Conceptual Sketch Research Articles

An AI-Powered Product Identity Form Design Method Based on Shape Grammar and Kansei Engineering: Integrating Midjourney and Grey-AHP-QFD

Product Identity (PI) is a strategic instrument for enterprises to forge brand strength through New Product Development (NPD). Concurrently, facing increasingly fierce market competition, the NPD for consumer emotional requirements (CRs) has become a significant objective in enterprise research and development (R&D). The design of new product forms must ensure the continuity of PI and concurrently address the emotional needs of users. It demands a high level of experience from designers and significant investment in R&D. To solve this problem, a generative and quantitative design method powered by AI, based on Shape Grammar (SG) and Kansei Engineering (KE), is proposed. The specific method is as follows: Firstly, representative products for Morphological Analysis (MA) are selected, SG is applied to establish initial shapes and transformation rules, and prompts are input into Midjourney. This process generates conceptual sketches and iteratively refines them, resulting in a set of conceptual sketches that preserve the PI. Secondly, a web crawler mines online reviews to extract Kansei words. Factor Analysis (FA) clusters them into Kansei factors, and the Grey Analytic Hierarchy Process (G-AHP) calculates their grey weights. Thirdly, after analyzing the PI conceptual sketches for feature extraction, the features are integrated with CRs into the Quality Function Deployment (QFD) matrix. Experts evaluate the relationships using interval grey numbers, calculating the optimal ranking of PI Engineering Characteristics (PIECs). Finally, professional designers refine the selected sketches into 3D models and detailed designs. Using a Chinese brand as a case study, we have designed a female electric moped (E-moped) to fit the PI and users’ emotional needs. Through a questionnaire survey on the design scheme, we argue that the proposed innovative method is efficient, applicable, and effective in balancing the product form design of PI and user emotions.

Sketch, CAD, or simulate the build? Exploring novice designers’ design representation use in design for additive manufacturing

ABSTRACT The growing adoption of digital tools to support additive manufacturing (AM) calls for designers to rethink their use of design representations in the design process. For example, designers can automate concept generation through generative design, reducing reliance on conceptual sketches. Little research has explored designers’ use of design representations in design for AM (DfAM). We explored this gap through an observational study with novice designers involving an open-ended DfAM task, and their use of design representations was captured using eye-tracking. Overall, participants spent a significant amount of time CAD modeling their designs compared to using other design representations such as sketches and build simulations. Moreover, participants’ design representation usage did not relate to the creativity of their designs. However, participants who generate high-performing designs spent more time CAD modeling and less time sketching – a novel and important finding from our study. Therefore, the advancement of digital design tools and the growing adoption of digital manufacturing processes may result in designers conceptualizing their solutions in embodiment-based tools such as CAD and relying less on low-fidelity tools such as sketching. Our results provide an essential first step toward creating a generalized framework for designers to employ different design representations in DfAM.

PROFESSOR ADAM LISIK'S STYLE IN CHURCH DESIGN - RESEARCH SUPPORTED BY INTERVIEW.

ABSTRACT: Aim: The research purpose of the article is to analyze selected religious buildings designed by architect Professor Adam Lisek. The article shows the richness of the work of this renowned designer of so many churches. The article has additional value in light of the age of Professor Adam Lisik, who celebrated his 90th birthday anniversary in 2023. The professor is still an active lecturer at the universities of Gliwice and Warsaw. The research, supported by detailed self-analysis and an interview with the professor, shows how difficult design, social, political conditions accompanied the design of the temples. An additional purpose of the research is to discuss and compile so many projects. Paying attention to the design consistency and the peculiar style of the architect in creating the buildings. Methods: To carry out the research, the following research methods were used: expert self-examination of the author of the objects in question, literature research, analysis of conceptual sketches and design documentation of religious buildings, and an interview with the professor, the author of the churches. Results: The result of the research is a compilation of selected religious buildings, listing the most important features, assessing the consistency of the architectural expressions used and the assumptions for design. Conclusion: It can be said that the architect Professor Adam Lisik in his sacred works presents a distinctive style of design and architectural expression, marked in the projections and masses of churches. The characteristics indicated in the article are visible, as well as the consistency and coherence of the design decisions made. Originality: The result of the research is an attempt to determine the design style, the consistency of design principles used by architect Professor Adam Lisik. Keywords: style, churches, design, architecture, construction, symbolism, interview.

PROFESSOR ADAM LISIK'S STYLE IN CHURCH DESIGN - RESEARCH SUPPORTED BY INTERVIEW.

ABSTRACT: Aim: The research purpose of the article is to analyze selected religious buildings designed by architect Professor Adam Lisek. The article shows the richness of the work of this renowned designer of so many churches. The article has additional value in light of the age of Professor Adam Lisik, who celebrated his 90th birthday anniversary in 2023. The professor is still an active lecturer at the universities of Gliwice and Warsaw. The research, supported by detailed self-analysis and an interview with the professor, shows how difficult design, social, political conditions accompanied the design of the temples. An additional purpose of the research is to discuss and compile so many projects. Paying attention to the design consistency and the peculiar style of the architect in creating the buildings. Methods: To carry out the research, the following research methods were used: expert self-examination of the author of the objects in question, literature research, analysis of conceptual sketches and design documentation of religious buildings, and an interview with the professor, the author of the churches. Results: The result of the research is a compilation of selected religious buildings, listing the most important features, assessing the consistency of the architectural expressions used and the assumptions for design. Conclusion: It can be said that the architect Professor Adam Lisik in his sacred works presents a distinctive style of design and architectural expression, marked in the projections and masses of churches. The characteristics indicated in the article are visible, as well as the consistency and coherence of the design decisions made. Originality: The result of the research is an attempt to determine the design style, the consistency of design principles used by architect Professor Adam Lisik. Keywords: style, churches, design, architecture, construction, symbolism, interview.

CHURCHES ON MINING DAMAGE - A CASE STUDY

ABSTRACT: Aim: The research objective is to analyze selected three churches by architect Professor Adam Lisik realized on mining damage. The research conducted on the basis of the creative output of the prominent Polish architect of religious buildings is presented. The research is intended to show how difficult design conditions and locations on mining damage affect the functional and solid form of the churches. Methods: The following research methods were used to conduct the study: in-situ research of the objects in question, literature analysis, analysis of conceptual sketches and design documentation of the objects, interview with the author of the projects. The research of the objects takes the form of an expert assessment by the author of the article. Results: All three examples of churches built on high categories of mining damage show different projection solutions: square, regular hexagon, ellipse. The shapes used make it possible to obtain a compact projection with interesting aesthetics of shaping the interior space. The architect also showed a lot of freedom in shaping the various masses of the buildings. Limitations of the decision of the OUG (District Mining Office) for the architect not only did not constitute an obstacle, but on the contrary inspired the search for new solutions, giving satisfaction to the creator of the sacred temple. Conclusion: The results of the study allow us to conclude that the limitations of high mining damage categories (III and IV) did not limit creative freedom. It can be summarized by saying: large-scale religious buildings can be successfully implemented on mining damage. Much depends on the knowledge, skills, creative workshop and vision of the architect. Originality: Limitations of mining damage can pose creative challenges to architectural and structural designers. By complying with the principles of structural safety, one can break stereotypes and create architecturally interesting masses and spaces and interiors. Constraint can become an inspiration for creating new forms of architectural expression. Keywords: architecture, churches, design, construction, construction, mining damage, symbolism.

Preparing for Fully Autonomous Vehicles in Australian Cities: Land-Use Planning—Adapting, Transforming, and Innovating

A literature review found no evidence that there is any understanding of what it takes to plan land uses for the transition to fully autonomous vehicles at the precinct level, nor any conceptual agreement on the nature of the transformation of roads and their frontages. The methodology is based on the authors’ previous research into road friction and impact, which led to the production of Australian government guidelines. A case study of the City of Unley, South Australia, demonstrates the principles of risk analysis and risk management. Examples are then given on how to modify road movement corridors and adjacent land-use precincts in low-density, car-dependent environments, in high-density mixed land-use areas, in consolidating residential lots along movement corridors, and in areas with mobility hubs, all illustrated using conceptual sketches and plans. Directions for further research, of which collaborative workshops are needed involving different disciplinary perspectives on urban planning are identified.

Exploring the Influence of Requirement Representation on Idea Generation

Abstract The objective of this research is to understand how different representations of requirements influence idea generation in terms of quantity, addressment, novelty, and variety of conceptual sketches. Requirements are testable statements of need, desires, and wishes of the stakeholders that are used by engineers to frame the problem. Project success is highly dependent on well-defined requirements documents. An experimental study was conducted with 52 fourth-year mechanical engineering undergraduate students. Two design problems are used with three different representations: a problem statement with embedded requirements, a problem statement and a traditional requirement list, and a problem statement with contextualized scrum stories. Each student addressed both design problems with two different representations of requirements. It was found that the use of contextualized scrum story representations significantly affected the novelty of solution fragments and addressment of requirements, while no significant change in variety and quantity was seen. Finally, it was found that quantity is not directly related to the number of requirements addressed in the sketches.

Contribution to the Research on New Belgrade: The Unbuilt Projects and the Concepts of Nikola Dobrović

<p class="Abstract" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="sr-Cyrl-BA" style="mso-fareast-language: BS-LATN-BA;">Architect Nikola Dobrović is best known in Serbia for his only constructed building in Belgrade, the complex of the State Secretariat of National Defense (DSNO), better known as the General Staff, today an endangered cultural heritage and a crumbling building with an uncertain future. However, his short-term engagement as the head of the Urban Planning Institute of the Republic of Serbia from 1946-1947, and his later professorship at the Faculty of Architecture University of Belgrade, are equally significant for Belgrade and Serbia. Documents testifying to the post-war period of his work are scattered in several places: in the Urban Planning Institute of Belgrade, the Museum of Science and Technology, the Historical Archive of Belgrade, and the rare publications can only be found in a few libraries in Serbia. In the course of his short-term work on New Belgrade, Dobrović provided several conceptual projects and sketches for New Belgrade within the Urban Planning Institute: the perfomance square, road schemes and the urban planning solution of the zone between the Palace of the Federation and the Railway Station - today's Central Zone of New Belgrade. Finally, at different stages of his career, Dobrović also designed individual objects, such as the project for the Faculty of Electrical Engineering and the building of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia, which remained in the domain of 'paper architecture', unbuilt, and which provides an insight into the way he thought about the process of urban and spatial planning, through the positioning of builidngs which would've generated the character of their immediate and distant surroundings.</span></p>

Self-Powered Passive Adaptive Control of Pitch Angle and Betz-Shaped Wind Tunnel

Owing to both the high cost and the complexity, for small turbines, the control of pitch angle is usually not a option though it could keep turbine working in high efficiency zone while wind speed changes. In order to solve this problem, a self-powered passive adaptive control system (SPACS) for pitch angle adjustment has been developed. Together with this SPACS idea, a Betz-shaped wind tunnel has also been developed which can reduce the size and running cost significantly if compared with conventional wind tunnels. In this paper the main technical principles will be presented together with some conceptual sketches and initial results.

The assessment of the feasibility of designing, manufacturing, and operating middle-class innovative urban electric buses

Problem. City electric buses are increasingly being utilized for passenger transportation in developed countries worldwide. Currently, there are various types of city electric buses being manufactured and operated, differing in their autonomous electric energy sources and charging systems. These include the ONC type with overnight charging of traction batteries and the OS type with ultra-fast charging of traction batteries or supercapacitors during stops. However, these electric buses also vary in their body length, ranging from 5.85 to 15.0 meters for individual models. Although large-class city electric buses with a body length of approximately 12.0 meters are commonly used, concerns have been raised regarding their operational effectiveness. Goal: This study aims to evaluate the feasibility of designing and implementing small-scale production of competitive middle-class city electric buses with a body length of 8.0-10.0 meters at Ukrainian enterprises, and to assess their suitability for operation on city routes. Methodology: The feasibility evaluation of middle-class city electric buses is based on an analysis of the technical parameters of promising ONC-type middle-class city electric buses. The study includes the development of conceptual sketch projects based on a proposed layout scheme utilizing a 4x2.1 wheel formula. Operational parameters of these sketch projects are compared with electric bus analogues of similar and other standard sizes. Results: Three versions of conceptual sketch projects for promising urban electric buses of the ONC type, with body lengths of 8.0 meters, 9.0 meters, and 10.0 meters, have been developed. An analysis of their structural and operational parameters has been conducted, providing a relative assessment of the feasibility of their creation and utilization for passenger transportation on urban routes within domestic cities. Originality: The projects for promising middle-class urban electric buses are developed based on an original layout scheme, incorporating an asymmetrical arrangement of independent suspensions for the left and right wheels of the steering bridge, as well as the placement of two double passenger doors in the middle section of the bus bodies within the wheelbases. A method for determining the primary structural parameters of city electric buses of varying lengths during the development of conceptual proposals is proposed. Practical Value: The study presents a rational basis for creating and establishing the production of medium-class city electric buses of the ONC type, highlighting their operational and economic advantages compared to modern models, particularly large-class city electric buses produced by domestic companies. The study also provides recommendations for selecting optimal standard sizes of middle-class city electric buses for integration into urban passenger transportation systems in Ukraine's current stage of economic development

A study of the evaluation metrics for generative images containing combinational creativity

AbstractIn the field of content generation by machine, the state-of-the-art text-to-image model, DALL⋅E, has advanced and diverse capacities for the combinational image generation with specific textual prompts. The images generated by DALL⋅E seem to exhibit an appreciable level of combinational creativity close to that of humans in terms of visualizing a combinational idea. Although there are several common metrics which can be applied to assess the quality of the images generated by generative models, such as IS, FID, GIQA, and CLIP, it is unclear whether these metrics are equally applicable to assessing images containing combinational creativity. In this study, we collected the generated image data from machine (DALL⋅E) and human designers, respectively. The results of group ranking in the Consensual Assessment Technique (CAT) and the Turing Test (TT) were used as the benchmarks to assess the combinational creativity. Considering the metrics’ mathematical principles and different starting points in evaluating image quality, we introduced coincident rate (CR) and average rank variation (ARV) which are two comparable spaces. An experiment to calculate the consistency of group ranking of each metric by comparing the benchmarks then was conducted. By comparing the consistency results of CR and ARV on group ranking, we summarized the applicability of the existing evaluation metrics in assessing generative images containing combinational creativity. In the four metrics, GIQA performed the closest consistency to the CAT and TT. It shows the potential as an automated assessment for images containing combinational creativity, which can be used to evaluate the images containing combinational creativity in the relevant task of design and engineering such as conceptual sketch, digital design image, and prototyping image.

Modeling of a Zero CO2 and Zero Heat Pollution Compressed Air Engine for the Urban Transport Sector

Zero CO2 and Zero heat pollution compressed air engine for the urban transport sector is an engine design that is powered and lubricated solely by compressed air. In other to guarantee these functionalities for the engine design, its modeling was done following the mechanical engineering design method. This article highlights the creation of a mathematical model of the engine. This work covers the design synthesis and the analysis of the kinematics of the engine. For the design synthesis; FAST, GRAFCET and later one realization of conceptual sketches all deductions from the problem definition. With the sketches considered, the kinematics and dynamic formulations where later on realized. The design chosen highlight’s the external forces to come principally from an isothermal expansion process of the compressed air what is termed the expansion chamber of the engine. The analysis was done on the kinematics of the engine with considerations of some assumptions. This article ends with remarkable results as it concerns the engine’s simplicity and guaranteed high efficiency. These conclusions were drawn from the compact nature of the design, the low part count and the reduced displaceable masses which give little of no conflicting movements in the engine design.

A novel approach to combat the spread of coronavirus and other respiratory infections with the aid of a smart sanitizing respirator

A novel approach to combat the spread of coronavirus and other respiratory infections with the aid of a smart sanitizing respirator

Розробка систем оцінки ефективності команд із залучення-продажу нових клієнтів

In 2019 at IBM, it was found that there is a strong dependence on a few large banks in bank sales, and the growth targets of the sales division cannot be achieved due to the existing business with these same customers. To counteract this dependency, an NCA-specific sales team for the banking industry was established to support small and medium-sized banks with personal commitment and expertise and to develop them into long-term business partners of IBM. This research focuses on the development of a performance measurement system for NCA-Sales teams. It postulates the hypothesis that more effective and better-suited performance measurement systems can be developed for NCA-Sales of information technology towards financial institutions. Authors use the methodology of expert interviews and Mayrings qualitative content analysis to gain insights into the relevant factors that need to be considered when evaluating the performance of such sales teams. The paper identifies stakeholders, challenges, and goals that should be integrated into a performance measurement system as well as KPIs to measure them. The results are being consolidated into a conceptual sketch for an NCA-sales optimized PMS. The paper distinguishes itself from other research through an approach that gives detailed guidance for the practical implementation of its findings. The research was conducted with professionals in the IT sector; however, all of them were working for the same company, and the data was collected in the short span of one week as it was part of a research. The outcome can be used for further studies on how to effectively measure performance in NCA-Sales teams.

Cassava Mash Process Handling

Several efforts have been made to develop suitable indigenous machines for cassava processing; this attempt was made to make the cassava mash process more energy-efficient and to meet the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), aimed at poverty reduction over a stipulated period of time. A suitable machine was developed to handle cassava mash processing in High Quality Cassava Flour (HQCF) production. The development was done by using basic scientific outcomes, engineering discoveries, well-known principles and existing cassava mash handling practices in HQCF production. The development involves survey of existing methods, conceptual design sketches, components design, machine drawings, calculations, prototype fabrication and testing. The laboratory investigations were carried out on handling and materials interactions with the cassava mash containing starch and fibre. Mash flowability on steel, plywood and Aluminum was conducted. Resistance of cassava mash to applied pressure during filtration and expression dewatering was handled with steady volume reduction process. A pressure setting for first stage of dewatering was based on the back pressure crated by spring with a known force. Screw conveying capacity reduction creates pressure as a result of tapered shaft. The parameter settings were determined experimentally before the combination of the operating units. Results of test carried out gave a mash residing time of 7minutes. The emerging mash paste from the screening unit contains 57%mcwb from 72% mcwb cassava mash sample. Further movement of the mash paste was accomplished with continuous variable volume expression dewatering. The final obtained mash cake has a moisture content of 43-48% mcwb. The mash cake formation depends on the strength of the back up spring. Pulverization unit receives mash cake through gravity via conveying tube inclined at 45 degree. A high-speed size reduction unit breaks the mash cake into particles then allows it to flow out into a reciprocating sieve. The machine produces the desired mash of fine particles less than 1mm thickness ready for flash drying. The combined handling movements resulted in using small space, reducing unnecessary human handling, it eliminates drudgery. The prototype was powered with a single 35W electric motor there by minimizing the power requirement; the product obtained compared well with the existing HQCF mash data. The machine product could perform better than the local ones at a reasonable time when commercially adopted.

What will the future kitchen look like? An exploratory laboratory study of the future expectations of Chinese Generation Z

Understanding the expectations of future mainstream users will promote innovation in user studies and guide the process of producing original designs. With a focus on Chinese Generation Z, this paper focuses on the features of future kitchens as a case study with the aim of understanding the future expectations of the younger generation. An exploratory laboratory experiment was conducted to elicit users’ expectations via a setting the stage method involving 51 participants. The participants were asked to imagine the future kitchen and draw conceptual sketches of interactive interfaces. The results reveal a four-factor 17 index instrument for exploring the anticipated features of kitchens in terms of expansibility, sustainability, smart technology and interactivity, and emotional connection. The study develops a comprehensive model highlighting and describing the temporal aspects of future expectations. Valuable insights into the expectations of Chinese Generation Z are discussed, and important implications for the design of smart kitchens are proposed based on the results obtained.

Extracting datums to reconstruct CSG models from 2D engineering sketches of polyhedral shapes

Our goal is to automatically generate CAD 3D models from 2D sketches as part of a design chain where models should be procedural, containing features arranged in a model tree and linked to suitable datums. Current procedural models capture much about the design intent and are easy to edit, but must be created from scratch during the detailed design state—given conceptual sketches as used by designers in the early part of the design process, current sketch-based modeling approaches only output explicit models. Thus, we describe an approach to extract high-level information directly from 2D engineering wireframe sketches and use it to complete a CSG feature tree, which serves as a model tree for a procedural 3D CAD model.Our method extracts procedural model information directly from 2D sketches in the form of a set of features, plus a set of datums and relationships between these features. We detect and analyze features of 2D sketches in isolation, and define the CSG feature tree by the parent–child relationships between features, and combine this information to obtain a complete and consistent CSG feature tree that can be transferred to a 3D modeler, which reconstructs the model. This paper focuses on how to extract the feature datums and the extrusion operation from an input 2D sketch.

Design, Analysis, and Testing of a Hybrid VTOL Tilt-Rotor UAV for Increased Endurance

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have slowly but steadily emerged as a research and commercial hotspot because of their widespread applications. Due to their agility, compact size, and ability to integrate multiple sensors, they are mostly sought for applications that require supplementing human effort in risky and monotonous missions. Despite all of these advantages, rotorcrafts, in general, are limited by their endurance and power-intensive flight requirements, which consequently affect the time of flight and operational range. On the other hand, fixed-wing aircrafts have an extended range, as the entire thrust force is along the direction of motion and are inherently more stable but are limited by their takeoff and landing strip requirements. One of the potential solutions to increase the endurance of VTOL rotorcrafts (Vertical Take-Off and Landing Vehicles) was to exploit the thrust vectoring ability of the individual actuators in multi-rotors, which would enable take-off and hovering as a VTOL vehicle and flight as a fixed-wing aircraft. The primary aim of this paper is to lay out the overall design process of a Hybrid VTOL tilt-rotor UAV from the initial conceptual sketch to the final fabricated prototype. The novelty of the design lies in achieving thrust vectoring capabilities in a fixed-wing platform with minimum actuation and no additional control complexity. This paper presents novel bi-copter that has been designed to perform as a hybrid configuration in both VTOL and fixed wing conditions with minimum actuators in comparison to existing designs. The unified dynamic modelling along with the approximation of multiple aerodynamic coefficients by numerical simulations is also presented. The overall conceptual design, dynamic modeling, computational simulation, and experimental analysis of the novel hybrid fixed-wing bi-copter with thrust vectoring capabilities aiming to substantially increase the flight range and endurance compared to the conventional aircraft rotorcraft configurations are presented.

‘Plurality-Empathetic’ Christians: Rethinking Religious Education in Poland

Presently, Poland appears to be a vital stronghold of Catholicism in the international arena. It appears to be a homogeneous society, that remains to be hermetically sealed and not available for people from other countries with different cultural and religious background (e.g. fear of Muslim immigrants from the Middle East). However, it does not change the fact that the processes taking place in the deepest structures of the Polish society, not only has a strong secularisation tendency, but also indicates the fact that pluralism is not a new or marginal phenomenon but rather increasing annually. From this perspective, this paper will highlight notonly a better and more effective operationalisation of the practical theology assumptions with regards to the socio-cultural and religious pluralism, but also it indicates the new ways of implementing interreligious education, within the formal religiouseducation in Poland. The paper presents a conceptual sketch of the changes in the religious education in Poland, in that religious education should meet the children and young people’s needs. Furthermore, religious education should be deeply anchored in their everyday life and shape the ‘pluralist-emphathetic’ young Christians and citizens who will support the religious dialogue and the functioning of the state, Europe and the world ‘without stakes’.

ANALISIS PERANCANGAN SISTEM INFORMASI AKUNTANSI PENGGAJIAN PADA YAYASAN MASJID NURUL HUDA JATIWARINGIN

This research was conducted at Yayasan Masjid Nurul Huda Jatiwaringin which is an institution that moves in the education field. The purpose of this study is to find out and evaluate the payroll accounting information system that is running on the Yayasan Masjid Nurul Huda Jatiwaringin and to provide an alternative design of payroll accounting information system at Yayasan Masjid Nurul Huda Jatiwaringin. The data used in this study are primary data obtained directly from the Nurul Huda Mosque Foundation Jatiwaringin and secondary data obtained in the form that is already in the form of publication. The analytical tool used in this research is a qualitative descriptive analysis tool by conducting system analysis, which then proceeds with a conceptual design sketch by designing a flowchart, Data Flow Diagram (DFD), Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD), and Normalization. After that proceed to the physical design stage but only limited to the design of database design, input and output design. Based on the results of the study the authors found that the salary system run by the foundation is less effective because there is still a double task on the treasurer, and also the document sheet used still does not meet the needs of the system. In addition, the absence of authorization activities of employee attendance list performed by the timekeeping function and outgoing cash proof documents has not been authorized by the accounting function. Furthermore, the authors designed a payroll accounting information system that is able to overcome the weaknesses and shortcomings.