Favorable Conclusions Research Articles

On the ignition of H11B fusion fuel

We have revisited recent results on the ideal ignition of H11B fuel, in the light of the latest available reactivity, an alternative self-consistent calculation of the electron temperature, an increased extent of the suprathermal effects and the impact of plasma density. At high density, we find that the ideal ignition temperature is appreciably relaxed (e.g., Ti≃150 keV for ni∼1026 cm−3 and an optimal 11B/H concentration ε=0.15) and burn becomes substantial. We have then investigated central hot-spot ignition in both isobaric and isochoric inertial confinement configurations. Although implosion-driven ignition appears to be unfeasible, the isochoric self-heating conditions foster favourable preliminary conclusions on the utilization of proton fast ignition. In the isochoric case, we find a broad minimum in the ignition energy at ρR≃8.5 g/cm2 and 220≲Ti≲340 keV (80 ≲Te≲95 keV), for ε=0.15.

Global representativeness and impact of funding sources in cost-effectiveness research on systemic therapies for advanced breast cancer: A systematic review

BackgroundBreast cancer (BC) is the most incident tumor and, consequently, any new intervention can potentially promote a considerable budget impact if incorporated. Cost-effectiveness (CE) studies assist in the decision-making process but may be influenced by the country's perspective of analysis and pharmaceutical industry funding. MethodsA systematic review of Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science from January 1st, 2012 to July 8th, 2022 was conducted to identify CE studies of tumor-targeted systemic-therapies for advanced BC. Articles without incremental cost-effectiveness ratio calculations were excluded. We extracted information on the country and class of drug studied, comparator type, authors’ conflicts of interest (COI), pharmaceutical industry funding, and authors' conclusions. Results71 studies comprising 204 CE assessments were included. The majority of studies were from the United States and Canada (44%), Asia (32%) and Europe (20%). Only 8% were from Latin America and none from Africa. 31% had pharmaceutical industry funding. The most studied drug classes were cyclin-dependent-kinase inhibitors (29%), anti-HER2 therapy (23%), anti-PD(L)1 (11%) and hormone therapy (11%). Overall, 34% of CE assessments had favorable conclusions. Pharmaceutical industry-funded articles had a higher proportion of at least one favorable conclusion (82% vs. 24%, p-value<0.001), European countries analyzed (45% vs. 9%, p-value = 0.003), and CE assessments with same class drug comparators (56% vs. 33%, p-value = 0.004). ConclusionsBreast cancer CE literature scarcely represents low-and-middle-income countries' perspectives and is influenced by pharmaceutical industry funding which targets European countries', frequently utilizes comparisons within same-drug class, and is more likely to have favorable conclusions.

War in Ukraine and the International Court of Justice: Provisional Measures and the Third-Party Right to Intervene in Proceedings

Abstract At the time of writing, the war in Ukraine was the subject of ICJ proceedings in the Allegations of Genocide case. As the case title suggests, however, the key issue before the ICJ is not Russia’s use of force, but the question of genocide. Restrictions on its jurisdiction have led to the ICJ facing a serious dilemma between, on the one hand, having to meet unprecedented high levels of expectation and political pressure to stop Russia’s military action and, on the other, inherent legal constraints in maintaining its judicial character. This article elucidates how the ICJ has overcome procedural hurdles, including the requirements for provisional measures and intervention, to reach conclusions in favour of Ukraine. It also highlights the procedural challenges arising from the acrobatic reasoning adopted by the ICJ in the present case.

O262: Evaluating the role and efficacy of virtual reality and simulation in teaching acute and trauma scenarios – a systematic review

Abstract Introduction Simulation allows trainees to practice skills safely and is the current gold standard method of teaching. More recently, novel methods such as virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality are being explored as possible methods of teaching. Aims To evaluate the current evidence pertaining to simulation and VR as methods of teaching in teaching acute and trauma management. Methods A systematic review was conducted using the PRISMA guidelines. Medline and Embase (via Ovid interface) were used to search for articles up to March 2023. The following MeSH terms were used: ‘(virtual reality OR VR) AND (acute surgical OR surgery OR trauma OR trauma management) AND (medical education OR education OR surgical training OR training) AND simulation’. Results A total of 3815 articles were identified. 2648 were screened upon de-duplication. 40 articles underwent full-text review; 14 were extracted. Prospective cohort studies were the most common, 43.8%. Experimental studies included a total of 436 participants, with a median sample size of 23 (IQR:14–32). 6 studies compared VR to simulation methods. Half of these articles indicated favourable conclusions towards VR training compared to standard training. A further 8 studies evaluated feasibility of VR training only – all had favourable outcomes for VR. Conclusion This review identified a range of evidence indicating that VR can be useful for training of acute surgical scenarios. VR was generally a well-received training modality although unlikely to replace simulation entirely. More robust statistical analysis in further studies is required, with investigation into the longer-term impact of VR training.

Financial Conflicts of Interest and Industry Funding are Associated With Conclusions Favorable to New Technologies: A Review of Published Economic Analyses in Hip and Knee Arthroplasty

BackgroundNew technologies in hip and knee arthroplasty are commonly evaluated using cost-effectiveness analyses and similar economic assessments. There is a wide variation in the methodology of these studies, introducing the potential for bias. The purpose of this study was to evaluate associations between potential financial conflicts of interest (COI) and the outcomes of economic analyses. We hypothesized that authors’ COI and industry funding would be associated with conclusions favorable to a new technology. MethodsEconomic analyses making cost-effectiveness or economic implementation claims on patient-specific instrumentation, robotics, and implants used in hip and knee arthroplasty published from 2010 to 2022 were identified. Papers were evaluated to determine if conclusions were favorable to the new technology being studied. Fisher’s exact test was utilized to determine the relationship between the presence of COI and an article’s conclusions. ResultsOf 43 eligible articles, 76.7% were cost-effectiveness analyses, 23.2% were cost analyses, and 67.4% of articles had conclusions favorable to a technology. Of the 29 articles with favorable conclusions, 26 had an author with a financial COI (89.7%), and 14 had industry funding (48.3%). Of the 33 articles with a financial COI, 26 (78.8%) had favorable conclusions, and of the 16 articles with industry funding, 14 (87.5%) had favorable conclusions. Fisher’s exact test revealed a statistically significant association between an article having favorable conclusions and the presence of an author’s COI or industry funding (odds ratio, 13.5; 95% CI [confidence interval], 2.3 to 79.9; P = .003). ConclusionsFinancial COIs were present in 79.1% of lower extremity arthroplasty economic analyses on technologies and were associated with an article having conclusions favorable to the new technology. Surgeons and decision-makers should be aware of the variability and assumptions in these studies and the potential bias of the conclusions.

Utilizing integrated testing strategy (ITSv1) defined approach and read across to predict skin sensitization of cannabidiol

Cannabidiol (CBD) is increasingly being used as an ingredient in cosmetics, but to date no pre-clinical studies have been published to address the skin sensitization end point. This case study investigated its skin sensitization potential for use in a face cream application at 0.3 % using Next Generation Risk Assessment (NGRA) framework. Based on chemical structure and in-silico prediction using Derek Nexus, CBD was predicted to be weak sensitizer with a resorcinol alert moiety. In vitro testing was conducted confirming it to be sensitizer, but the New Approach Methodologies (NAM) data could not provide sufficient confidence to determine a point of departure (PoD). Integrated testing strategy (ITS)v1 Defined Approach (DA), adopted in OECD Guideline No. 497, was used for skin sensitization potency categorization. However, ITSv1 DA alone is not used for further refinement of the potency prediction based on EC3 (the estimated concentration that produces a stimulation index of 3 in murine local lymph node assay) values. Therefore, the application of read-across using Derek Nexus derived a PoD derived from the LLNA EC3 of 42 %. This led to a favorable NGRA conclusion and to support use of CBD at 0.3 % in face cream application.

Industry Involvement and Transparency in the Most Cited Clinical Trials, 2019-2022

Industry involvement is prominent in influential clinical trials, and commitments to transparency of trials are highly variable. To evaluate the modes of industry involvement and the transparency features of the most cited recent clinical trials across medicine. This cross-sectional study was a meta-research assessment including randomized and nonrandomized clinical trials published in 2019 or later. The 600 trials of any type of disease or setting that attracted highest number of citations in Scopus as of December 2022 were selected for analysis. Data were analyzed from March to September 2023. Outcomes of interest were industry involvement (sponsor, author, and analyst) and transparency (protocols, statistical analysis plans, and data and code availability). Among 600 trials with a median (IQR) sample size of 415 (124-1046) participants assessed, 409 (68.2%) had industry funding and 303 (50.5%) were exclusively industry-funded. A total of 354 trials (59.0%) had industry authors, with 280 trials (46.6%) involving industry analysts and 125 trials (20.8%) analyzed exclusively by industry analysts. Among industry-funded trials, 364 (89.0%) reached conclusions favoring the sponsor. Most trials (478 trials [79.7%]) provided a data availability statement, and most indicated intention to share the data, but only 16 trials (2.7%) had data already readily available to others. More than three-quarters of trials had full protocols (482 trials [82.0%]) or statistical analysis plans (446 trials [74.3%]) available, but only 27 trials (4.5%) explicitly mentioned sharing analysis code (8 readily available; 19 on request). Randomized trials were more likely than nonrandomized studies to involve only industry analysts (107 trials [22.9%] vs 18 trials [13.6%]; P = .02) and to have full protocols (405 studies [86.5%] vs 87 studies [65.9%]; P < .001) and statistical analysis plans (373 studies [79.7%] vs 73 studies [55.3%]; P < .001) available. Almost all nonrandomized industry-funded studies (90 of 92 studies [97.8%]) favored the sponsor. Among industry-funded trials, exclusive industry funding (odds ratio, 2.9; 95% CI, 1.5-5.4) and industry-affiliated authors (odds ratio, 2.9; 95% CI, 1.5-5.6) were associated with favorable conclusions for the sponsor. This cross-sectional study illustrates how industry involvement in the most influential clinical trials was prominent not only for funding, but also authorship and provision of analysts and was associated with conclusions favoring the sponsor. While most influential trials reported that they planned to share data and make both protocols and statistical analysis plans available, raw data and code were rarely readily available.

Sponsorship bias in published pharmacoeconomic evaluations of national reimbursement negotiation drugs in China: a systematic review

BackgroundChina’s National Reimbursement Drug List (NRDL) has become the primary route for drug reimbursement in China. More recently, the authority has made pharmacoeconomic evaluation an integral part of the application...

The Strategic Aestheticization of Work: How Workers Read Normative Organizational Values in Workplace Imagery

Organizations strategically invest in the aesthetics of their spaces to communicate about their values, mission, and position within an industry or community. Given the growth of mass visual culture and the circulation of images online, exposure to aestheticized workspaces is pervasive. In light of this heightened awareness of workplace design, we sought to understand how workers make sense of and interpret such images. We conducted a visual study in which office workers responded to images of strategically-designed offices. We found that most participants used sensemaking strategies of interpreting affordances and other salient cues to arrive at generally favorable conclusions about the organizations portrayed; these conclusions largely reflected organizationally-preferred interpretations. However, participants’ sensemaking also revealed how they wrestled with ambiguities of meaning to arrive at their conclusions. We illustrate the power of workplace imagery for communicating normative values about work, workers, and organizations.

Extrapyramidal adverse events and anticholinergics use after the long-term treatment of patients with schizophrenia with the new long-acting antipsychotic Risperidone ISM®: results from matching-adjusted indirect comparisons versus once-monthly formulations of Paliperidone palmitate and Aripiprazole monohydrate in 52-week studies

BackgroundRisperidone ISM® is a newly developed long-acting injectable (LAI) treatment for schizophrenia in adults. In the absence of head-to-head comparisons with other similar antipsychotics, the objective of this study was to generate indirect evidence of some aspects of the safety and tolerability of Risperidone ISM compared to other LAI antipsychotics for treatment of patients with schizophrenia in the maintenance treatment setting.MethodsA literature review was conducted systematically to identify maintenance treatment studies reporting safety and tolerability outcomes for LAI antipsychotic therapies. Following an assessment of between-trial heterogeneity, a matching-adjusted indirect comparison (MAIC) was performed to account for between-trial imbalances in patient characteristics and to generate comparative evidence for safety and tolerability endpoints.ResultsThe analysis showed that incidence of extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) was found to be numerically, but not statistically significantly, lower in patients receiving Risperidone ISM than in those receiving Paliperidone palmitate (PP) (OR [95% CI] 0.63 [0.29, 1.38], p = 0.253) and statistically significantly lower than with Aripiprazole monohydrate once-monthly (AOM) (OR [95% CI] 0.25 [0.12, 0.53], p < 0.001). Use of anticholinergic agents for the alleviation of EPS was also shown to be significantly lower in Risperidone ISM patients than in those receiving PP (OR [95% CI] 0.29 [0.10, 0.83], p = 0.021) or AOM (OR [95% CI] 0.01 [0.003, 0.06], p < 0.001), suggesting a superior tolerability profile for clinically relevant EPS. Results from the sensitivity analyses comparing stabilized and stable patients receiving Risperidone ISM to those receiving AOM yielded similarly favorable conclusions in line with the base case analyses.ConclusionsThis MAIC is consistent with the safety and tolerability results obtained during the PRISMA-3 clinical trial in the long-term treatment of schizophrenia and suggests a favorable safety and tolerability profile in terms of EPS incidence and anticholinergic agent use, relative to other antipsychotic therapies used for treatment of patients with schizophrenia in the maintenance setting.

Models of pre-registration student supervision in allied health: a scoping review

Introduction: The aim of this scoping review was to identify, organise and synthesise existing evidence in relation to the supervision of allied health students on clinical placement.Methods: Five databases were searched for peer reviewed articles published from 2000 onwards. Data were extracted and analysed according to approaches to supervision, and student and/or educator outcomes for different models used. Each outcome was aligned to modified Kirkpatrick levels of evaluation.Results: 39 articles were reviewed. The terms models and approaches were poorly defined and used interchangeably in the clinical placement literature. Studies varied in the methods employed and were typically of low to moderate methodological quality with a dominance of Kirkpatrick level 2a outcomes reported.Conclusions: This review has proposed a definition of supervision models to enable future research comparisons between models and to provide clarity to placement providers’ decision making. Overall evidence for reported outcomes is mixed and not strong enough to draw conclusions in favour of any one model. Approaches to supervision, not student ratio, may well be the catalyst for positive outcomes for all stakeholders and therefore should be the focus of future research.

Scoping Review of Published Oncology Meta-analyses in High-Impact Oncology Journals

Many meta-analyses have been conducted on a wide array of topics, and many of these have focused on treatment efficacy of drugs or bias in interventional studies on a specific topic. To examine the factors associated with having a positive study conclusion in meta-analyses in the field of oncology. All meta-analyses published between January 1, 2018, and December 31, 2021, on 5 oncology journal websites were identified and study characteristics, study results, and information on study authors were abstracted. The meta-analysis authors' conclusions were coded as positive, negative, or equivocal, and each article subject matter was coded as one that could affect profits and marketing of a company. Whether an association existed between study characteristics and authors' conclusions was also examined. Database searches resulted in 3947 potential articles, of which 93 meta-analyses were included in this study. Of the 21 studies with author funding from industry, 17 studies (81.0%) reported favorable conclusions. Of the 9 studies that received industry funding, 7 (77.8%) reported favorable conclusions, and of the 63 studies that did not have author or study funding from industry, 30 (47.6%) reported favorable conclusions. Studies that were funded through nonindustry sources and authors who had no relevant conflict of interest had the lowest percentage of positive conclusions and the highest percentage of negative and equivocal conclusions compared with studies with other sources of potential conflict of interest. In this cross-sectional study of meta-analyses published in oncology journals, multiple factors were associated with having a positive study conclusion, which suggests that future research should be performed to elucidate reasons for more favorable conclusions among studies with study or author industry funding.

Cost-effectiveness of novel systemic therapies for advanced breast cancer: Global representativeness and influence of funding.

e18924 Background: Approval of expensive novel treatments increases costs of cancer care and undermines access, particularly in low and middle-income countries. As the most incident neoplasm, breast cancer (BC) therapies have an enormous budget impact if incorporated. Therefore, cost-effectiveness (CE) studies are essential to guide such decisions. Methods: A systematic literature search of Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science from January 1st 2012 to July 8th 2022 was conducted to identify CE studies of tumor-targeted systemic therapies for advanced BC. Articles without CE (or utility) ratio calculations were excluded. Information on the country and drug studied, authors’ conflicts of interests (COI) and funding, and authors' conclusions were manually reviewed by two independent investigators. Results: Of 1103 screened records, 74 studies comprising 212 CE comparisons were included. Most studied scenarios were from high-income countries (70%, 141/212), with only 10% from Latin America and none from Africa. The most studied drug classes were iCDK4/6 (23%), anti-HER2 directed therapy (21%), anti-PD1/PDL1 (12%) and endocrine therapy (11%). In 46% of the comparisons, a new drug combined with standard of care was compared to placebo and/or standard of care, and in 37% the compared treatment were alternative same class therapies. Nearly 46% (97/212) had pharmaceutical industry funding or author’s COI associated with industry. Overall, 56% of authors’ conclusions were unfavorable. Pharmaceutical industry related-studies were associated with high-income countries (75% vs. 64%, p = 0.006), same-class drug comparators (52% vs. 33%, p = 0.047), and favorable conclusions (60% vs. 15%, p &lt; 0.001). A combination of drugs (addition to standard of care) was associated with unfavorable conclusions (56% vs 28%, p &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: Industry-related studies target high-income countries' scenarios and are more likely to have favorable conclusions. As expected, the addition of drugs to standard treatments (combinations) is less likely to be cost-effective. Government funding in low and middle-income countries is needed to decrease the current literature gap and provide stakeholders with proper information to make incorporation decisions.

Acceptance, availability, and feasibility of RTS, S/AS01 malaria vaccine: A review.

In malaria-stricken regions, malaria continues to be one of the primary causes of mortality for children. The number of malaria-related fatalities has drastically decreased because of artemisinin-based pharmacological regimens. Two independent researchers did a comprehensive literature search using PubMed/MEDLINE and Google Scholar from its inception to September 2022. After evaluating RTS, S/AS01 for its safety, effectiveness, and feasibility, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) issued a favorable conclusion. It was suggested that the RTS, S malaria vaccine be used extensively by the World Health Organization on October 6, 2021. The successful pilot program testing the malaria vaccine in Ghana, Kenya, and Malawi served as the basis for this proposal. Several challenges need to be addressed to ensure the success of vaccination programs. From the acceptability perspective, issues such as inadequate community engagement, concerns about side effects, and issues with the delivery and quality of healthcare services can affect the acceptance of the vaccine. From the feasibility standpoint, factors such as lack of transportation or long distances to healthcare facilities and the perception of completion of the vaccination calendar can affect the feasibility of the vaccine. Lastly, the availability of the vaccine is also a major concern as it may not be readily available to meet the demands.

Does type of funding affect reporting in network meta-analysis? A scoping review of network meta-analyses

BackgroundEvidence has shown that private industry-sponsored randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and meta-analyses are more likely to report intervention-favourable results compared with other sources of funding. However, this has not been assessed in network meta-analyses (NMAs).ObjectivesTo (a) explore the recommendation rate of industry-sponsored NMAs on their company’s intervention, and (b) assess reporting in NMAs of pharmacologic interventions according to their funding type.MethodsDesign: Scoping review of published NMAs with RCTs.Information Sources: We used a pre-existing NMA database including 1,144 articles from MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, published between January 2013 and July 2018.Study Selection: NMAs with transparent funding information and comparing pharmacologic interventions with/without placebo.Synthesis: We captured whether NMAs recommended their own or another company’s intervention, classified NMAs according to their primary outcome findings (i.e., statistical significance and direction of effect), and according to the overall reported conclusion. We assessed reporting using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis extension to NMA (PRISMA-NMA) 32-item checklist. We matched and compared industry with non-industry NMAs having the same research question, disease, primary outcome, and pharmacologic intervention against placebo/control.ResultsWe retrieved 658 NMAs, which reported a median of 23 items in the PRISMA-NMA checklist (interquartile range [IQR]: 21–26). NMAs were categorized as 314 publicly-sponsored (PRISMA-NMA median 24.5, IQR 22–27), 208 non-sponsored (PRISMA-NMA median 23, IQR 20–25), and 136 industry/mixed-sponsored NMAs (PRISMA-NMA median 21, IQR 19–24). Most industry-sponsored NMAs recommended their own manufactured drug (92%), suggested a statistically significant positive treatment-effect for their drug (82%), and reported an overall positive conclusion (92%). Our matched NMAs (25 industry vs 25 non-industry) indicated that industry-sponsored NMAs had favourable conclusions more often (100% vs 80%) and were associated with larger (but not statistically significantly different) efficacy effect sizes (in 61% of NMAs) compared with non–industry-sponsored NMAs.ConclusionsDifferences in completeness of reporting and author characteristics were apparent among NMAs with different types of funding. Publicly-sponsored NMAs had the best reporting and published their findings in higher impact-factor journals. Knowledge users should be mindful of this potential funding bias in NMAs.

The Impact of Industrial Sponsorship on Research Findings in Randomised Clinical Trials in Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery: a Cross- Section Analysis of the Past 12 Years

Industry funding of research studies can cause the results in the field of plastic, reconstructive and aesthetic surgery to be biased towards the sponsors. This paper aims to review randomised clinical trials (RCTs) published by leading international journals in plastic, reconstructive and aesthetic surgery with respect to characteristics and possible industry-friendly conclusions in favour of those funding the study. Characteristic data and funding of RCTs published by leading international plastic surgery journals from January 2010 to January 2022 were evaluated. The studies were categorised based on their thematic focus and the results in light of the existing funding. A total of 381 RCTs were included in the analysis, 68.5% of which were from a university (n=261). The larger proportion of studies did not disclose any information about the research funding. While 26% (n=98) of the studies analysed were funded by companies, 9.7% (n=37) were funded by universities/the government (p<0.05, 95% confidence interval). The overall focus of private clinics was aesthetics (n=32). Generally, the topic aesthetics (n=153) was funded by industry in 28 of 100 cases (28% industry/private sponsors compared with 9% university/government). Regarding reconstruction/burns/hand surgery, 9.2% of studies were funded by companies/private sponsors. Funding for research by university-based institutions was industry-sponsored in 25% (n=64) of cases. Regarding industry-sponsored studies, 73% (n=71) of the results were product-friendly in their conclusion (p<0.05, 95% confidence interval) and placed their thematic focus on therapeutic drug/product application (n=50, 75%). In terms of funding, industry and private sponsors take a leading role both in reconstruction and aesthetics. Nonetheless, the majority of the evaluated studies were not financed by the private sector. In cases where the research was funded by private companies, the results were significantly in favour of the product. Aesthetics as a focus is currently more frequently funded by industry than reconstruction, burn, and hand surgery.

Frequency and Characteristics of Trials Using Medical Writer Support in High-Impact Oncology Journals

The practice of using medical writers to communicate scientific information has gained popularity, but it may affect how and what information is communicated. To assess characteristics of oncology trials that use medical writers and whether there is an association between the use of medical writers and trial success or the primary outcome evaluated. This cross-sectional study included oncology trials testing a tumor-targeting intervention that were published in The Lancet, The Lancet Oncology, JAMA, JAMA Oncology, Journal of Clinical Oncology, and The New England Journal of Medicine between May 1, 2021, and May 1, 2022. Assistance of medical writers or no assistance. The main outcomes were the percentage of studies with medical writers, the percentage of trial successes reported with medical writers, the association between trial success and medical writer use, and the association between a primary end point and medical writer use. Among 270 studies, 141 (52.2%) included a medical writer and 129 (47.8%) did not include a medical writer. Of the studies that included a medical writer, 83 (58.9%) were successful. Of the studies that did not include a medical writer, 64 (49.6%) were successful (P = .16 for difference). Studies with medical writers were less likely than studies without medical writers to have the end point of overall survival (15 [10.6%] vs 17 [13.2%]) and disease-free or event-free survival (16 [11.3%] vs 29 [22.5%]), whereas studies with a medical writer were more likely to have the end point of progression-free survival (32 [22.7%] vs 17 [13.2%]). Use of medical writer was associated with the conclusions being presented favorably in all studies (113 [80.1%] vs 89 [69.0%]; odds ratio [OR], 1.81 [95% CI, 1.04-3.19]), but when adjusted for other variables, there was no association (OR, 1.84 [95% CI, 0.92-3.72]). In this cross-sectional study, trials using medical writers were more likely to report surrogate end points, such as progression-free survival, and favorable conclusions, but when adjusted for trial phase, randomization, and study funding, there was no association with favorable conclusions. These findings suggest that journals need heightened scrutiny for studies with medical writers and that authorship should be properly acknowledged.

Filozofia klasyczna jako podstawa nowatorskich programów wychowania w wybranych pismach Eleonory Ziemięckiej

The subject of this article concerns the philosophical explorations of Eleonora Ziemięcka (1815‒1869), née Gagatkiewicz Ziemięcka, who, influenced by classical philosophy, proposed programmes of education that were extremely innovative for her era, especially with regard to the education of women. In her youth, the Polish thinker was influenced by Enlightenment theories, adopting the category of progress, which was fundamental to that era. She then became fascinated by German idealism, only to later reject its main assumptions and conclusions in favour of Catholic philosophy, which remained closely linked to Thomism. Ziemięcka emphasised the need to try to understand Christian teaching as best as possible. This understanding was then to become the basis for the creation of new educational programmes, especially concerning the education of women. Living and creating in the climate of Romanticism, Ziemięcka criticised the Romantic ‘exaltation of feelings’, justifying the need for equal attention to the education of different areas of the human spirit. By this she meant the intellect, the will and the emotions. Only a balance between them allowed, in her opinion, to achieve the primary goal of education, which is a harmonious, mature personality. Ziemięcka, regarded as a conservative writer already in the 19th century, by no means rejected the notion of well-understood progress. Properly understood, it not only does not contradict ideas sometimes treated as conservative, but only finds adequate justification in them.

Body Image Software Programs

The assessment of body image has evolved in recent decades through the development of various software programs. However, it is not yet known whether this technological advance has resulted in refined evidence or whether this assessment development has been extensively applied in the field. This study reviewed the body image software programs developed and applied from 2000 to 2020. Searches were systematically conducted in four scientific databases. A total of 35 articles were selected, and 13 body image software programs were identified. The main features comprising the variability of the software were the pattern of body stimuli presentation (avatars x real body x body drawings) and the procedures of body image manipulation (whole body adjustment x adjustment of separate body parts). Heterogeneity was prevalent among the studies reviewed and prevented a favorable conclusion regarding the use of software compared to other body image assessment strategies.

Discretion in Applying Provisions of Law: Linguistic Prospects For AI and Machine Learning

The note presents the will of actions in using the provisions of the law as an assessment when making an opinion, or as a choice of a more favorable and correct conclusion from the number of varieties allowed by law. This legal appearance was presented in the guise of a targeted cause-and-effect graph, in which all actions are associated with a friend with another, are considered the reasons or consequences of a friend of a friend. Any of its vertex points is an event, an edge is an association, the orientation of the edges is from the corollary to the base. The features of the euro legislation on AI are considered. The essence of the artificial origin of the mind has been studied for making conclusions at personal discretion. The reprimand was made on the model of AI and machine learning, which have every chance to be: multifunctional, dynamic, expressed in the definitions of mathematical functions, risk models, credit optimization; static, expressed in relationships between data objects (chart of accounts, affairs between subjects). The Abstraction and Reasoning Corpus dataset has been demonstrated as a benchmark for robust AI. Methods of controlled machine learning have been discovered, encompassing authorized learning ("student's task"), inductive programming ("life experience"), predictive power ("scientist's task"), study campaign ("teacher's task"). The classification of arguments, methodologies and layouts has been determined for a discretionary judgment process with a pertinent case of the Euro Court of Human Rights.