Concordance Lines Research Articles

Discurso sobre literaturas de língua inglesa: uma análise baseada em ferramentas da linguística de Corpus

Este artigo analisa o discurso de professores universitários de literaturas de língua inglesa, a fim de identificar como estes caracterizam seu discurso sobre literatura e ensino, com base em ferramentas computacionais. Para tanto, a fim de direcionar a análise de dados, recorre-se às noções de linguagem e discurso, em uma perspectiva dialógico-sistêmico-funcional, bem como a uma visão de análise do discurso enquanto atividade multidisciplinar (BAKHTIN, 1979 [1930]; 2006 [1979]; CHOULIARAKI e FAIRCLOUGH, 2001; FAIRCLOUGH, 2001; HALLIDAY, 1994). A geração dos dados se deu a partir de entrevistas semiestruturadas com dez professores de instituições de ensino superior, públicas e privadas, localizadas em diferentes partes da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Essas entrevistas são analisadas qualitativamente com a ajuda de ferramentas da linguística de corpus (BERBER SARDINHA, 2004; OLIVEIRA, 2009; TOGNINI-BONELLI, 2001; VIANA, 2008). Tendo por base as linhas de concordância geradas para palavras-chave encontradas por meio do programa WordSmith Tools (SCOTT, 1999) para cada entrevista, foi possível perceber que cinco dimensões parecem caracterizar o discurso dos participantes: ontológica, metodológica, institucional, cognitiva e sócio-histórica. Entre as implicações desse estudo para o conhecimento científico, aponta-se a real necessidade de se investigar questões relacionadas à sala de aula de literatura, seguindo uma tradição já amplamente praticada por professores de língua (cf. RAJAGOPALAN, 2001; JORDÃO, 2004; PAIVA, 2005; GIEVE e MILLER, 2006; MICCOLI, 2007).

Civil partnership – “gay marriage in all but name”: a corpus-driven analysis of discourses of same-sex relationships in the UK Parliament

This paper deals with the language used in the debates in both Houses of Parliament in the United Kingdom that allowed civil partnerships to take place. My aim is to uncover discourses of same-sex relationships which are accessed in British Parliament. For this purpose, a corpus of these debates was compiled and its keywords were taken as a starting point for further analysis. As different keyword lists can be calculated by comparing different data sets, I argue that the best approach in this study is to take the corpus as a whole and to compare it to a reference corpus. I then grouped the keywords thematically and analysed them in context, scrutinising collocations and concordance lines in order to see how (recurrent) uses of language construct gay and lesbian relationships. Different, rather contradicting, discourses are drawn on by different parties in the debates. We can see that discourses are often used to frame a line of argumentation.

Civil partnership – “gay marriage in all but name”: a corpus-driven analysis of discourses of same-sex relationships in the UK Parliament

This paper deals with the language used in the debates in both Houses of Parliament in the United Kingdom that allowed civil partnerships to take place. My aim is to uncover discourses of same-sex relationships which are accessed in British Parliament. For this purpose, a corpus of these debates was compiled and its keywords were taken as a starting point for further analysis. As different keyword lists can be calculated by comparing different data sets, I argue that the best approach in this study is to take the corpus as a whole and to compare it to a reference corpus. I then grouped the keywords thematically and analysed them in context, scrutinising collocations and concordance lines in order to see how (recurrent) uses of language construct gay and lesbian relationships. Different, rather contradicting, discourses are drawn on by different parties in the debates. We can see that discourses are often used to frame a line of argumentation.

An Effective Way to Use Corpus Exercises to Learn Grammar Basics in English

Computer-based data driven learning (DDL) is becoming gradually more prevalent in L2 classrooms, and studies have shown that DDL exercises can be effective even at the beginner level in teaching vocabulary and grammar (Chujo & Oghigian, 2006, 2008). In addition, paperbased DDL studies are gaining ground (Boulton, 2008b), so that even without computers, students are able to explore concordance lines to identify recurring grammatical features and word derivations and to learn how to induce generalizations from the samples to the language in general. In this study, the researchers have developed a series of computer-based and paperbased DDL exercises focused on grammar basics and using a four-step approach that is both inductive and deductive. Course evaluations indicate statistically significant gains in most areas, and students report an overall positive rating on questionnaires. The benefits of data driven learning (DDL) or corpus-based exercises in the L2 classroom are widely recognized. Leech tells us that “... the corpus, as an information source, fits in very well with the dominant trend...from teaching as imparting knowledge to teaching as mediated learning” (1997, p. 2); others point to advantages of using DDL: authenticity; active, studentcentered learning where the learner has control of the learning process; and the powerful and motivating discovery aspect in which the learner acts as researcher (Braun, 2008; Huang, 2008; Hunston, 2002; Johns, 1994; O’Keefe, McCarthy, & Carter, 2007; Stevens, 1995). There is no question that corpus-based learning is gaining ground in second language acquisition; however, Boulton’s (2008a) survey of 50 DDL studies shows only four at the beginner level. Corpus use at the beginning level, either directly on computers or with paper-based material, is the focus of this study. In the first section of this paper, several considerations for using DDL in the beginner level L2 classroom are provided. Next, examples of computer-based and paper-based vocabulary and grammar exercises are given in the second section. These exercises have been used in the Nihon University Study, described in the third section. In the final section, the advantages and disadvantages of computer-based and paper-based corpus exercises are discussed. Language Education in Asia, 2010, 1(1), 200-214. http://dx.doi.org/10.5746/LEiA/10/V1/A17/Oghigian_Chujo Language Education in Asia, Volume 1, 2010 Oghigian and Chujo Page 201 Considerations for DDL in the Beginner L2 Classroom The authors posit that DDL can be successful with beginner level students, although there are several important considerations. Choosing an appropriate corpus. The first and arguably most essential consideration for classroom DDL exercises is choosing the appropriate corpus with regard to size, relevance, and accessibility. Size. The largest and certainly most accessible corpus is “the Internet,” estimated at 100 trillion words in 2007 by Peter Norvig, Director of Research at Google (Norvig, 2007). The use of an immense corpus this size risks “drowning [learners] in data” (Tribble, 1997, p. 2); this risk is present even with corpora of only a few million words. Comparatively smaller corpora, such as the British National Corpus (BNC) with 100 million words, or the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) with 410 million words, can be somewhat more manageable. With these corpora, it is easier to narrow the focus to a particular and more practical language function, context, or register. For example, Biber (2009) points out that conversation generally contains numerous embedded clauses, whereas writing contains many more phrases, especially noun phrases. Therefore, the focus of a communication or writing class might be directed to smaller and more relevant, specialized spoken or written corpora, respectively. Sub-corpora can further narrow the focus to types of spoken or written discourse, for example, academic discourse (e.g., from the Michigan Corpus of Academic Spoken English (MICASE)), or academic-sourced writing (e.g., the COCA academic register). Tribble (1997) advocates creating micro-corpora, but this may be overly ambitious for many teachers, particularly given copyright issues, and may be unnecessary, given the accessibility of many corpora and corpus tools. It is also important to note that with a corpus that is too small, there may not be a sufficient number of examples for learners to see a pattern. A sample of corpora and corpus tools is shown in Table 1; for a comprehensive list of corpora, corpus tools and related information, see David Lee’s Bookmarks for Corpus-based Linguists website.

Instructional uses of linguistic technologies

The earliest and most basic linguistic technologies are frequency lists and the concordance lines from a corpus. Although these technologies have been available for many years we are only now discovering their uses in language instruction. My talk will present the main instructional uses of lists and lines that are emerging, and show ways that language instructors are not only employing these linguistic technologies but also contributing to their further development through incorporation of the cognitive and affective dimensions of language learning. All ideas and theories will be presented in the context of real-life applications (mainly via the Compleat Lexical Tutor website (at www.lextutor.ca), and participants will leave with ideas and tools for immediate use in course design and execution.

Exocytosis and protein secretion in Trypanosoma

BackgroundHuman African trypanosomiasis is a lethal disease caused by the extracellular parasite Trypanosoma brucei. The proteins secreted by T. brucei inhibit the maturation of dendritic cells and their ability to induce lymphocytic allogenic responses. To better understand the pathogenic process, we combined different approaches to characterize these secreted proteins.ResultsOverall, 444 proteins were identified using mass spectrometry, the largest parasite secretome described to date. Functional analysis of these proteins revealed a strong bias toward folding and degradation processes and to a lesser extent toward nucleotide metabolism. These features were shared by different strains of T. brucei, but distinguished the secretome from published T. brucei whole proteome or glycosome. In addition, several proteins had not been previously described in Trypanosoma and some constitute novel potential therapeutic targets or diagnostic markers. Interestingly, a high proportion of these secreted proteins are known to have alternative roles once secreted. Furthermore, bioinformatic analysis showed that a significant proportion of proteins in the secretome lack transit peptide and are probably not secreted through the classical sorting pathway. Membrane vesicles from secretion buffer and infested rat serum were purified on sucrose gradient and electron microscopy pictures have shown 50- to 100-nm vesicles budding from the coated plasma membrane. Mass spectrometry confirmed the presence of Trypanosoma proteins in these microvesicles, showing that an active exocytosis might occur beyond the flagellar pocket.ConclusionsThis study brings out several unexpected features of the secreted proteins and opens novel perspectives concerning the survival strategy of Trypanosoma as well as possible ways to control the disease. In addition, concordant lines of evidence support the original hypothesis of the involvement of microvesicle-like bodies in the survival strategy allowing Trypanosoma to exchange proteins at least between parasites and/or to manipulate the host immune system.

Populating sub-entries in dictionaries with multi-word units from concordance lines

Lexicography is primarily concerned with the representation of words and their senses in dictionaries. By words most dictionary users and lexicographers refer to a combination of characters delineated by spaces on both sides. This article discusses the weakness of this approach in the selection of dictionary entries. Through an inspection of concordance lines generated from a multi-million Setswana corpus, it is argued and demonstrated how multi-word units (MWUs), also known as multi-word expressions (MWEs), may be extracted from concordance lines to supple-ment dictionary entries. It is illustrated how both monolingual and bilingual Setswana dictionaries may be enhanced by the addition of MWEs as sub-entries. Keywords: setswana, lexicography, multi-word unit, corpus, concor-dance, multi-word expression, collocation, word, sub-entries, dictionary

Applying corpus linguistics to pedagogy

This article reviews and discusses four somewhat contentious issues in the application of corpus linguistics to pedagogy, ESP in particular. Corpus linguistic techniques have been criticized on the grounds that they encourage a more bottom-up rather than top-down processing of text in which concordance lines are examined atomistically. One criticism levelled against corpus data is that a corpus presents language out of its original context. For this reason, some corpus linguists have underscored the importance of ‘pedagogic mediation’ to contextualize the data for the students’ own writing environment. Concerns relating to the inductive approach associated with corpus-based pedagogy have also been raised as this approach may not always be the most appropriate one. A final consideration relates to the issue of whether a corpus is always the most appropriate resource to use among the wealth of other resources available.

Sm-Nd isotopic compositions of Cambrian-Ordovician strata at the Jinggangshan area in Jiangxi Province: Tectonic implications

Whole-rock Sm-Nd isotopes were investigated for Cambrian-Ordovician strata from the Jinggangshan area between the Yangtze Block and Cathysia Block in South China. These strata were deposited as a greatly thick unit of muddy-sandy laminas with intercalated carbonate and organic carbon-bearing layers. They have low ɛNd(t) values of −13.9 to −7.9 and old Nd model ages of 1842 to 2375 Ma. In tDM-tStr diagram, they are far away from the concordant line but fall within the evolution zone of the Proterozoic crust of South China. This indicates that the Cambrian-Ordovician strata are mainly composed of matters eroded from ancient Paleoproterozoic crust that may mainly consist of continental-derived detrital sediments with high maturity in the Cathysia Block. However, the Ordovician Jueshangou Formation and Dui’ershi Formation have ɛNd(t) values of −10.5 and −7.9 at the higher end of the above range and Nd model ages of 1842 to 2059 Ma at the lower end of the above range. This suggests involvement of more detritus that were eroded from the relatively juvenile crust from Late Paleoproterozoic to the Early Neoproterozoic. All the Nd model ages for the Cambrian-Ordovician sedimentary rocks in the Cathysia Block and the southeastern margin of the Yangtze Block are older than 1800 Ma, suggesting that no material from the Early Paleozoic depleted mantle-derived magmas was involved in these regions.

Practical text mining with Perl

Provides readers with the methods, algorithms, and means to perform text mining tasks This book is devoted to the fundamentals of text mining using Perl, an open-source programming tool that is freely available via the Internet (www.perl.org). It covers mining ideas from several perspectives--statistics, data mining, linguistics, and information retrieval--and provides readers with the means to successfully complete text mining tasks on their own. The book begins with an introduction to regular expressions, a text pattern methodology, and quantitative text summaries, all of which are fundamental tools of analyzing text. Then, it builds upon this foundation to explore: Probability and texts, including the bag-of-words model Information retrieval techniques such as the TF-IDF similarity measure Concordance lines and corpus linguistics Multivariate techniques such as correlation, principal components analysis, and clustering Perl modules, German, and permutation tests Each chapter is devoted to a single key topic, and the author carefully and thoughtfully introduces mathematical concepts as they arise, allowing readers to learn as they go without having to refer to additional books. The inclusion of numerous exercises and worked-out examples further complements the book's student-friendly format. Practical Text Mining with Perl is ideal as a textbook for undergraduate and graduate courses in text mining and as a reference for a variety of professionals who are interested in extracting information from text documents.

Empowerment and disempowerment in the Glencairn Uprising

The Glencairn Uprising (1653–1654) was a military rebellion by Scottish Highlanders under the leadership of William, Earl of Glencairn, against the English government of Oliver Cromwell. This paper investigates the presentation of actors and groups on both sides of the Uprising — but most especially Glencairn himself — in the contemporary London press. The theoretical framework of the analysis is Critical Discourse Analysis (modelled especially on the approach of van Dijk 1991); however, a corpus-based methodology, and a partially-quantitative analysis, are employed. The documents in question — a corpus of newsbooks published in late 1653 and the first half of 1654 — are analysed by a process of assigning concordance lines extracted using a wide set of search terms to particular categories of discourse-semantic meaning. The newsbooks are shown to make use of greatly contrasting discourses in their representations of Glencairn and others, resulting in “discourses of empowerment and disempowerment” (the latter being associated secondarily with a “discourse of disunity”). By employing these discourses, the newsbook journalists discredit Glencairn and his associates, whilst crediting the English and their associates.

Polysemous Verbs and Modality in Native and Non-Native Argumentative Writing: A Corpus-Based Study

The present study is a corpus-based analysis of a selection of polysemous lexical verbs used to express modality in student argumentative writing. Twenty-three lexical verbs were searched for in three 100,000-word corpora of argumentative essays written in English by American, Filipino and Spanish university students. Concordance lines were examined to determine their use in the three corpora. After presenting the overall results for all verbs studied, more in-depth linguistic analysis was performed on the polysemous verb feel. These analyses revealed that the non-native writers, unlike their native counterparts, had a limited grasp of the full range of meanings of lexical verbs such as feel. It also showed that all student writers under study employed only a restricted range of lexical verbs to convey modal meanings in their writing.

Uncovering the Extent of the Phraseological Tendency: Towards a Systematic Analysis of Concgrams

This paper offers an analytical procedure for identifying phraseological variation within ‘concgrams’ (Cheng et al. 2006), which are sets of words that co-occur regardless of constituency variation (e.g. AB and A * B), positional variation (e.g. AB and BA), or both. It argues that examining concgrams takes us closer to more fully appreciating and understanding the idiom principle (Sinclair 1987) which underpins the claim that phraseology is at the heart of all language use. Central to a description of phraseology is the identification of ‘meaning-shift units’ (MSU) (Sinclair 2007a, 2007b) and the analytical procedure for concgrams described in this paper can lead to their identification. In this paper, the concordance lines of a two-word concgram, PLAY/ROLE, are analysed to identify all of the possible concgram configurations and their frequencies of occurrence. Based on frequency, the canonical form is identified and its meaning described. The canonical form then serves as the benchmark against which all of the other concgram configurations are compared, resulting in a ranking of the concgram configurations relative to their adherence to the canonical form. At the end of the process, a meaning-shift unit is identified and described with all of its potential variations; in other words, a paraphrasable family with a canonical form and patterns of co-selection. Lastly, this paper proposes initial theoretical statements to account for key phraseological patterns so far observed, and explores the implications of a shift in emphasis towards descriptions of phraseological variations for the field of applied linguistics.

Review: Mahlberg, M. 2005. English General Nouns: A Corpus Theoretical Approach. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company

English General Nouns, by Michaela Mahlberg, presents a corpus-driven theoretical approach to examining forms of nouns for meaning in context. The study is based on an analysis of twenty forms of general nouns, such as time, thing and people, which are identified as high-frequency nouns in the British section of the Bank of English. A corpus-driven approach is employed that allows linguistic descriptions to be defined by evidence from the data. Concordance lines are viewed through the lens of a corpus theoretical framework which prioritises lexis in the analysis of text cohesion. The analysis reveals descriptions of subtypes and functional categories for each noun type through quantitative and qualitative methodologies. At a time when sub-disciplines of linguistics are engaging in metareflections regarding concerns about methodology, epistemology and ethics (Ortega, 2005), Mahlberg’s book proves that studies in corpus linguistics have already understood the need for new approaches to data analysis. The mixed-method approach to corpus linguistics in the book appears to be a forerunner by emphasising the combination of quantitative and qualitative research methodologies.

Emphasizers in spoken and written academic discourse

The role played by mitigation in academic discourse has been the subject of intense scholarly interest over the last two decades, but interest in the role played by intensifying textual elements expressing evaluation and stance — emphasizers — is a more recent turn. This paper presents a preliminary attempt at capturing the uses of the adverb really across spoken and written academic registers. The adverb really is examined with an eye to how its frequencies, meanings and uses vary across spoken and written academic discourse. The findings will also be interpreted in terms of variation across genres and disciplines. A quantitative analysis of this adverb reveals significant distributional trends across both academic genres and disciplines, and a qualitative analysis of concordance lines confirms that these trends are motivated by genre-specific purposes and disciplinary-specific practices, respectively.

Does an Instruction of a Verbal Labeling Strategy for Hand Movements Improve General Motor Coordination as Well as the Gestural Performance?

This multiple-case study investigated whether an instruction of a verbal labeling strategy could enhance developmental coordination disorder (DCD) as well as developmental dyspraxia (DD) on the basis of relative changes in the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC) Performance Test scores and the Kaufmann Hand Movement Test (KHMT) scores. The authors used a case formulation approach and taught 4 children with DCD during an 8-week intervention period. During the last half of the intervention, the authors additionally instructed the verbal labeling strategy for hand movements. Visual inspection of plotted time-series data from the MABC and the KHMT showed discordant trend lines in 3 children and concordant lines in 1 child. The results indicated that the verbal labeling strategy could be useful for temporary improvement of DD but not for DCD and that DCD and DD might not be directly related.

Authorial identity and textual voices in English review discourse across disciplines

Over the last decade, an increasing number of academic discourse studies have placed great emphasis on the concept of identity and the way(s) it is manifested in academic writing. Research on the field has suggested that academic writing is not completely impersonal, but that writers gain credibility by projecting an identity invested with individual authority (Ivanic 1998; Hyland 2001, 2002; Flottum 2005; Bondi 2007). As a further contribution to our understanding of the issue, the present paper explores some linguistic and discursive features that the interacting voices characterising the dialogic and argumentative practice in the genre of the academic book review article use to project their personal identities. Our own interest in this study is to investigate the construction of identity in different academic disciplinary discourses, in the area of the humanities and the social sciences: linguistics, history and economics have been chosen as case studies. Using corpus-based methods, the study tries to establish whether cross-disciplinary variation can be observed in the way the various voices involved in the evaluation of academic research manifest themselves (i.e. the authorial voice of the reviewer and other textual voices like the reviewed author’s voice). Particular attention will be paid to the lexico-grammatical categories of person pronouns, proper names, and verbs lexicalising certain cognitive and verbal processes signalling the argumentative dialogue between the writer-as-reviewer and the reviewed author or the other experts, members of the scientific community. A quantitative analysis of the corpus data reveals significant distributional trends across disciplines, and a qualitative analysis of concordance lines confirms that these trends are motivated by discipline-specific practices.

Corpus Tools and Methods, Today and Tomorrow: Incorporating Linguists' Manual Annotations

Today's corpus tools offer the user a wide range of features that greatly facilitate the linguistic analysis of large amounts of authentic language data (e.g. frequency distributions, collocations, keywords, etc.). However, these tools typically fail to address the fundamental need of the linguist to add interpretive information to a concordance or query result, by coding individual concordance lines for structural, functional, discoursal, and other features in a flexible way. The ability to add such qualitative data is indispensable to a fuller understanding of the phenomenon under investigation as it allows the linguist to produce more rigorous descriptions—and theories—about language in use. Our article has two aims: first, to assess the merits and drawbacks of existing solutions, by surveying what can be achieved using state-of-the-art corpus tools and generic database software; second, we draw up a set of desiderata and recommendations for the incorporation of flexible encoding features into future corpus tools. We describe an initial step in this direction, with a recent enhancement to the BNCweb corpus analysis software. More generally, we hope our suggestions will lead to linguists and software developers working together more closely to ensure that the needs of the former are provided for by the available technology.

Reconciling top-down and bottom-up approaches to graduate writing: Using a corpus to teach rhetorical functions

This paper shows how top-down and bottom-up approaches can be reconciled in EAP writing materials through a pedagogic approach which combines discourse analysis with corpus investigation. The materials have been trialled with approximately 40 international graduates and are designed both to introduce concordancing and to raise awareness of certain rhetorical functions. Here I present and discuss the material on Defending your Research against Criticism. Initial discourse-based tasks help students to recognise a two-part rhetorical pattern, in which the writer first concedes the possibility of criticism and then moves to neutralise its potentially negative effect. Subsequently, students perform controlled, context sensitive corpus searches, which provide broader exposure to the pattern and focus on specific lexico-grammatical issues. These corpus-based tasks require work on a small number of expanded concordance lines in detail, a procedure which leads to enhanced understanding of the context in which the rhetorical function appears. The two types of learning activity involve different, but complementary types of work: in the discourse tasks, the focus is primarily on function, whereas in the corpus tasks, it is on form. I argue that it is the combination of the two approaches that provides the enriched input necessary for students to make the connection between general rhetorical purposes and specific lexico-grammatical choices.

The Printed Dissemination of the Roman Gradual in Italy during the Early Modern Period

In the last few decades, music historians have produced a number of important studies on early modern printing in Europe. Many of these projects have focused on single printing firms, although some also focused, at least in passing, on relationships among printers. (1) My own interest in the transmission of plainchant during this period stems from research that I carried out on the publications of the second generation of Gardano family printers. (2) While information on the locations and contents of sources for their printed instrumental and polyphonic vocal music may be found in the printed catalogs of individual libraries, as well as in the RISM publications and elsewhere, (3) references to books of plainchant sometimes prove rather elusive and diffuse. However, the data available on these plainchant editions has increased substantially with the advent of RELICS--that is, Renaissance Liturgical Imprints: A Census (4)--as well as the work of Marco Gozzi and other scholars who are carrying out research on liturgical books now held at the Feininger Collection in Trent. (5) The publication of Roman gradual choirbooks in Italy flourished during the Renaissance and early modern periods. References to nearly forty such editions, published from 1499 until 1653, appear in the literature, as seen in table 1. Eliminated from consideration here is the small incunabular Gradual, referred to by Duggan and others, printed in 1477 by the Moilli brothers in Parma. (6) The chants of the Ordinary on its pages suggest its character as a Kyriale, although the book also contains the Office and Mass for the Dead--the publishing house itself referred to the book as a canturia. (7) In any case, its lack of affinity to the other liturgical books treated here prompts its omission. A few tiny Franciscan graduals have also been excluded for similar reasons. (8) Finally, the chosen cutoff date of 1653 for the printed books considered here marks the beginning of a period of decline in the frequency of the appearance of graduals published in Italy. (9) This essay follows the transmission of the Roman gradual in both bibliographical and musical terms based on copies of at least a single exemplar of each surviving source in one form or another (some, however, only in fragmentary states). Although still in its initial stages, this research has already clarified certain aspects of the repertoire's transmission as well as solidified for some graduals their publication dates and even their very identities. As seen in table 2, many of the surviving editions of the gradual had formats copied from earlier publications (as determined through concordant line endings and foliation, among other factors). Certainly a printing concern would have saved time and bother by copying the layout of one of its previous editions, as did the house of Giunta in 1527, and again in 1560, 1606, 1611, 1618, and 1626. Since the Giunta firm had previously formed a partnership with Baba, the copy of the 1647 Giunta edition by Baba in 1653 should come as no surprise. (10) Certainly if two publishing firms operated within the city, then such copying must have involved some sort of collaboration or tacit permission. After all, the members of the printing industry in the city, if not friends, were at least acquainted--for instance, documents from late 1580s record meetings of the numerous officers of the Venetian printing guild in the living room of its prior, Angelo Gardano. (11) Such borrowing of format could also have taken place by printers outside of Venice, as in the Porris edition issued in Turin in 1512, apparently copied from the gradual published by Giunta in 1499/1500. Obviously there would be no prosecutable privilege infringement here, since Turin lay outside the jurisdiction of the Venetian Republic. It is possible, of course, that Porris requested permission from Giunta for the reprint, although the production of a new Giunta gradual beginning in the following year, 1513, and continuing for several continuous years might suggest that Giunta was attempting to undercut the sales of a pirated publication from Turin. …