Concrete Building Materials Research Articles

The Application of 3D Printing Formwork Technology in Concrete Building Materials

Concrete 3D printing technology is a prime example of contemporary digital manufacturing, showcasing its efficiency and automation in the realm of construction. Compared to traditional construction methods, the characteristics of labor-saving and formwork-free in 3D printing technology have brought changes to the construction personnel structure and forming process. Enhancing the flexibility of concrete materials and 3D printing technology are two major areas of concentration, along with promoting the wider application of 3D printing in the construction industry. An extensive review of the advancements in concrete 3D printing technology is given in this paper. The mechanical, printable, buildable, and rheological properties of concrete materials that are suitable for 3D printing are also discussed. The study also shows how 3D printing formwork technology is frequently used in decorative elements and atypically shaped projects. The goal is to offer informative analysis and practical tools for further research and advancements in 3D printed concrete technology. The study's overall findings emphasize how important it is to improve 3D printing technology's compatibility with concrete materials. By tackling essential performance criteria and exploring creative uses, we can unlock the complete potential of concrete 3D printing, which will result in notable progress within the construction sector.

Computer simulation for parametric study of concrete system: Introducing novel reinforcement for concrete construction materials

Concrete is a primary construction material in the building industry. Formwork is crucial in facilitating the implementation of geometric designs and enhancing the structural integrity of concrete components. Additionally, it represents a significant expense in the building of concrete structures. The use of formwork has a lengthy historical background, with several formwork systems being employed in various projects. When designing and choosing a formwork system, it is important to consider many needs, including safety, cost, structural geometry, construction time, and surface quality. This article introduces a computer simulation for conducting a parametric analysis of concrete systems using a new reinforcing method for concrete building materials. To achieve this objective, the current relevant concrete material is simulated using higher-order shear deformation theory, the minimal potential energy principle, and an analytical solver. Halpin–Tsai homogenization technique and the role of the mixture are used to predict the mechanical properties of the presented innovative reinforcement. The mathematical formulation of a Haber–Schaim foundation constructed from auxetic material inside the Cartesian coordinate system is expressed. The results show that in the highest velocity, the influence of the graphene oxide powders (GOP) distribution pattern on the acceleration of the system than other values of velocity. Also, as an applicable suggestion, by a less change in the amplitude of the structure with higher values of GOP weight fraction, the velocity of the structure changes drastically, While, this trend for lower values of GOP weight fraction has a noticeable change. Finally, some suggestions for improving the dynamic stability of this kind of innovative concrete structure will be given in the results section for civil and mechanical engineers.

The Effect of Soaking K-300 Concrete Using Seawater on Concrete Quality

Concrete is a mixture of cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, and water with or without additional ingredients to form a solid mass, its use is very common in building structures, but the final quality of the strength of the concrete depends on many factors, including the implementation of its manufacture. and immersion. The research aimed to determine changes in the quality of k-300 concrete and the maximum strength of concrete immersed in salt water. The research was carried out in the Laboratory of the Faculty of Engineering, University of 17 August 1945 Samarinda for 2 months. The stages of research activities are starting, literature study, preparation of materials and tools, testing concrete building materials in the laboratory, designing concrete mixes, making test objects/samples, evaluation, testing concrete compressive strength, conclusions, and reporting. Tests carried out in the laboratory include: (1) checking wear/abrasion of coarse aggregate using the Los Angeles method; (2) examination of coarse aggregate and fine aggregate sieve analysis; (3) examination of specific gravity and SSD absorption of coarse aggregate and fine aggregate; (4) checking water content; (5) checking mud and clay levels; (6) checking the bulk density of coarse aggregate, fine aggregate and mixed aggregate; (7) inspection of concrete slump experiments; (8) soaking concrete using seawater and freshwater; and (9) checking concrete compression strength. The research results show that: (1) The compressive strength of K-300 concrete soaked in seawater, namely 304,915 f'c, is lower than that soaked in fresh water, namely 308,580 f'c; and (2) differences in concrete compressive strength occur at old concrete ages (21 days and 28 days) but at young concrete ages (3, 7 and 14 days) there are no differences in compressive strength.

Tadao Ando’s Application of Fair-Faced Concrete Building Materials

In the world of architecture, fair-faced concrete has evolved from a utilitarian building material to a symbol of design innovation and aesthetic excellence. Tadao Ando, a renowned architect, has played a pivotal role in showcasing the possibilities and beauty of fair-faced concrete in his architectural works. The use and appreciation of fair-faced concrete by Tadao Ando have permanently altered the architectural environment. As a result of his imaginative use of the material, a new generation of architects and designers are today exploring the boundless potential of fair-faced concrete to create environments that are not only functional but also visually beautiful and profoundly connected to their surroundings. Ando's imaginative work has revolutionized modern architecture and raised the status of fair-faced concrete as a medium for aesthetic expression.

Sugarcane bagasse ash—The future composite material: A literature review

Cement is considered an irreplaceable and unique concrete building material that is in high demand worldwide. Burning fossil fuels and using electricity to make cement produce carbon dioxide, which contributes to greenhouse gas emissions. To reduce CO2 emissions, we need to use less cement in concrete. Agricultural wastes such as sugar cane bagasse, rice husks, and palm oil play an important role in reducing the CO2 emissions of concrete by substituting some of the cement. Treatment of sugarcane bagasse ash collected from scrap mills by washing and incineration changes the morphological properties of bagasse ash, making it suitable as a pozzolanic admixture. It is clear that sugarcane bagasse ash replacement cements exhibit favorable processability, improved concrete mechanical properties (compressive strength, flexural strength, splitting strength), reduced permeability, resistance to thermal activation, and electrical conductivity.

Analysis of the Relationship between Mechanical Properties and Pore Structure of MSW Incineration Bottom Ash Fine Aggregate Concrete after Freeze-Thaw Cycles Based on the Gray Theory

The destruction of concrete building materials in severely cold regions of the north is more severely affected by freeze-thaw cycles, and the relationship between the mechanical properties and pore structure of concrete with fine aggregate from municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration bottom ash after freeze-thaw cycles is analyzed under the degree of freeze-thaw hazard variation. In this paper, the gray correlation method is used to calculate the correlation between the relative dynamic elastic modulus, compressive strength, and microscopic porosity parameters to speculate on the most important factors affecting their changes. The GM (1,1) model was established based on the compressive strength of the waste incineration ash aggregate concrete, the relative error between the simulated and actual values in the model was less than 5%, and the accuracy of the model was level 1, indicating that the GM (1,1) model can well reflect the change in the compressive strength of the MSW incineration bottom ash aggregate concrete during freeze-thaw cycles. Using the gray correlation method, the correlation between the relative dynamic elastic modulus, compressive strength, air content, specific surface area, pore spacing coefficient, and pore average chord length was calculated, and the pore spacing coefficient and pore average chord length were determined to be highly correlated with each other. This determination can help analyze and infer the deterioration mechanism of concrete subject to freeze-thaw cycles. These results can provide a theoretical basis for guiding the engineering practice of concrete with fine aggregates of household bottom ash in the northern cold region.

Effect of amorphous silica fume as active filler for rapid densification of the geopolymer products formed by warm pressing

Geopolymers are attracting attention in the field of concrete building materials from the viewpoint of reducing CO2 emissions. This study demonstrates the effects of the addition of silica fume in the warm press method on the densification and mechanical properties of a geopolymer. First, geopolymer products hardened by conventional slurry curing, using fly-ash and sodium hydroxide solution as starting materials, were prepared. The hardened geopolymer products were then pulverized into small grains. Subsequently, various amounts of silica fume were mixed into the fine geopolymer particles to form the starting powder mixtures. A series of these mixtures (10 mass% water added) were placed into a steel mold, which was then inserted into a warm press device. An uniaxial pressure of 240 MPa was applied at room temperature and then the temperature was raised from 80 to 180 °C. When the warm press temperature was set at 80 °C, the compressive strength of the hardened bodies increased in line with the amount of added silica fume. Particularly, in the case of a hardened body with 30 wt% silica fume, the compressive strength reached 195 MPa, which was about three times that of a hardened body with 0 wt% silica fume. The added silica fume was found to improve the fine stacking of starting geopolymer particles in the early stages of warm pressing and help form objects with tightly packed voids between the original geopolymer particles. In contrast, for heat treatment at a warm press temperature of 180 °C, the compressive strength of the hardened bodies with 30 wt% silica fume decreased compared to those for the hardened bodies with 0, 10 and 20 wt% silica fume. From the results of nuclear magnetic resonance analysis, this decrease in strength was considered to be due to an increase in the silica-rich phase.

Assessment of the Thermal Hazard Characteristics of Three Low-Temperature Active Azo Initiators for Polymer Resin in Construction Industries under Adiabatic Conditions.

Resins continue to occupy a place in the waterproof building market. Unlike traditional concrete building materials, the polymerization of resins requires initiators to support the required energy to drive the reaction or reduce the polymerization threshold, which shows a high reaction rate and low energy consumption in the polymerization process. Azo compounds (azos) are energetic substances commonly used in polymerization, but they can cause process hazards due to the amount of heat release and accumulation of the resulting heat. To ensure that similar hazards do not occur, the emerging azo initiators 2,2′-azobis(2-methylpropionamide)dihydrochloride (AIBA), 2-cyanopropan-2-yliminourea (CABN), and 2,2′-azodi(2-methylbutyronitrile) (AMBN) are explored. Depending on the process conditions, it is critical to examine how chemical reactions from a laboratory behave at a large scale. Kinetic models can be used to estimate fundamental safety parameters suitable for assessing the reaction hazards and as control measures, such as time to the maximum reaction rate under adiabatic conditions, time to the conversion limit, and runaway determination for process operation. The structure of this study is a combination of adiabatic calorimeter data and a nonlinear adiabatic dynamics model with the goal of helping to fill the void in research on thermal hazard analysis of emerging azo initiators. The adiabatic data is used to analyze the reaction mode characteristics of the azo compounds, and combined with the external environment, the reaction and temperature parameter changes of the azo compounds due to the reaction are discussed in the actual situation.

Sustainability impact assessment of glue laminated timber and concrete-based building materials production chains – A Lithuanian case study

In recent years, wood has received increased interest in Europe as a multi-storey building material. The trend is driven by the recognition that wood, as an environment friendly material, can contribute bioeconomy development and the achievement of sustainable development goals. In Lithuania, multi-storey wood-based building is still at the level of policy and political discussions. Therefore, the presented research focuses on quantification and comparison of the sustainability impacts of both wood- and concrete-based building materials value chains and provides applied scientific knowledge relevant to decision makers and in this way contributes to mitigation of the climate change.In detail, study covers the production value chain – from raw material extraction to manufacturing using the same method, while documenting and assessing the material sourcing stages transparently and consistently. In our study glue laminated timber and sawn timber building materials represented renewable material value chains, while site-cast concrete and precast reinforced concrete building materials represented non-renewable materials value chains. In discussion with study partners in the BenchValue project and during a project stakeholder workshop, twelve environmental, social and economic indicators were selected to perform the sustainability impact assessment of selected building materials. Building materials were compared by using a decision support tool ToSIA. The relevant data was gathered from local, well-known companies in the national and international arena.Our results revealed that glue laminated timber and sawn timber value chains compared to site-cast concrete and precast reinforced concrete value chains have more positive sustainability impacts. This is especially true when analysing environmental indicators: GHG emissions, Energy use, Generation of wastes and Water use. Analyses also revealed more positive socio-economic impacts of wood-based building materials. The socio-economic advantage of wood could increase competitiveness of the regions and contributes to their sustainable development.Our paper is in line with the applied research. Since it is a case study, the presented results are country specific, because the estimation of indicators was done by applying local data. The presented research is relevant to policy experts and decision makers in the context of the reduction of CO2 emissions. Also, this paper is relevant to the companies and architects who want to build and compare various building materials. Partially, results of this paper could be applied in other countries with comparable to Lithuania economic development level, having in mind the possible shortcomings already highlighted.

Study on Quality Control of Concrete Raw Materials in Road and Bridge Construction

The main material of concrete is a construction building material composed of water and mineral mixture and cement and chemical additives in the corresponding proportion and below the standard. In the process of making concrete material, slurry and cement are needed to mix, then cement slurry and sand are mixed into mortar according to the corresponding proportion, and aggregate is added to mortar to form concrete building material. In the process of concrete preparation, the most important construction link is mixing, which needs to be fully stirred to make the performance of concrete meet the construction needs. In the process of concrete construction technology development, both mix ratio and production technology have become more and more mature, but there are still some problems, which have an impact on the quality of concrete. Therefore, this paper discusses the quality control of concrete raw materials according to the construction process of road and bridge.

Kuat Tekan Beton Menggunakan Material Tanah Mediteran Asal Dusun Kadinge

Concrete is one of material that is widely used in infrastructure development, this is due to the abundance of concrete building materials available in nature. This study utilizes mediterranean soil as a substitute for fine aggregate and cement substitution to determine the feasibility of the mixed-concrete mediterranean soil against the achieved compressive strength.
 In this research, a laboratory experimental study method was used, that is conducting a compressive strength test on sample with the composition of the Mediterranean soil as a fine aggregate substitution of 25% and 50%, and the mediterranean soil passed sieve No. 200 which is heated to a temperature of 400 0 C as a cement substitute for 3% and 5%. The compressive strength of the concrete is 20 MPa with a slump of 100 mm.
 The results showed that the compressive strength of 25% and 50% fine aggregate substitution concrete was 20.05 MPa and 13.739 MPa, or only 94.23% and 60% compressive strength of concrete without mediterranean soil (21.235 MPa). Meanwhile, the compressive strength of 3% and 5% cement substitution concrete was 17.74 MPa and 14.53 MPa, or only 83.59% and 68.45% compressive strength of concrete without mediterranean soil.

Experimental Study of Beeswax / Rice Husk Ash Phase Changes Material as Energy Storage in Concrete

Buildings with lightweight concrete are currently used as a solution for mass housing construction which is relatively cheaper, although it does not provide indoor thermal comfort due to the use of this building material. Lightweight concrete building materials are able to store heat for a long time, so that at night the heat is released indoors. The combination of building materials and PCM is an efficient way to increase the storage capacity of thermal energy in building components. The purpose of this study was to determine the compressive strength of the concrete if the coarse aggregate (gravel) was replaced by part of the gravel material using the Phase Change Material of beeswax (beeswax) according to the required percentage starting from 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and if the aggregate was fine. (Sand) is partially replaced aby using Rice husk ash with various variations starting from 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%. In addition, this utilization is a good alternative, because there will be a process of utilizing rice husk ash which was previously wasted while these items can be used or processed into additives to the concrete mixture.

Experimental Study of Beeswax / Rice Husk Ash Phase Changes Material as Energy Storage in Concrete

Buildings with lightweight concrete are currently used as a solution for mass housing construction which is relatively cheaper, although it does not provide indoor thermal comfort due to the use of this building material. Lightweight concrete building materials are able to store heat for a long time, so that at night the heat is released indoors. The combination of building materials and PCM is an efficient way to increase the storage capacity of thermal energy in building components. The purpose of this study was to determine the compressive strength of the concrete if the coarse aggregate (gravel) was replaced by part of the gravel material using the Phase Change Material of beeswax (beeswax) according to the required percentage starting from 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and if the aggregate was fine. (Sand) is partially replaced aby using Rice husk ash with various variations starting from 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%. In addition, this utilization is a good alternative, because there will be a process of utilizing rice husk ash which was previously wasted while these items can be used or processed into additives to the concrete mixture.

Built to Scale: Space is Different from Place

Architecture isn't just art; it physically shapes the ways in which we live and work. This session explores the intersections of vision and concrete building materials, thinking through the ways in which people and populations are affected by the built environment. In these ways, spaces are different from places. These works address the importance/centrality of different types of buildings (edifices) and the practices that they make possible.

Investigation on the effectiveness of the repair method 8.3 ''Corrosion protection by increasing electrical resistivity'' in chloride‐containing concrete Part 1: Overview and recognition of Prof. Raupach's contribution

AbstractThe repair method 8.3 “Corrosion protection by increasing the electrical resistance” according to EN 1504 (or the repair principle W‐Cl according to the DAfStb directive “Protection and repair of concrete building materials”) represents a technically and economically interesting method for the repair of chloride‐contaminated concrete components. The coating applied as part of the repair principle prevents further water absorption of the concrete and, due to its permeability to water vapor, allows the concrete to dehydrate. Over time, this leads to an increase in the electrolytic resistance and thus to a reduction in the rate of corrosion. The article deals with the basic principles underlying this repair principle, deals with the current regulatory situation, and shows the responsibility of the expert planner. Groundbreaking studies on the effectiveness of the repair principle were carried out by Prof. Raupach, to whom this article is dedicated, and are summarized in this paper. The objective of the new studies, which build on the aforementioned research, is to establish universally accepted application limits, for example, the level of the remaining chloride concentration, for the low‐risk use of this repair method.

A review of the properties of hemp concrete for green building applications

Abstract The growing concerns surrounding the rising carbon emissions have impelled the leaders around the world to make efforts to prevent catastrophic manifestations of climate change and global warming. This has led to the resurrection of vegetal concrete building materials using biomass, which have the added benefits of carbon sequestration apart from low embodied energy and renewability. Vegetal concretes are made up of an organic or inorganic binder, and biomass originating from agro-forestry industries such as rice husk, straw bale, hemp, kenaf, cork, and so on. Hemp concrete, a variety of vegetal concrete has been widely researched and is arguably one of the most researched building materials in current times. This paper presents a review of the state-of-the-art of hemp concrete research, with a view to identifying research gaps that shall guide future research for its implementation in the fast-growing green buildings industry. The reviewed aspects of hemp concrete include properties of hemp relevant to construction, binder characteristics, mechanical properties, durability, hygric and thermal properties, environmental credentials, manufacturing processes, and current applications. Several research gaps with regards to the hydraulicity of the binder, strength and durability, and fire resistance of hemp concrete were identified. It was also established that hemp concrete has very low embodied carbon and embodied energy, making it ideal for green building applications. The paper ends with a discussion outlining the need and direction for future research on improving the manufacturing processes and mechanical performance of hemp concrete for wider adoption by the construction industry.

Phosphate coatings as a way to protect steel reinforcement from corrosion

Phosphate coatings are successfully applied as a method of protecting steel products and structures from corrosion. Phosphate coatings mechanically prevent the entry of aggressive particles, such as chloride ions, to the surface of steel reinforcement. The parameters of corrosion rate of reinforcing steel in aggressive environment are determined by graphical method. The analysis of corrosion diagrams allows us to judge the effect of protective phosphate coatings on the kinetics of the corrosion process of steel reinforcement in environments of varying degrees of aggressiveness. The tests of the protective properties of phosphate coatings by contact corrosion method show that films with a finer crystal structure, as in modified phosphate coatings, are more resistant to anodic dissolution of steel. In parallel to determination of iron ions content in solutions the potential of steel reinforcement samples was measured. In samples protected by phosphate films, the potential change is not as sharp as in samples without coating, and the “dilution” of steel is slower. The study of anodic behavior of steel reinforcement of reinforced concrete, experimental study of the mass transfer mechanism of electrolyte supply to the surface of reinforced steel allow to develop practical recommendations to improve corrosion resistance and ensure the durability of reinforced concrete building materials.

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles: occupational exposure assessment in the photocatalytic paving production

Limited data are available regarding occupational exposure assessment to nano-sized titanium dioxide (nano-TiO2). The objective of this study is to assess the occupational exposure of workers engaged in the application of nano-TiO2 onto concrete building materials, by means of a multi-metric approach (mean diameter, number, mass and surface area concentrations). The measurement design consists of the combined use of (i) direct-reading instruments to evaluate the total particle number concentrations relative to the background concentration and the mean size-dependent characteristics of particles (mean diameter and surface area concentration) and to estimate the 8-h time-weighted average (8-h TWA) exposure to nano-TiO2 for workers involved in different working tasks; and (ii) filter-based air sampling, used for the determination of size-resolved particle mass concentrations. A further estimation was performed to obtain the mean 8-h TWA exposure values expressed as mass concentrations (µg nano-TiO2/m3). The multi-metric characterization of occupational exposure to nano-TiO2 was significantly different both for different work environments and for each work task. Generally, workers were exposed to engineered nanoparticles (ENPs; <100 nm) mean levels lower than the recommended reference values and proposed occupational exposure limits (40,000 particle/cm3; 300 µg/m3) and relevant exposures to peak concentration were not likely to be expected. The estimated 8-h TWA exposure showed differences between the unexposed and exposed subjects. For these last, further differences were defined between operators involved in different work tasks. This study provides information on nano-TiO2 number and mass concentration, size distribution, particles diameter and surface area concentrations, which were used to obtain work shift-averaged exposures.

The Performance of the Ceramsite Concrete Block and its Application Research

Ceramsite concrete and ceramsite concrete block are characterized by lightweight, high strength and good thermal insulation properties, which are widely applied to construction. If amoderate amount of polystyrene particles is added during the working process of ceramsite concrete block in order to improve its physical properties, a kind of new ceramsite concrete building materials is produced. Based on the experimental studies, the article expounds the physical and mechanical properties in terms of density, water absorption and compressive strength, with the purpose of providing reliable evidence for the application and popularization of new ceramsite concrete block.

The New Vitality of Modern Concrete Constructions

The paper compared the differences between modern concrete and traditional concrete with a new perspective on concrete constructions. The renewability, building energy efficiency, ecological benefits and value of modern concrete constructions are analyzed. How the modern concrete changes the disadvantages was explained by case study and system analysis. The paper paid more attention to the relationship between the generation of architectural form and concrete building materials. The analysis showed that modern concrete was still a vital building material with the effect of carbon sequestration.