Permeability Of Concrete Research Articles

Impact of early-age vibration on the permeability and microstructure of mature-age concrete

Dynamic excitation in early-age significantly impacts the performances of mature concrete in underground structures, such as tunnels beneath railways supported by cast-in-place concrete. This study explores the impact of early dynamic excitation on properties of mature concrete. Vibration tests at a fundamental frequency of 114Hz, with peak acceleration levels ranging from 0.1g to 0.4g, were conducted using shaking table. Specimens underwent 33seconds of dynamic excitation every 15minutes over the initial 48hours, excluding a night break from 0-6am, totaling 114 vibration cycles. Various lab tests were employed to assess the properties and microstructure of mature concrete post-vibration, including water penetration resistance, capillary water absorption, Coulomb electric flux, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and Nitrogen adsorption-desorption measurement (NAM). The results proves that vibration causes water secretion and air bubbles discharge before the initial setting of concrete, thereby enhancing the hydration reaction. The relationship between vibration loads with varying peak accelerations and the cohesion resulting from hydration reaction influences the microstructural evolution of concrete, leading to the weakening and strengthening of permeability of mature concrete. Under the vibration spectrum and test conditions described in this paper, vibration loads with peak values less than 0.234g decrease the total volume of large and middle pores (>20nm) by up to 50% and increase the total volume of small pores (<20nm) by up to 200%. Due to these changes in pore structure, the permeability coefficient (Sk), cumulative capillary water height (i) and Coulomb electric flux decrease by up to 47.84%, 39.5% and 31.6%, respectively. However, when the amplitudes of vibration loads exceed 0.234g, the total volume of large and medium pores (>20nm) increases, and that of small pores (<20nm) decreases, leading to a reduction of the impermeability of mature concrete. Additionally, the SEM analysis corroborates these microstructural variations.

Effects of Na2SiO3/NaOH ratio in alkali activator on the microstructure, strength and chloride ingress in fly ash and GGBS based alkali activated concrete

In this study, the impact of alkaline solutions composed of various Na2SiO3/NaOH ratio and NaOH molarity on the strength, chloride ingress and chloride binding capacity of fly ash (FA) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) based alkali activated concrete (AAC) was investigated. The microstructural properties of alkali activated binders (AAB) composites was also studied to understand its influence on the chloride permeability of AAC. Chloride permeability of concrete was tested by using the rapid chloride penetration test (RCPT) and by immersing concrete in NaCl solution (ASTM C1556). The compressive strength, chloride ingress and chloride binding capacity of AAC was compared with Portland cement-based concrete (OPC). Results showed that higher Na2O/SiO2 ratio in alkaline solutions resulted in a weak microstructure with, low strength and high chloride ingress. Concrete activated by alkaline solutions with Na2O/SiO2 molar ratio =1 (+3), exhibited greater compressive strength and resistance to chloride ion penetration. The increase of SiO2 concentration in alkaline solution greatly reduces the binding capacity of AAC while the bound chlorides increased with the NaOH molarity. No chemical chloride binding was observed in AAC but for OPC concrete, calcium salts formed in the microstructure after immersion in NaCl solution. Compared to OPC concrete, AAC showed superior performance in terms of strength and chloride diffusion making it a potential candidate for application in marine structures.

Experimental study of permeable concrete with FA and GGBS as partial replacement to cement

This study aims to assess the performance of permeable concrete (PC) with partially substituting ground-granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and fly ash (FA) for cement. The XRD and SEM of cement, FA, and GGBS were performed for material characterization. The performance of PC was assessed for compressive strength (CS), split tensile strength (STS), flexural strength (FS), acid attack (sulfate resistance test), density, porosity, and permeability by the falling head method. An experimental program was carried out to evaluate the performance of concrete by substituting 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25% of the mass of cement with FA and GGBS while varying the water-to-binder ratio from 0.3 to 0.45 with an increment of 0.05. The FA and GGBS were found to reduce the permeability and porosity of the concrete. The CS was optimum for FA and GGBS as cement replacement at 15 and 20%, respectively. The workability of the PC was increased as an increase in FA and GGBS content. Furthermore, a strong correlation was observed among permeability coefficient, compressive strength, and porosity, as evidenced by a coefficient of determination approaching unity.

SUGAR CANE BAGASSE ASH IN CONCRETE: A REVIEW

Sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA), a by product of sugarcane processing, has shown great potential as a supplementary material in concrete production. A review of its application in concrete highlights its benefits, including improved mechanical properties, durability, and sustainability. SCBA contains high levels of silica, which can act as a pozzolanic material, enhancing the compressive strength and reducing the permeability of concrete. Incorporating SCBA also lowers the carbon footprint of concrete, contributing to greener construction practices by partially replacing cement. However, challenges remain, such as the variability in ash quality, proper ash treatment, and optimal blending ratios. Ongoing research focuses on refining these aspects to maximize the benefits of the SCBA in concrete, making it a promising alternative in the construction industry for sustainable development. Keyword - Sugarcane bagasse ash, Compression strength, Percentage strength, Sugarcane Workability, Slump test.

Effect of Flexural Fatigue Loading on Mechanical Properties, Permeability, and Rainstorm Resistance of Novel Pervious Concrete

Effect of Flexural Fatigue Loading on Mechanical Properties, Permeability, and Rainstorm Resistance of Novel Pervious Concrete

Effects of aggregates and fibers on the strength and permeability of concrete exposed to low vacuum environment

The performance and regulation of concrete in low vacuum environments are receiving increasing attention. This study investigates the effects of aggregates and fibers on the strength and permeability of concrete in a low vacuum environment, using varying gradients of sand ratios (37.5 %, 40 %, and 42 %) and aggregate-to-binder ratios (3.27, 3.92, and 4.14). Three types of non-metallic fibers are utilized: polyethylene (PE), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and glass fibers. Evaluations focus on concrete strength, mass loss, gas permeability, capillary water absorption, and porosity. Results indicate that higher sand and aggregate-to-binder ratios enhance both flexural and compressive strength. Fiber incorporation improves flexural and compressive toughness, with PE fibers showing the most significant toughening effect. The low vacuum environment increases the strength of the concrete but reduces its axial compression toughness ratio and increases brittleness, while fiber incorporation helps improve the compression toughness of the concrete. Higher sand and aggregate-to-binder ratios reduce mass loss and accelerate drying equilibrium, while fibers increase mass loss and prolong drying equilibrium, with PVA fibers causing greater mass loss. The pattern of concrete mass loss can be explained by the tortuosity of the moisture diffusion path. Additionally, low vacuum significantly increases the gas permeability of concrete. Enhancing the sand and aggregate-to-binder ratios reduces permeability both before and after low vacuum treatment. Although fibers increase the gas permeability, they help mitigate this increase under low vacuum condition. Capillary water absorption tests reveal that concrete under low vacuum condition has a significantly higher water absorption rate compared to air-drying condition. Increasing sand and aggregate-to-binder ratios reduces water absorption and capillary water content, whereas fibers have the opposite effect. Porosity tests show that moisture migration in a low vacuum environment is mainly related to permeable porosity, while total porosity is more closely related to compressive strength.

Influence mechanism of initial mechanical damage on concrete permeability and tunnel lining leakage

The stress state is not effectively considered in existing studies when researching the permeability evolution of concrete with initial mechanical damages, causing ambiguity in the influence mechanism of initial mechanical damage on tunnel lining leakage. This deficiency can lead to significant uncertainty in predicting the probability and evaluating the consequences of tunnel leakage diseases, further affecting the formulation of relevant prevention strategies. Therefore, mechanical damage is induced to concrete specimens by subjecting them to certain stress levels, and triaxial compression seepage tests are subsequently conducted to study the influence of initial mechanical damage on permeability evolution and macrocracks. Furthermore, the relationship between microcrack characteristics and concrete permeability is studied, ultimately revealing the influence mechanism of initial mechanical damage on tunnel lining leakage. Research results indicate that the concrete permeability decreases first, becomes stable, and then continuously increases during testing, and is positively related to changes in horizontal deformation ratio. When the damage-inducing stress reaches 80% of the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), the impact of initial mechanical damage on concrete permeability increases significantly. The increase in initial mechanical damage can lead to a significant rise in permeability, even when the crack volume is in a compacted state. Additionally, cracks on the surface of the specimen become clearly visible when the test terminates, once the damage-inducing stress reaches 85% UCS. Two factors contribute to the gradual increase in concrete permeability with the rise in initial damage-inducing stress. Firstly, microcracks inside the concrete gradually widen and propagate. Secondly, the microcracks resulting from the initial damage progressively enlarge due to water pressure during the triaxial compression seepage test. Influenced by the blockage of seepage channels, concrete permeability can occasionally decrease during testing. The accidental load induces the gradual propagation of microcracks inside the mechanically damaged concrete. Then, the rebound deformation of concrete after the removal of the accidental load causes the closed microcracks to reopen significantly, leading to an increase in permeability and subsequent tunnel lining water leakage.

The Effects of Crystalline Admixtures on Concrete Permeability and Compressive Strength: A Review

The durability and strength of concrete in construction can be significantly compromised by permeability issues, which pose considerable challenges to its long-term effectiveness and reliability. By analyzing six selected articles from the Scopus database, this study meticulously synthesizes findings on the effectiveness of CAs in improving these essential properties of concrete. The research meticulously documents and analyzes key variables such as the CA dosage, water–cement ratio, evaluation duration, and treatment conditions, providing a thorough understanding of the factors that influence the performance of CAs in concrete. The results robustly indicate that CAs significantly reduce concrete permeability, thereby enhancing its resistance to water and other detrimental substances, and simultaneously boosts the compressive strength, leading to stronger and more durable concrete structures. However, the study also reveals that the impact of CAs can vary considerably depending on the specific conditions and methodologies employed in the individual studies. This underscores the importance of standardized testing procedures to ensure consistent and comparable results across different studies. This research provides valuable insights for optimizing the use of CAs in concrete formulations, ultimately aiming to improve the durability, performance, and sustainability of concrete in construction applications.

Mechanical Properties of Permeable Concrete Reinforced with Polypropylene Fibers for Different Water–Cement Ratios

Permeable concrete is a material that allows water filtration, reduces surface runoff, and maintains the natural water cycle. Previous studies have shown that its mechanical properties, particularly its compressive and flexural tensile strengths, are generally lower than those of conventional concrete, with significant variability observed among similar tests. This study investigates the compressive strength, flexural strength, and permeability of polypropylene fiber-reinforced permeable concrete specimens at two water–cement ratios (0.30 and 0.35). The mix design was conducted using the ACI 522R-10 method. Forty-eight cylinders measuring 200 mm × 100 mm were fabricated for permeability and compression tests. Additionally, 12 beams measuring 100 mm × 100 mm × 350 mm were produced and subjected to simple flexural testing in accordance with ASTM C78 guidelines. Compressive strength versus permeability and load versus deflection graphs were plotted, and the fracture energy was calculated for various deflections. The results indicate that the addition of fibers increased permeability and tensile strength but decreased compressive strength. Furthermore, an increase in the water–cement ratio led to higher compressive and flexural tensile strengths.

Experimental Investigation on Shear Strength at the Permeable Concrete–Fine-Grained Soil Interface for Slope Stabilization Using Deep Socket Counterfort Drains

In slopes where high pore water pressure exists, deep counterfort drains (also called drainage trenches or trench drains) represent one of the most effective methods for improving stability or mitigating landslide risks. In the cases of deep or very deep slip surfaces, this method represents the only possible intervention. Trench drains can be realized by using panels or secant piles filled with coarse granular material or permeable concrete. If the trenches are adequately “socket” into the stable ground (for example sufficiently below the sliding surface of a landslide or below the critical slip surface of marginally stable slopes) and the filling material has sufficient shear strength and stiffness, like porous concrete, there is a further increase in shear strength due to the “shear keys” effect. The increase in shear strength is due both to the intrinsic resistance of the concrete on the sliding surface and the resistance at the concrete–soil interface (on the lateral surface of the trench). The latter can be very significant in relation to the thickness of the sliding mass, the “socket depth”, and the spacing between the trenches. The increase in shear strength linked to the “shear keys effect” depends on the state of the porous concrete–soil interface. For silty–clayey base soils, it is very significant and is of the same order of magnitude as the increase in shear resistance linked to the permanent reduction on the slip surface in pore water pressure (draining effect). This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation on the shear strength at the porous interface of concrete and fine-grained soils and demonstrates the high significance and effectiveness of the “shear keys” effect.

Influence of aggregate size on pervious concrete properties with and without construction and demolition waste

This research evaluates the impact of aggregate sizes on pervious concrete properties, comparing aggregates of 12.5 mm and 19 mm, as well as replacing natural aggregates with recycled aggregates set at 0% and 50%. Four types of pervious concrete were produced, and their properties were determined: density, porosity, permeability coefficient, compressive strength, flexural tensile strength, and abrasion resistance. The results indicate that water permeability is directly related to pore size and is influenced by aggregate size (90% of the variation in pervious concrete permeability) and, to a lesser extent, by recycled aggregate content (10% of the variation). Mixes with larger aggregates (19 mm) demonstrated higher permeability coefficients. Replacing natural aggregates with recycled aggregate did not significantly affect the mechanical properties of pervious concrete, highlighting the effectiveness of waste processing and mixing procedures, allowing for the incorporation of 50% of recycled aggregate. The concretes met the requirements of the American Concrete Institute, suggesting technically feasible conditions for sustainable practices in the construction industry.

Experimental Investigation on Pervious Recycled Aggregate Concrete Made of Waste Porcelain

The current study examines the physical, mechanical, and durability of eco-efficient pervious concrete produced with partial and complete substitutions of natural aggregate (NA) by recycled aggregate (RA) waste from demolished concrete and porcelain. The experimental investigation assessed the workability (slump test), compressive strength, flexural strength, and tensile strength along with the concrete's water permeability, impact, and abrasion resistance. Seven mixes were examined; the first is a control mix with natural aggregate, and the other six are made with various RA ratios, including 30%, 70%, and 100%. The sand was also fully replaced by waste porcelain, even though the ratio of sand used in pervious concrete was low. The results revealed that using waste concrete and porcelain adversely affected the workability of fresh pervious concrete mixes, reducing it by approximately 14%. Furthermore, a decrease in the strength of pervious concrete was noticed, especially in the splitting tensile strength, where the reduction reached 32%. Moreover, the impact resistance of pervious concrete made with RA reduced by 29% compared to that made with NA; the same applies to durability, with an increase of 20% in weight loss. On the other hand, using both recycled concrete and recycled porcelain improved the permeability of the pervious concrete, which reached 30%. Pervious concrete made with waste concrete and porcelain can be an acceptable alternative to that made from natural aggregate due to its improved water permeability and positive environmental impact. However, further investigation is important to consider strength and durability enhancement. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-09-08 Full Text: PDF

Current research status and application prospects of permeability and mechanical properties of pervious concrete

Permeable concrete, characterized by continuous porosity, offers excellent properties such as breathability, water permeability, sound absorption, water purification, and environmental enhancement. This paper comprehensively reviews previous research on permeable concrete, encompassing studies on mix design, workability, mechanical properties, drainage performance, sound absorption, and durability. It also discusses improvement measures and application prospects. Research indicates that the performance of permeable concrete is influenced by factors such as mix design, material composition, and construction techniques. Optimizing mix design, modifying material composition, and enhancing workability and mechanical properties can further improve the performance of permeable concrete. Permeable concrete shows broad application prospects in road engineering, landscaping, and environmental engineering, but further research and standardization are needed to support its widespread adoption.

Experimental Investigation and Bayesian Assessment for Permeability Characteristics of Lightweight Ceramsite Concrete.

Ceramsite concrete is one of the most widely used lightweight concretes at present. Although mechanical properties of ceramsite concrete have been extensively discussed, its permeability characteristics are neglected in previous studies. Considering the importance of permeability resistance to concrete, the permeability grade and residual compressive strength after permeability of ceramsite concrete are analyzed in this study. The influence of ceramsite content and size on the permeability grade and residual strength of ceramsite concrete were investigated by the orthogonal experimental method. To further understand the above influence, an improved Bayesian framework for small sample data is also established to analyze the permeability grade and residual strength. Results show that the water-binder ratio and the content of 20-30 mm ceramsite aggregates are the most and least significant influencing factors affecting the permeability characteristics, respectively. The 5-10 mm and 10-20 mm ceramsite aggregates play secondary roles. Increasing 5-10 mm and 10-20 mm ceramsite aggregates is not helpful for improving the permeability resistance of ceramsite concrete. Compared with the orthogonal method, the proposed Bayesian framework is a useful tool for revealing the effects of various factors, which can cut the time cost and provide parameter visualization for the analysis process. Results show that the permeability resistance and residual strength of ceramsite concrete are improved significantly under optimal conditions. The permeability grade and residual strength are increased 200% and 80.3%, respectively. In addition, the residual strength may be more suitable for evaluating the permeability characteristics than the permeability grade.

Kajian Setting Time dan Permeabilitas pada Beton Variasi Limbah Granit Sebagai Subtitusi Parsial Agregat Kasar

Currently, infrastructure development is a priority of the Indonesian government which aims to improve the quality of life of the community and equitable distribution of infrastructure development. The need for concrete material as a construction material also increases in line with the increase in infrastructure development. The use of recycled aggregate materials, especially granite waste, is a promising option in sustainable infrastructure development. This study was conducted with the aim of knowing the effect of partial substitution of coarse aggregates using granite waste variations on the binding time and permeability of concrete. Experimental method was chosen in this research. The levels of granite waste used were 0%; 15%; 30%; and 45% by weight of coarse aggregate or gravel. The test specimens used for the concrete bond time study were fresh concrete poured into cube molds measuring 20 cm x 20 cm x 20 cm with a minimum height of 15 cm. Testing concrete bond time using a penetrometer tool. The test specimen for concrete permeability is a cube measuring 15 cm x 15 cm x 15 cm, totaling 12 pieces and tested with a Permeability Test Apparatus (Water Permeabilty Apparatus).The results showed that partial substitution of coarse aggregate with granite waste variation did not affect the setting time of concrete up to a certain level. Based on the results of the research conducted, the initial setting time and final setting time values of 0%, 15%, 30%, and 45% granite content variations fluctuate and the coefficient of determination (R2) value in linear regression is only 0.5 and 0.3. Partial replacement of coarse aggregate with granite waste has an effect on the impermeability of concrete which meets the requirements for medium aggressive impermeable concrete. Water pressure of 5 kg/cm2 for 72 hours applied to the concrete partial replacement of coarse aggregate with granite waste variation resulted in permeability coefficient values of 4.11 x 10-12 cm/s; 3.48 x 10-12 cm/s; 2.17 x 10-12 cm/s; and 3.25 x 10-12 cm/s. The minimum coefficient value of concrete with partial substitution of coarse aggregate with granite waste is obtained at 30% by weight of coarse aggregate. Granite, whose specific gravity is greater than gravel, produces denser and more water-resistant concrete.

Measuring the Permeability and Compressive Strength of Concretes Containing Additives in Freeze–Thaw Conditions without Breaking the Sample

Measuring the Permeability and Compressive Strength of Concretes Containing Additives in Freeze–Thaw Conditions without Breaking the Sample

Development of high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete for drilling wellbore walls in highly mineralized strata and its sulfate attack resistanceattack resistance

Metakaolin has been incorporated into high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete for wellbore wall drilling to enhance its durability in strata with highly mineralized water. This study established a benchmark, utilizing fly ash, slag powder, and metakaolin as the factors in an orthogonal test to assess the durability of concrete against sulfate attack. The range analysis and an integrated balance method were employed to optimize the mix proportion, the optimized mix proportion of high-performance concrete was determined as concrete: cement: fly ash: slag powder: metakaolin: pumping agents: gravel: sand: water: polyvinyl alcohol = 1: 0.2: 0.075: 0.05: 0.106: 2.767: 1.556: 0.371: 0.003. The apparent and microscopic morphologies before and after the erosion of both the benchmark group and optimized mix proportion group were investigated. The triaxial permeability tests were conducted on these groups under varying confining pressures to elucidate concrete permeability trends. Additionally, a damage constitutive model for concrete under a sulfate attack was formulated based on the durability tests. This study could provide valuable insights into the industrial utilization of concrete in deep shafts within highly mineralized water strata in Northwestern China.

Dimensionless analysis-based permeability model of reinforced concrete under tension

Water permeability of reinforced concrete is essential for transportation of ingress ions inside concrete structures. The coupling effect of permeability and loading presents a challenge for the experimental simulation of water-permeate reinforced concrete subjected to tension. This renders the development of the model based on dimensionless analysis, using a series of experimental tests from an innovative experimental system that allows simultaneous measurement of permeability and crack width. The experiments focused on both ordinary concrete and high strength concrete under tension. The relationship between permeability and variables such as deformation, diameter of rebars, tensile load, and crack width under tension was formulated through multiple regression analysis using the testing data. The load to deformation characteristics determines the permeability of the concrete under tension. The proposed model accounts for the influence of continuous loading on permeability, as demonstrated by the robust analysis and proposed yield effective point. The robust analysis demonstrates that the diameter of the rebar, load, and crack width exert minimal influence on the permeability of concrete at lower significance levels. However, permeability variations become pronounced from 0.5 threshold, with significant changes observed between 0.5 and 0.9 thresholds. The findings indicate a differential impact of the variables on the permeability of concrete under tension. The yield-effective points delineate the relationship between the rebar diameter, load, and crack-width on the permeability of concrete with a threshold of 0.5, 0.5, and 0.58, respectively. At a threshold of 0.78, higher permeability will occur in the concrete, attributed to the prevalence of deformation. This deformation highlights the parameters with the most significant influence on the permeability of concrete under tension. The robust analysis and yield effective point derivative are useful parameters to measure concrete permeability and evaluate the behavior of the permeability model under tension.

Effect of Blending Constant Concentration of Acrylic Polymer with Varying Amount of Fly Ash to the Permeability and Strength of Large Aggregate Pervious Concrete

Effect of Blending Constant Concentration of Acrylic Polymer with Varying Amount of Fly Ash to the Permeability and Strength of Large Aggregate Pervious Concrete

Evaluation of the effect of E-waste on the permeability properties of polymer concrete composites and their behavior in aggressive environments

The rapid increase in the number of electronic products worldwide, in terms of both variety and advanced technology, together with the decrease in costs, has led to the generation of a large amount of electronic waste (e-waste), which has significantly increased environmental pollution. This study was conducted to investigate the hypothesis that the adhesion of polymer binders and plastic origin e-waste will be more effective and stronger, and therefore have a positive effect on the permeability properties of polymer concrete and its behavior against aggressive solutions. For this purpose, quartz aggregates and gravel used as an aggregate in polymer concrete were replaced with 0%, 3%, 6%, 9%, 12% and 15% e-waste. In the study where unsaturated polyester resin was used as a binder, the changes in the permeability properties (capillary water absorption, rapid chloride permeability) of the e-waste polymer concrete and its behavior against aggressive solutions (acid and sulfate attacks) were evaluated after 7, 28 and 90 days. In addition, mechanical experiments were conducted and comparisons were made. After the control concrete, the highest compressive strengths were obtained from the polymer concrete specimens using 3% e-waste, measured as 59.05 MPa, 64.5 MPa and 73.05 MPa after 7, 28 and 90 days, respectively. The research showed that polymer concretes with capillary water absorption coefficient values close to zero after 90 days can be produced with using up to 9% e-waste. The use of e-waste as an aggregate in polymer concrete at 3%, 6% and 9% e-waste, in particular, produced concrete with a high resistance to acid and sulfate attacks. The hypothesis of the study was confirmed after extensive experiments.Graphical