Concrete Water Tanks Research Articles

Protection of reinforced concrete structures in biologically aggressive environments

Introduction. The corrosion of concrete and reinforced concrete structures of buildings and facilities in biologically aggressive environments is considered and protective measures are indicated. All the presented materials are resulted from long-term surveys of numerous reinforced concrete structures of buildings and structures for various purposes along with full-scale corrosion tests of concrete samples in biologically aggressive corrosive environments.Aim. To summarize the results of the performed work on the corrosion and protection of reinforced concrete in biologically aggressive environments.Materials and methods. The reinforced concrete of structures and concrete samples prepared with means of protection against particular aggressive environments were studied, after they had been in biologically aggressive environments for a long period of time. The main research method is the study of concrete condition after prolonged exposure to aggressive environments.Results. From the results of the study are outlined the methods of concrete protection from the following exposures: plant roots on the floor slabs of reinforced concrete drinking water tanks; animal life products on the floors of livestock facilities; stone-borers on marine facilities; thionic bacteria on water disposal and treatment facilities; mold fungi on industrial and residential premises.Conclusion. Reinforced concrete structures in biologically aggressive environments should be protected through studying their peculiarities, corrosion mechanisms, as well as analyzing the condition of structures under prolonged exposure to biological environments.

Establishing a Remote Area Network for an Automation System: A Case Study of Yeni Karpuzlu Drinking Water Automation

Yeni Karpuzlu is a town located in the Ipsala district of Edirne province. The drinking water needs of this town are supplied from a deep water well. Water is pumped from the deep well using a submersible pump and sent to a 500-m 3 capacity concrete water tank. Here, the water goes the town's water demand through natural flow. The water is then sent from the tank, which is located 30 meters above ground level, to the town. There is a distance of 800 meters between the well and the tank, and 6000 meters between the tank and the control center located in the town. A local network has been established using outdoor access points for communication between the industrial control devices located at these three points. Data from the instruments are collected at a speed of 300mbps. Additionally, it is sent to the video center via IP cameras for area security. All devices on this network communicate with each other and are controlled. This paper will discuss the operation of the automation system mentioned above. Operations include the pump operation based on tank levels, pressure control using an adjustable valve to maintain network pressure, and monitoring and control operations from the central unit.

Structural Problems Occurring in Reinforced Concrete Drinking Water Tanks and Water Loss Prevention Methods

Water losses occur over time due to structural deformation in buried reinforced concrete tanks built to meet the drinking water needs in living spaces. It is clear that drinking water tanks must be strengthened and waterproofed to prevent tons of water loss every year. A water-repellent coating on the concrete surface of water tanks prevents water loss as well as effectively protecting the concrete and increasing its durability. Waterproofing not only provides protection, but also prolong one's life of the building. The key to success in waterproofing all engineering structures is the proper and appropriate application of the right waterproofing materials. The aim of this study is to prevent water losses due to structural problems that occur over time in four recessed rectangular prismatic reinforced concrete clean water tanks in four different locations in a province in Turkey, to extend the life of the facility and most importantly to provide cleaner potable water to human life. Water and Sewerage Administration started maintenance, repair and waterproofing works of 15,000 m3 water tanks in the city center in 2021-2022. This article, academic articles, previous practices have been researched and it is hoped to be a solution to the problems. Considering the causes of water loss in the existing water reservoir, it is hoped that it will be a guide for the construction of a new water reservoir.

The Effect of Nonlinear Sloshing Response of Water on Seismic Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Elevated Water Tanks

In this study, the fluid-structure interactive behavior by using the Westergaard approach and the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) method of a 1000 m3 reinforced concrete (RC) elevated water tank under different seismic activities i.e., Kocaeli, Van, Kahramanmaraş and Kobe earthquakes was investigated. In the SPH method, the resulting hydrodynamic pressures were applied to the interior of the wall of the structure as an external force which is made as mass additions to the tank walls in Westergaard approach. With the help of software developed, the load carrying system of the elevated water tank was modeled using the MATLAB Partial Differential Equation Toolbox (PDE) software, based on the finite element method, and its verification was made by comparing with ANSYS software model. Dynamic condensation method was used to perform time history analyses for the cited earthquakes. The time-dependent solutions of partial differential equations are solved with the help of ODE45 functions based on Runge-Kutta method, by arranging the equation of motion in state-space format. The cited tank was analyzed linearly under different seismic activities for empty, half-filled (50%) and full-filled (100%) cases and the obtained results were compared with each other. It has been concluded that considering nonlinear behavior of the fluid during the earthquake with the SPH method provided consistency with the real behavior of RC elevated water tanks and gave more realistic results than the traditional Westergaard approach.

Contribution to Adjustment of Partial Safety Factors for RC Water Tank Design

Traditionally, the optimisation of civil engineering structures is conducted by a deterministic approach based on global safety factors recommended by the dimensioning codes, such as the Algerian seismic code (RPA) and the Eurocode (EN 1990). These factors are applied to take into account the uncertainties related to the most important parameters of the structure as well as the actions and their effects, and implicitly provide a target level of reliability. The use of these factors aims to introduce a sufficient margin of safety in order to increase the safety of the structure design and to reduce the role of uncertainties on the performance of the optimised structure. In this research, the authors propose to use the semi-probabilistic method in the limit state design of the top ring beam of a Reinforced Concrete (RC) water tank placed on the ground for assessing the partial safety factors of both loadings and materials strength. The reliability approach is first conducted using a computer code developed with Matlab© software based on the Monte Carlo simulation method and on the First Order Reliability Method (FORM). Two random variables are considered, i.e. the static live load and the concrete compressive strength, both modelled by normal distribution laws. In the second part of this work, partial safety factors are adjusted in order to achieve the target reliability in a range of performance of the civil engineering structure. This semi-probabilistic approach is applied to a case study of an RC tank of capacity 250 m3 in order to adjust safety factors so as to obtain a compatible probability of failure with the appropriate target value as a function of consequence class. The results of the study conclude that this semi-probabilistic method allows adjusting adequate partial safety factors according to target reliability.

Construction and Seismic Performance Evaluation of Concrete Water Tanks

The construction of concrete water tanks is a crucial aspect of water distribution structures, ensuring dependable water supply at predetermined elevations for numerous purposes. Municipalities and corporations closely depend upon these tanks to store water, combustible fluids, and synthetic compounds. However, the safety of these tanks, especially during seismic events, is paramount. To address this, robust support structures inclusive of reinforced concrete (RC) propped outlines, metallic frameworks, RC shafts, and masonry platforms are employed. The RC casing approach could be the most common support system due to its effectiveness and durability. This paper gives a FEM based technique the use of Staad.pro employed inside the construction and evaluation of concrete water tanks.

Irrigation System for a Farming Facility

This endeavor aims to introduce a reinforced concrete rectangular water tank and a corresponding distribution system at the Provincial Integrated Agricultural Demonstration Farm and Training Center, situated in Barangay Ipil, Surigao City. The objective of this study is to address the challenges faced by workers in cultivating crops due to the inadequacies of the farm's existing water infrastructure. By leveraging engineering principles, established guidelines, and computer software tools, the design of an efficient water system will be meticulously executed to ensure a reliable water supply for crop cultivation. The research has thoroughly identified the crops currently cultivated on the farm, along with their respective areas. An assessment of the water source has been conducted to mitigate potential contamination risks to the crops. Rigorous water analysis has been performed, confirming that the proposed tank design is fully capable of meeting the water requirements of the crops. The design of both the water tank and distribution system, guided by comprehensive analysis, has been tailored to ensure operational efficiency and system stability. Consequently, it can be confidently concluded that once implemented, the project's designed infrastructure will effectively fulfill its intended purpose.

Seismic risk assessment of on-ground concrete cylindrical water tanks

Seismic risk assessment of on-ground concrete cylindrical water tanks

Bisphenol A in canned soft drinks, plastic-bottled water, and household water tank from Punjab, India

The aim of this study was the quantification of Bisphenol A (BPA) in canned soft drinks, plastic-bottled water and household water tanks from Punjab, India. Samples of five brands of canned soft drinks and plastic-bottled water purchased from local markets. Fifteen samples each of household plastic water tanks and concrete water tank were selected from three different cities (5 from each city) of Punjab, India. Samples were selected randomly. The plastic household water tank samples were collected in the months of December and June to check the effect of temperature on release of BPA in a plastic water tanks. The analysis method consists of microextraction in packed syringe (MEPS) followed by gas chromatography with mass spectrometric (GC-MS) detection. The detection limits and quantitation for BPA were 0.46 pg/mL and 1.52 pg/mL, respectively. Traces of BPA were detected in all canned soft drinks samples. Canned soft drinks and plastic-bottled water samples of five brands were having the BPA concentrations 8.2-14.01 pg/mL and 60-90 pg/mL, respectively. The BPA concentrations in the plastic water tanks were nondetected-12 pg/mL and nondetected-10 pg/mL in concrete water tank.

Seismic Performance Upgrade of Elevated Water Tanks Utilizing Friction Dampers

Water storage tanks are essential structures in water distribution supply systems. During an earthquake, the damages incurred to water tanks may lead to disastrous loss of life and property. This is due to the low ductility, redundancy, and low energy dissipation characteristics of these structures in comparison to conventional building structures. In this study, the analytical effectiveness of pall friction dampers is investigated to enhance the seismic resistance capacity of existing and newly constructed elevated water tanks. This study evaluates the performance of three water tanks based on their capacities, namely small (90 m3), medium (600 m3), and large (1,700 m3). The selected elevated reinforced concrete (RC) water tank models are examined for staging heights equal to 16, 20, and 24 m. The main objective of the study is to develop a finite element model of elevated water tanks installed with pall friction dampers considering container weight and water mass using finite element software. Nonlinear time-history analyses of elevated water tanks subjected to an array of different ground motion records are performed. The study evaluates the optimal slip load of the friction dampers required to obtain optimal seismic responses of elevated water tanks. The results exhibit the efficiency of pall friction dampers in mitigating the structural responses of elevated water tanks exposed to seismic loads. The study ultimately concludes that the effectiveness of the pall friction damper is independent of tank capacities, and the efficiency of the damper reduces as the staging height increases.

Comparative Analysis of Various Geometrical Shape Water Tanks Resting Over Ground for Same Capacity with Different Support Conditions

Abstract: Water is one the most important source for humans to live. The need of water is serious and its storage is must. Water tanks are used to provide storage of water for use in many application of our day to day life. So, an appropriate analysis of these water tanks must be done. This paper concerns the study of comparative analysis between circular, square and rectangular reinforced concrete water tanks resting over ground for same capacity. The report will include the study of analysis of various shapes of water tank using Staad-Pro and comparative analysis of circular, square and rectangular water tank with different support conditions on the basis of their post processing results taken from Staad-Pro. The above mentioned points will be studied in this report and conclusion will be made on the basis of the results.

Combined use of non-destructive tests, visual inspection and service life prediction to ensure the reliability of reinforced concrete water tanks

The Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka publishes the results of research in all aspects of Science and Technology. The journal also has a website at http://www.nsf.gov.lk/. 2021 Impact Factor: 0.682The JNSF provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge.

Parametric Analysis of Elevated Service Reservoir (ESR) For Various Capacities

Elevated reinforced concrete water tanks are an important structural element in both urban and rural regions. It's critical to keep the high reinforced concrete water tank from collapsing in order to keep the water supply running. A reinforced concrete elevated water tank of capacities 56, 191, and 452 cubic meters with a constant h/d ratio is designed and put through various parametric analysis such as displacement, bending moment, and base shear in two different seismic zones i.e., zone III and zone V using STAAD pro. and the results are reported.

Design The Circular Water Tank by Using the STAAD Pro Software

Abstract: Water tank are very useful for storage of water to involve the consumption of water we need to hold on to the capacity of water as much required. Now a day’s storage tank are suitable for all types of environment we live as old a civilized technique. Water is the common need for all the living organisms to survive. Portable water is imperative for good health of human beings. It is most important to supply portable water to every individual and every faction; hence it is very requisite to store water. Water is generally stored in the tanks the stored water is supplied to every faction through pipelines. In the project, we have planned and designed a circular reinforced cement concrete water tank. A circular tank is manually designed. It is further analyzed using the debut analysis software STAADPRO.

Dynamic Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Water Tanks under Blast Considering Fluid-Structure Interaction

Dynamic Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Water Tanks under Blast Considering Fluid-Structure Interaction

Proof of concept for eliminating Aedes aegypti production by means of integrated control including turtles, copepods, tilapia, larvicides, and community participation in Monte Verde, Honduras

Monte Verde, a peri‑urban squatter community near San Pedro Sula, virtually eliminated Aedes aegypti production in all known larval habitats: wells; water storage containers including pilas (open concrete water tanks used for laundry), 200-liter drums, 1000-liter plastic “cisterns,” buckets; and objects collecting rainwater. The project began in 2016 when Monte Verde was overrun with dengue, Zika, and chikungunya. During more than a year of experimentation, Monte Verde residents crafted an effective, sustainable, and environmentally friendly toolkit that was inexpensive but required full community participation. Biological control with copepods, turtles, and tilapia was at the core of the toolkit, along with a mix of other methods such as getting rid of unnecessary containers, scrubbing them to remove Ae. aegypti eggs, and covering them to exclude mosquitoes or rainwater. Environmentally friendly larvicides also had a limited but crucial role. Key design features: (1) toolkit components known to be nearly 100% effective at preventing Ae. aegypti production when fitted to appropriate larval habitats; (2) using Ae. aegypti larval habitats as a resource by transforming them into “egg sinks” to drive Ae. aegypti population decline; (3) dedicated community volunteers who worked with their neighbors, targeting 100% coverage of all known Ae. aegypti larval habitats with an appropriate control method; (4) monthly monitoring in which the volunteers visited every house to assess progress and improve coverage as an ongoing learning experience for both volunteers and residents. Taking pupae as an indicator of Ae. aegypti production, from September 2018 to the end of the record in December 2021 (except for a brief lapse during COVID lockdown in 2020), the monthly count of pupae fluctuated between zero and 0.6% of the 22,984 pupae counted in the baseline survey at the beginning of the project. Adult Ae. aegypti declined to low numbers but did not disappear completely. There were no recognizable cases of dengue, Zika, or chikungunya after June 2018, though the study design based on a single site did not provide a basis for rigorous confirmation that Monte Verde’s Ae. aegypti control program was responsible. Nonetheless, Monte Verde's success at eliminating Ae. aegypti production can serve as a model for extending this approach to other communities. Key ingredients for success were outside stimulation and facilitation to foster shared community awareness and commitment regarding the problem and its solution, enduring commitment of local leadership, compatibility of the toolkit with the local community, overcoming social obstacles, rapid results with “success breeding success,” and building resilience.

STATE OF THE ART OF TANK STRUCTURAL EVALUATION REVIEW: A CASE STUDY OF AN ELEVATED CONCRETE WATER TANK CONCERNING CRACK INITIATION

This study aims at the structural evaluation of the elevated concrete water tank condition, including crack initiation, through nondestructive testing. The growing demands for environmental quality have resulted in a rise in the design and construction of tanks and reservoirs in the construction industry. Cracks for water line leakage were found during watertight testing in concrete tanks. Long-term liquid leaking may permanently damage the tank and can contaminate the groundwater. Given the critical existence of leaked cracks in tank serviceability and durability, the contribution examines the triggers and effects of their occurrence. An inspection of the existing water tank system is conducted to ascertain its condition. The investigation included structural design checks, concrete compressive strength tests, visual assessments, hammer inspections, and Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) testing with Portable Ultrasonic Non-Destructive Digital Indicating Tester (PUNDIT). This observation is made at many elevations on various sampling points on the tank structure's elements, including columns, beams, tank floor slabs, and tank wall shells. The results indicate the presence of flexural type cracks in the main beam's middle span and diagonal beams. Additionally, cracks attributed to long-term drying shrinkage were discovered on the diagonal of the floor slab and cracks of the same pattern on the main beam's middle span. The deflection estimated by structural remodeling was larger than the deflection estimated by design. The computed crack width in the main and diagonal beam exceeds the acceptable crack width.

Demonstrating buoyancy in waterlogged ground

Archimedes’ principle is one of the foundation subjects in physics. Normally the principle is exemplified by reference to floating boats. However, Archimedes’ principle also applies to objects embedded in waterlogged ground, which can lead to the surprising result of an object weighing several tons being lifted. A practical example is presented of a 22 ton concrete water tank being lifted out of waterlogged ground. Fuel tanks embedded in the ground can be crushed by groundwater. Ground water buoyancy can be a serious problem when a large excavation for the foundation of a high-rise building is left empty before building commences. A qualitative classroom demonstration of groundwater buoyancy is described that involves immersing plastic cups in sand and adding water to observe the cups rising out of the sand. Additionally, a quantitative demonstration is described in which an empty beaker is floated on a water-filled container placed on an electronic balance placed on a scissor table. A plank of wood placed across the top of the beaker holds it in place while the scissor table is used to raise the water level around the beaker simulating rising groundwater. In view of the challenges of climate change and increasing frequency and severity of flooding, knowledge of groundwater buoyancy is useful for students.

Database assessment of the reinforced concrete water tanks built fund in Iasi county

Reinforced concrete water tanks are special structures and important from a strategically point of view. In particular, they are degraded both at the exterior (aggressive environmental agents) and interior (chlorinated water). A case study based on a group of water tanks (over-ground, semi-buried, underground) which have been investigated / analysed in the period 2016-2020 was conducted based on the degradations / non-conformities identified (on site visits, in monitoring / technical expertise reports, etc.). In this regard, for each constructive type (also considering the exploitation period and storage capacity), certain types of degradations were identified. Taking into account the state of degradation of each objective studied / analysed, a scoring system was assigned. The aim of this article is to conceive an algorithm (following the analysis of the database) regarding the level of degradations for each constructive system and to propose the suitable rehabilitation procedures corresponding to the investigated water tanks.

Non-Linear Time History Analysis of an Elevated Water Tank

It was discovered that reinforced concrete elevated water tanks with frame staging outperformed reinforced concrete elevated water tanks with shaft staging in terms of seismic resistance. These can be due to the frame staging's seismic energy absorption capability. As a result, the primary goal of this research is to better understand the seismic behavior and performance characteristics of elevated water tanks with frame staging. Furthermore, when compared to other shapes, circular tanks have the smallest surface area for a given tank size. As a result, the amount of material needed for a circular water tank is less than for other shapes. As a result, a circular water tank was chosen, and seismic analysis of elevated RC circular water tanks was carried out according to IITK-GSDMA guidelines, with the behavior of the water tank analysed for various parameters such as zone factor, soil condition, and different staging heights. SAP 2000 was used to determine the structure's modal characteristics (mode shapes and modal participation mass ratio).