Concept Mapping Research Articles

Addressing Underscreening for Cervical Cancer among South Asian Women: Using Concept Mapping to Compare Service Provider and Service User Perspectives of Cervical Screening in Ontario, Canada

Cervical cancer is largely preventable through screening and treatment of cervical lesions. In the province of Ontario, South Asian women have some of the lowest rates of screening. The roles of service providers—those in healthcare and community services—and their interactions with screen-eligible people can greatly impact the uptake of screening. In our study, we used concept mapping (CM) to engage over 70 South Asian service users (i.e., those eligible for cervical screening) and service providers to identify a range of ideas and experiences that impact uptake of cervical screening for South Asian women, which were then rated by 45 participants in terms of ‘importance’ and ‘ease to address’ to encourage participation in cervical screening. Overall, ideas related to knowledge and education were rated as most important and easiest to address by both groups. Some differences were seen with South Asian service users valuing the importance of addressing ‘cultural beliefs and influences specific to sexual health’ more than service providers, while service providers valued the importance of addressing ‘lack of comfort and supportive relationships’ more than South Asian service users. Future interventions should target the knowledge and education needs of service users and increase service providers’ awareness of cultural beliefs and influences specific to sexual health.

Digital risk: a systematic multivocal literature review

ABSTRACT Crime rates in digital spaces are rising each year, involving increasingly innovative attack methods that organizations are unable to handle, or prepare for, with their obsolete management structures. This paper presents a Multivocal Literature Review in which expertise is collected from the academia and industry on how Digital Risk is perceived, interpreted and handled. Findings from the analysis of 82 selected works, out of an initial set of 519, support the necessity of a paradigm shift in Risk Management to appropriately counter the vulnerabilities specific to digitalization and to abolish the existing siloed organizational approach in favor of a more holistic, cooperative system where individuals are empowered to make decisions and oversight is specialized and dedicated. After analyzing the definitions, compositions, domain contextualizations and organizational structurings attributed to Digital Risk in the literature, a new definition for this concept is proposed, accompanied by a conceptual map and a diagram for structural changes in organizations, to provide an understanding of the area and a contribution to the theoretical foundations of Digital Risk, so that better solutions can be pursued in the future, improving the effectiveness of Risk Management practices in modern organizations.

Fostering clinical judgment in prelicensure nursing: utilizing a concept map template

BackgroundThe National Council State Boards of Nursing (NCSBN) clinical judgment model (CJM) is integral to prelicensure nursing education, necessitating consistent strategies to develop students’ clinical judgment. Effective strategies should guide students’ decision-making, emphasize priorities, and support deep learning. InnovationThis article introduces a mapping template aligned with the NSCBN CJM, facilitating a systematic approach to clinical judgment. The template offers visual organization, specific actions for each step, and prompts for critical thinking. ImplicationsThe mapping template can enhance student engagement, repetition of concepts, and reflective learning to support clinical judgment consistently across a prelicensure nursing curriculum. Faculty can integrate it into various teaching contexts, clinical instructors can assess students’ decision-making in real-life situations, and students can employ it for independent study. ConclusionsConsistent use of the mapping template fosters a common language, reinforces CJM steps, and serves as a formative assessment tool. Integrating the template into prelicensure nursing education aligns with best practices for developing clinical judgment.

Exploring and prioritizing content to include in a medication self-management toolkit for persons with spinal cord injury/dysfunction: A concept mapping approach.

Adults with spinal cord injury/dysfunction (SCI/D) face challenges with medications they take to manage their secondary conditions (e.g., pain, urinary tract infections, autonomic dysreflexia). With many healthcare providers typically involved in care, there are additional challenges with care fragmentation and self-management. Prior research emphasized the desire for more support with medication self-management among this population. To explore what content should be included in a medication self-management resource (i.e., toolkit) for adults with SCI/D, as well as considerations for delivery from the perspectives of adults with SCI/D, caregivers, healthcare providers, and representatives from community organizations. A concept mapping study was conducted. Participants took part in one or more of three activities: brainstorming; sorting and rating; and mapping. Participants generated ideas about the content to include in a medication self-management toolkit. Participants sorted the statements into conceptual piles and assigned a name to each. All statements were rated on a five-point Likert-type scale on importance and realistic to include in the toolkit. Participants decided on the final cluster map, rearranged statements, and assigned a name to each cluster to create visual representations of the data. Forty-four participants took part in this study. The final map contained eight clusters: 1) information-sharing and communication; 2) healthcare provider interactions and involvement; 3) peer and community connections; 4) supports and services for accessing prescription medications and medication information; 5) information on non-prescription medication and medication supplies; 6) safety and lifestyle considerations; 7) general medication information; and 8) practical information and strategies related to medication-taking. Safety and lifestyle considerations was rated as the most important and realistic to include in the toolkit. Given the limited tools to help adults with SCI/D with managing their medications, there is great potential to better support this population across all areas of medication self-management.

‘Vaping is a break from all of that’: Exploring attitudes, harm perceptions, cessation barriers and social dynamics among people who vape

Objective: Vaping, initially a smoking cessation aid, is now a widespread recreational activity sometimes associated with perceived health concerns. This study explored attitudes, harm perceptions and cessation barriers in the context of participants’ vaping behaviours, guided by the theoretical lens of fundamental social causes. Design and Setting: The study focused on a subset of 571 current adult vapers from a larger survey investigating vaping attitudes. It analysed open-text survey responses relating to vaping behaviours. To analyse the responses, we employed layered analyses, using deductive conceptual mapping to inform an inductive thematic content analysis. Results: Participants mentioned nuanced vaping risks, citing cancer and respiratory concerns, often comparing them to tobacco’s well-known harmful effects. Despite acknowledging vaping’s potential harms, participants perceived the practice to be less harmful than smoking, emphasising relative safety. Some viewed vaping positively for former smokers, contingent on regulated products. This complex attitude balance reflected the intricate interplay between health concerns and social dynamics. Recurrent vaping symbolised consistent engagement, with cravings and widespread availability associated with quitting challenges. Conclusions: Participants’ nuanced perceptions of health risks reflect a harm duopoly, resembling illicit drug harm tiering. There is a complex interplay between health knowledge and social influences in the context of vaping behaviours. Study findings underscore the need for messaging interventions discouraging vaping among those who do not smoke tobacco to consider these health and social dynamics, leveraging collaborative design.

Health economics and services research in symbiosis: STREAMLINEing mental health services in Austria

Abstract Objectives The cost of mental diseases exceeds 4% of GDP in Europe. In Austria, every 5th person lives with mental ill-health (MIH). Ongoing epidemiological, demographic and societal changes increase the need for easily accessible, better integrated and good value services. In STREAMLINE, we combine, harmonize and implement the latest methods in human service mapping and economic costing to optimize future service provision and financing for MIH in Austria. Methods We comprehensively assess the availability, activity and affordability of human services targeting MIH in Vienna within the health and social care, education, labour and justice sectors based on a conceptual mind map. We identify services through extensive literature, document and web searches plus expert consultations. Services are mapped and costed according to the European PECUNIA methods: classification of the main service types using the international DESDE taxonomy of human services; development of Reference Unit Costs using the PECUNIA RUC templates with primary data; validation of the results with secondary data; compilation of a comprehensive multi-sectoral service catalogue; and synthesis for spatial and policy analyses. Results We identified 756 sources, 75% individual organisations, 5% multi-organisations and 20% existing provider lists. 84% relate to health and social care, 10% labour, and 3% education and justice sectors each. 58% deliver care to adults, 37% to children & adolescents, and 5% support carers. Further service mapping and RUCs will be presented. Discussion STREAMLINE pioneers in coordinated public mental health services and economics research at scale. Assessed levels of fragmentation call for better integration, improved transition, reduced spatial inequity and increased support for carers. Results increase the feasibility of service evaluations from a societal perspective. Planned public service atlas facilitates information and access for service users and carers. Funding: WWTF Key messages • New methods for harmonized health services and economics research allow comprehensive information for optimized future mental health service planning and financing. • Assessed levels of fragmentation highlight the need for better integration, improved transition, reduced spatial inequity and increased support for carers.

Daily vulnerability and disaster resilience: a case study of preferred community assets and social capital for Latinx coastal residents

PurposeThis study explores how marginalized populations in high-hazard-risk areas on the Oregon coast utilize valued locations and social networks to adapt to daily challenges and natural hazards.Design/methodology/approachWe hypothesize that locations most valued for their associated resources (community assets) also support the most social capital. Focus group discussions and a novel conceptual mapping activity were employed to identify preferred community assets and associated social capital for Latinx residents.FindingsCommunity-based organizations, churches and schools are the preferred community assets found to enable strong social capital, although differences existed in which forms of structural social capital were identified. Mechanisms by which relationships are formed in this case study and implications for disaster resilience are discussed and theoretically linked to other relevant contexts.Research limitations/implicationsWe provide policy recommendations to utilize community assets and social capital to support disaster resilience for marginalized populations.Originality/valueRecruitment of participants through a community-engaged process developed trust with Latinx community members. Focus group design addressed barriers to participation to create space for diverse perspectives. By applying social capital theory to this data, actionable insights are identified to better incorporate the values and needs of marginalized groups into disaster risk reduction efforts.

Examinatıon of Assessment and Evaluation Elements in 5th, 6th and 7th Grade Social Studies Middle School Textbooks

Textbooks are the most fundamental educational materials. For these materials to be effectively used, they need to be relevant to the era we live in. In this context, since 2004, the content of textbooks in Turkey has been prepared within the framework of constructivist education, aiming to enhance students’ cognitive, affective, and psychomotor skills. This study examines the assessment and evaluation elements within Social Studies textbooks to determine their alignment with constructivist education and the specific skills they target for students. The research analyzes assessment components found in six different textbooks approved by the Ministry of National Education (MEB). Within these textbooks, the assessment elements related to seven learning approaches—such as preparatory questions, in-text questions, activities, end-of-text evaluations, self-assessment, peer assessment, concept maps, end-of-unit assessment questions, and group self-assessment—are classified and studied from a constructivist perspective. Using a qualitative research design, document analysis is employed to identify assessment elements and link them to skills consistent with constructivist education. Finally, a comparative evaluation reveals differences between textbooks at different educational levels, contributing to the literature on the relationship between assessment elements and constructivist education in Social Studies textbooks.

Conceptual Mappings of Metaphorical Euphemisms in Ekegusii Circumcision Ceremonies

Conceptual mappings are a key tenet of the Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) and are sets of systematic correspondences between the source and target domains. As observed in the relevant literature, it is argued that metaphors establish a conceptual link between a source and target concept such that the target domain is understood through a source domain. As a result, the correspondences are constrained by different mapping scopes which help avoid the transfer of just any kind of feature from the source to the target concept. In this study, we sought to examine the conceptual mappings of metaphorical euphemisms in Ekegusii Circumcision Ceremonies. The study analyzed the conceptual mappings of metaphorical euphemisms used in EC based on the essentials of cognitive metaphor analysis and principles of Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT). The metaphor-related words (MRWs) identified using the Metaphor Identification Procedure (MIPVU) were subjected to conceptual analysis using the CMT. The conceptualization of the target domain euphemisms was obtained through projections in the source domain such as objects, animals, plants, and human beings. In this view, the study identified the following four generic metaphors in Ekegusii Circumcision Discourse; Circumcision is a Human being, Circumcision is an Animal, Circumcision is a Plant and Circumcision is an Object. The study employed a descriptive research design. A combined method of elicitation and the native speaker’s intuition was used to collect culture-specific metaphorical euphemisms through Focus Group Discussions (FGDs). The quantitative data on the other hand was analyzed using the statistical Package for Social Sciences which is; Chi-square at a significant level of 0.05 was employed to test the association between the overall cross-tabulated corpus of the generic level metaphors versus the influence of demographic variables on the usage of euphemisms in Ekegusii Circumcision ceremonies. The findings of this study not only contribute to the existing literature in cognitive linguistics but also indicate that Ekegusii speakers conceptualize circumcision through metaphorical euphemisms. The findings of this study are of benefit to the ethnographers and metaphor theorists for further reference.

The concept map as a tool for analyzing museum objects

AbstractThis paper discusses using the concept map to study museum objects. The tool's original purpose, which was created in the 1970s by Joseph Novak, was to graphically represent the construction of knowledge of scientific topics by learners, particularly children. Concept maps start from the premise that new knowledge is always built on previous knowledge and allow the representation, organization, and relationship between concepts, which are seen as the primary elements of knowledge. Novak recognized that its potential is insufficiently explored and encouraged its application in different disciplines and fields that deal with concepts and their relationships. This incentive led the Museum of Astronomy and Related Sciences (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) to adopt the concept map on an experimental basis to analyze objects in its collection. At first, the tool sought to emphasize the conceptual potential of museum objects and shed more light on their trajectory in time and space and the numerous possible connections with events, institutions, concepts, people, and other objects. In the initial experimental phase, the maps were included in papers presented at academic events and discussed with professionals dedicated to science and technology collections and other specialists in Museology and Information Science. In the second stage, maps began to be produced in greater numbers and on demand, focusing on objects selected for a temporary exhibition. Based on the assumption that museum objects are both unique and representative of a class of objects that share the same name and function, the maps constructed were based on Ingetraut Dahlberg's Theory of Concept, which distinguishes between general and individual objects and concepts.

The benefits of the dairy value chain to inclusive sustainable development in European highlands: a systems thinking approach

This research investigates the benefits of the dairy value chain beyond food provision, and its contribution to inclusive sustainable development (ISDH) in European highlands. Transdisciplinary teams interviewed and analysed 11 cases related to the dairy value chain sourced from three highland regions in Europe: Alps (Austria, France, Italy), Massif Central (France), Pyrenees (Spain). Actors interviewed were farmers, cooperatives, retailers and associations. A systems thinking approach was applied to develop a conceptual map (Causal Loop Diagram, CLD) describing the contribution of the dairy value chain to ISDH, through the interpretation of the viewpoints of interviewed actors. For each case, the factors contributing to ISDH were identified, then clustered within related topics. Topics from all the cases were used to develop a CLD, and subsystems and leverage points identified. Six interconnected subsystems were identified: local resources, environment, dairy production, collaboration, supply chain and socio-economic. Four leverage points were also identified: public subsidies, feed autonomy, certification of product, and added value. In conclusion, the dairy value chain provides the following benefits aligned with the dimensions of ISDH: landscape maintenance and ecosystem services, quality of dairy products and added value, inclusive governance for actors, reduction of environmental impact, and local development. This model delivers a decision-making tool for the actors involved in the dairy value chain, to prioritise strategic interventions.

Comparison of Surgery test scores using Concept Maps and Interactive Lectures among the Undergraduate Medical Students

Objective: Concept Maps (CM) aid in the acquisition of new information, and comprehend prior knowledge with better retention. Their use is not explored in undergraduate surgical education in our country, hence this study aimed to compare the surgery test scores of undergraduate medical students taught by concept maps and interactive lectures. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was carried out at the Department of Surgery, at a Private University Hospital among 60 students of fourth year MBBS from 2017-2018. The students were divided into Group-A taught by interactive lectures and Group-B taught by CM. Post class Multiple Choice Questions test was taken and scores were compared for immediate effects on knowledge and short term knowledge retention using the Unpaired t- test. A P-value of < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Our study reported a mean test score of 19.5 (2.75 ± 0.49) for the Group-A, while 21.1 (3.49 ± 0.65) for Group-B with a negative t value of 2.003 with a significant p-value of 0.05. This showed that the test scores of Group-A were lower than the scores of Group-B. Conclusions: Concept Maps is an effective and promising way to give learners better understanding of complex concepts in short amounts of time. providing valuable evidence for instituting the use of concept maps as a continuous teaching strategy for medical students. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.40.10.10526 How to cite this: Masood Z, Jawaid M, Aly SM, Muhammad Z. Comparison of Surgery test scores using Concept Maps and Interactive Lectures among the Undergraduate Medical Students. Pak J Med Sci. 2024;40(10):2305-2308. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.40.10.10526 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Scaffolding patient agency: Conceptualising readers' cognitive work in the comic gutter.

A life-limiting illness can erode an individual's positive sense of self. Storytelling can help counteract this, through scaffolding patients' agency and supporting them in acting to change something which matters to them. This article explains how visual stories - comics - are used within the PATCHATT intervention to support the redevelopment of a person's agential self. Through the provision of a conceptual map, this article explores the gutter as a liminal space, arguing for the importance of the deep reader engagement which takes place there. It uses Bob's comic, a story used within PATCHATT, to explore how reflexivity and imagination work together within the liminal space of the gutter to stimulate and enhance palliative care patients' agential change leadership. It concludes by considering the implications of the argument put forward for palliative care practice.

Understanding mealtime behavioral problems in nursing home residents living with dementia: a group concept mapping approach

BackgroundPersons with dementia frequently experience mealtime behavioral problems that can result in reduced or lack of intake of food or fluids. Multiple underlying causes and expressions of mealtime behavioral problems complicate its interpretation and intervention, because problems originating from cognitive and functional decline and behavioral changes may interact. Healthcare professionals and family caregivers may encounter a variety of practical and moral dilemmas in dealing with these problems. We aimed at a better understanding of mealtime behavioral problems and related complex issues in nursing home residents with dementia from a daily practice perspective.MethodsWe used a mixed-method Group Concept Mapping approach in this study, and collected data online with a panel of 67 healthcare professionals, researchers and relatives from across The Netherlands. The participants contributed to either or all of the following phases: (1) the generation of ideas (brainstorm), (2) sorting, and (3) rating of the ideas. Subsequent phases included data analysis with Groupwisdom® software and interpretation of the results. Multidimensional scaling and hierarchical cluster analysis resulted in a concept map visualizing the coherence and importance of ideas. Bridging values were calculated, with low values indicating a distinct, clear concept.ResultsBrainstorming resulted in 285 statements representing 85 ideas. The concept map visualized three categories capturing ten clusters which describe the management of mealtime behavioral problems, causes of mealtime behavioral problems, and expressions and interpretations of mealtime behavioral problems. Concepts reflecting direct consequences, ethical components, and considerations to handle challenging situations overlapped on the concept map with the highest bridging values (range 0.58–0.87).ConclusionThis study added to unraveling the complex nature of mealtime behavioral problems, as perceived in practice. It is recommended to comprehensively analyze all components in the management of these problems, in particular being aware of ethical factors and align care for residents with dementia accordingly.

Towards making EIA more human-centric: Demonstration in Nepal of a values crystallization approach to capture local shared values for scoping use

Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) are a critical component of planning and decision-making processes before projects are conducted, because they are used to forecast and inform mitigation of potential impacts on the local community, including its social, physical, and natural environments. Current EIA processes predominantly focus on issues that can be directly measured using objective methods, with mostly tokenistic inadequate use of suites of qualitative methodologies needed for identification and documentation of issues relating to community shared values. On the other hand, protests and tensions are known to easily arise which are related to such human values-based issues not being addressed. In this pragmatic study, a method is demonstrated which can bridge this gap, by capturing local community shared values in a well-defined manner and short time. The approach, called WeValue InSitu, enables local communities to construct their own bespoke group shared values statements in a specialized crystallization process, with outputs which are well-articulated proto-indicators. In this study we compare the outputs from two existing scoping reports of EIA in Nepal with the outputs from the values crystallization approach which we conducted with ten groups in a village in Nepal, and show that the latter brings out many more, and more localised, shared values of the community, and additionally reveals underlying interrelationships between values, producing conceptual maps for planning effective mitigations. Future studies can investigate whether the achievements of this method offer any advantages to existing qualitative methods in improving EIA-SIA scoping, and/or whether the hegemony of objectivism of institutions and proponents is an unsurmountable barrier.

Factors impacting curricula in maritime simulator-based education

AbstractThe International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification, and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW) provides a foundational framework for maritime education and training (MET). However, variations in its interpretation across different nations and institutions lead to diverse teaching practices and strategies. This diversity stems from differences in national regulations, resources, cultures, and the perspectives of institutions and instructors. This study introduces a concept map to scaffold the key concepts influencing maritime simulator-based education. By examining both the education system and student factors, the concept map offers insights into these various factors through observations from simulator-based teaching sessions and discussions with maritime educators and students. This tool can help identify differences and highlight good practices. It is a valuable resource for stakeholders, promoting a novel approach to developing an effective, comprehensive, coherent maritime simulator-based education.

Using concept mapping to co-create implementation strategies to address maternal-child food insecurity during the first 1000 days of life.

Food insecurity (FI) has short- and long-term effects on maternal and child health, with persistent inequities within under-resourced communities of colour (e.g., Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Black). Interventions to mitigate maternal-child FI must engage the voices of under-resourced communities of colour to improve implementation and tackle socio-ecological drivers of inequities, leading to positive maternal-child outcomes. This exploratory sequential mixed-methods study aimed to co-create implementation strategies to tailor a culturally sensitive intervention to address FI during the first 1000 days of life in under-resourced communities of colour in Las Vegas. A Community Advisory Board (CAB) engaged in a two-step participatory process. First, through the concept mapping, hierarchical cluster analysis organized 125 strategies into seven thematic areas: policy and advocacy, access to food and resources, built environment, education across systems, social and peer support, cultural congruency and trust, and wellness and mental health. Second, through consensus-building, strategies were combined by similarity (n = 94) and excluded if unrelated to health and nutrition (n = 9). The CAB reached a consensus on 22 strategies classified across three socio-ecological levels. Examples of strategies at the community level (n = 16) included increasing utilization of federal nutrition assistance programmes; at the service level (n = 4), integrating FI screenings and referral coordination systems across services; and at the individual level (n = 2), providing mentorship, education, and support for families and moms. The co-creation of a culturally sensitive intervention to reduce inequities in maternal-child FI during the first 1000 days of life requires multi-level strategies across three socio-ecological levels in under-resourced communities of colour in Las Vegas.

Student engagement and accountability in flipped and traditional classrooms: A comparison of concept map and question and answer homework strategies

Flipped classroom structures are increasingly prevalent in higher education and facilitating student preparation is a necessary ingredient to maximize effectiveness of the approach. This research expanded upon a yearlong pilot study comparing two types of accountability homework in flipped and traditionally structured first year master’s level healthcare classrooms. Outcome measures included perceived learning, satisfaction, and usefulness of concept maps (CM) versus question-answer-rationale (QAR) homework. Study sample ( n = 77) participants were randomly assigned to either CM or QAR homework group for a period of 4 weeks. Then, participants completed the alternate homework type for a subsequent 4 weeks. Findings indicated that perceived learning, satisfaction, and usability of the method was significantly greater in the CM group as compared to the QAR group in both traditional and flipped classrooms. The use of accountability homework assignments is discussed for both classroom types.

A strategic evaluation of BIM-driven information management in the context of ISO 19650-2 standard

PurposeThis paper presents an in-depth evaluation of BIM-driven information management in the context of ISO 19650-2. The study aimed to understand and evaluate the existing mechanisms and the recommended activities and tasks of collaborative information management, particularly as the Turkish AEC organizations are currently implementing ISO 19650-2.Design/methodology/approachThe study employed a qualitative research design based on information management stages of ISO 19650-2. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with purposefully selected professionals. The framework analyses were made with MAXQDA through conceptual coding to identify current drivers, challenges and incentives for BIM-driven information management. The frequencies of common themes, required tasks and semantic relationships were reported systematically and interpreted to provide a conceptual implementation map, practical insights and actionable recommendations.FindingsThe study results encompass strategies for establishing new tasks and implementation procedures to uphold business value by aligning information management standards with evolving project requirements, providing detailed and responsive EIRs, early use of CDEs, compliant production methods, clarity of roles and responsibilities, increased organizational capacity and capabilities, sustained planning and production quality and leveraging lessons learned.Originality/valueThe study provides evidence-based arguments and strategic insights for BIM-driven information management, focusing on the current implementation compatibilities with ISO 19650-2. Findings and discussions highlight the necessity of industry-wide transformations, reengineered activities/tasks and compliant information flows, which are crucial for adopting ISO 19650-2 and the formulation of national annex documents.

Understanding the Constraints Shaping Women’s Intentions to Stop Playing Community Sport

This study explored the types of constraints that inhibit women’s participation in community basketball. It investigated whether the perception of these constraints changes at different ages to understand how this impacts one’s intention to leave the sport of basketball. A mixed-methods approach was used. In phase 1, Concept Mapping examined the types of constraints faced by Australian women community basketball players. In phase 2, quantitative survey data were analyzed to understand how age and the constraints identified from phase 1 impacted on women’s intention to leave basketball. Results demonstrated that key types of constraints are a lack of playing opportunities and gender discrimination. Younger women were more likely to intend to leave basketball when they reported higher incidences of these constraints, indicating that they are more difficult to negotiate. Sport organizations must increase playing opportunities for young women and eradicate nuanced gender discrimination to improve the retention of younger women.