS decreased (P<.01) ruminal acetic and isovaleric acids and increased (P<.01) propionic and valeric acids. CCMS was palatable with apparently little if any laxative effect when fed at levels up to 20% of total dry matter intake

The contribution of betaine and glutamic acid to nitrogen digestion and balance during feeding of vinasse to growing pigs

A conventional balance trial was conducted with growing pigs to study to what extent betaine and glutamic acid contained in vinasse (condensed molasses solubles) contribute to N digestion and balance. Five pigs each were given either a basal diet (95% ground barley + 5% cellulose) or a mixed ration of 77% basal diet plus 23% vinasse, based on dry matter (DM). The vinasse contained, per kg DM, 29.6 g N, 27.7 g NPN, 22.5 g betaine, 32.9 g "free" total L-glutamic acid, of which 96% was pyrrolidone carboxylic acid plus glutamine. For these N fractions of the vinasse, mean apparent digestibilities were 44.7, 63.8, 99.8 and 97.6%, respectively. Accordingly, betaine and total glutamic acid contributed 20 and 23%, respectively, of the apparently digestible total N of the vinasse. The pigs given vinasse excreted, per day, 257 mg more betaine and 364 mg more trimethylamine-N-oxide with their urine than the group given the basal diet. The contribution of betaine N of the vinasse to the N balance of the pigs on the mixed ration amounted to 11%.

Condensed Molasses Solubles in Poultry Feeds

Condensed molasses solubles levels of 0, 1, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10% were fed in mash-type diets to broilers from one day through 8 weeks of age. Four replicate pens, each containing 9 male and 9 female birds, received each experimental diet. No significant differences were found among treatments for body weight and daily feed intake of broilers. All condensed molasses solubles treatments supported numerically heavier body weights than those of the control. The feed to body weight ratio was found to be numerically improved for those groups receiving above 2.5% solubles. A significant improvement of this criterion was associated with the 7.5% condensed molasses solubles level.Diets containing 0, 2.5, 5, or 7.5% condensed molasses solubles were also fed to commercial laying hens maintained in individual cages. Eight replicate groups of five hens received each of the dietary treatments for six 28-day periods. There was a significant improvement of hen-day egg production with hens fed 2.5% or higher levels of condensed molasses solubles. Egg weight and Haugh unit scores were significantly reduced by the presence of condensed molasses solubles with no difference found among the three levels fed. Egg specific gravity was not affected by treatment.

The nutritional value for sheep of molasses and condensed molasses solubles

The nutritional value of cane molasses and condensed molasses solubles (CMS, a highnitrogen by-product from the fermentation of beet molasses) was studied in two metabolism experiments with sheep. Nitrogen balance and the apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, ether extract and acid detergent fibre in a barley-based control diet were not affected when 10 or 20% barley dry matter was replaced by either molasses or CMS dry matter. The digestibility of crude protein was significantly increased by CMS, because it increased the crude protein content of the rations. There was a positive linear relationship between crude protein and digestible protein as a percentage of the dry matter. The digestibility of nitrogen-free extract was depressed by the inclusion of molasses or CMS. Digestibility of energy was not significantly influenced by the inclusion of molasses at 10 or 20% or CMS at 10% but was depressed by the inclusion of CMS at 20%. The digestible energy of molasses was 82% of that of barley and the digestible energy of CMS was 84% of that of molasses. The extent of fermentation of ration components was studied in sheep with rumen and duodenal re-entrant cannulae. Although the apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and gross energy was not affected by 20% molasses or CMS, the concentration of butyric acid in the rumen liquor was significantly increased at the expense of propionic acid. The concentration of ammonia in the rumen was elevated by high nitrogen intake. High concentrations of ammonia in the rumen liquor caused proportional excretion of nitrogen in urine.