Conceptual Incongruity Research Articles

Exploring and understanding perceived relationships between doctoral students and their supervisors in China

Fit in supervisory relationships is crucial for doctoral students’ outcomes, where supervisory relationships are influenced by cultural and disciplinary contexts. This article qualitatively explores fit or misfit between students’ perceptions and those of their supervisors on supervisory relationships in STEM in the cultural context of Chinese Confucianism. Considered through the lens of person-supervisor fit, two dimensions, consisting of four distinctions of supervisor-doctoral student fit or misfit in supervisory relationships, are identified: (1) a conceptual dimension consisting of supplementary fit or misfit; and (2) a practical dimension consisting of complementary fit or misfit. Supplementary fit is illustrated through three conceptual congruences regarding the nature of doctoral learning, students’ dispositions and the modelling and nurturing roles of supervisors. The term supplementary misfit refers to a conceptual incongruence regarding supervisors’ familial roles, which demonstrates contradictions between sustained cultural influences and the present-day academic profession. Complementary fit includes needs–supplies fit and demands–abilities fit, which bear disciplinary characteristics in modern STEM doctoral education. Complementary misfit refers to supervisors’ strict practices as against students’ demands for autonomy. This article advances the application of the person-supervisor fit perspective in STEM doctoral supervision and contributes to the understanding of disciplinary and cultural influences on the present-day academic supervisory relationships in China.

12 ДАОСКИ НЕДОРАЗУМЕНИЯ В ПРАКТИКАТА НА ТАЙДЗИЦЮАН (ТАЙ ЧИ)

The teaching of the Tao permeates all attempts to reach reality in Chinese philosophy, culture, worldview, and everyday life. It would be expected that the understanding of this teaching would be particularly close to the traditional practices that have their origin close to the insights regarding the Way. The wide popularity of Tai chi /taijiquan/ today does not make its practice more authentic or truthful. Instead, it seems to be yet another reason for the “elusive and intangible”2 Tao to remain hidden and hard to grasp (Lao Dza 1990, 21). We will attempt to briefly summarize twelve conceptual incongruities that are the reason for the popular Tai chi to lose its roots.

The effect of incongruous contextual cues on pictorial metaphor processing.

An eye-tracking experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of incongruous contextual cues, both perceptual and conceptual, on pictorial metaphor processing. In a metaphoricity decision task, 38 participants independently viewed a total of 36 pictures equally divided into three different conditions: metaphoric pictures (MP), anomalous literal pictures (ALP) with perceptual congruity, and congruous literal pictures (LP). By initiating the midway condition ALP, the effect of contextual cues of conceptual incongruity were distinguished from that of perceptual incongruity. The eye movement data during each picture viewing were collected before the participant made a decision whether the picture was metaphorical or not. The behavioral results showed that the more abundant incongruous contextual cues were there, the more likely the pictures would be judged as metaphors. It took longer for the participants to make decisions on the literal pictures, be them in congruous or incongruous condition. The results of eye-tracking statistics showed that the perceptual incongruity cues were detected earlier than the conceptual ones. The perceptual-conceptual incongruity cues evoked more fixations and longer duration than the perceptual incongruity alone. The processing of conceptual incongruity proceeded after that of perceptual incongruity. The overall result of the study supports the contextual cues of perceptual incongruity as triggers for pictorial metaphor processing, whereas the contextual cues of conceptual incongruity play a decisive role in the metaphoric interpretation, which in turn renders the processing of MP more mental effort consuming than that of ALP or LP. The present findings have vital implications in revealing the triggering and determining mechanisms of pictorial metaphor processing, which are significant in exploring human cognition and have great impacts on various facets of social and cultural communications.

The Big Short's Incoherence, Documentary Aesthetics, and Use of Direct Address

<i>The Big Short</i>'s Incoherence, Documentary Aesthetics, and Use of Direct Address

Argumentative essays and conceptual incongruities: students mediated by identity and interdisciplinarity

ABSTRACT Characterized by specific and rigid boundaries of institutional practices and expectations in the academy, student writing is a synergistic literacy practice where students are required to construct generically diverse texts by yoking concepts with appropriate linguistic resources. This empirical study involving 196 first-year ESL students at a university in Sri Lanka explores why conceptual incongruities occur in argumentative essays constructed by them, and how they defend their arguments. We analyzed all their timed essays and noticed that 72 out of them contained conceptual incongruities. By “conceptual incongruities, we refer to instances where students” conceptualization process is not aligned or coherent with the essay topic. For our analysis of student texts, we have introduced two social cognitive perspectives: untutored competencies and tutored competencies. The former includes inherited, social, and ideological identities emerging from societal epistemologies whereas disciplinarity and interdisciplinarity constitute the latter. This empirical research demonstrates how students’ conceptualization process is mediated by a labyrinthine repertoire of knowledge premised in students’ untutored competencies and tutored competencies, signaling deviations from their essay topic.

Translating legal terminology and phraseology: between inter-systemic incongruity and multilingual harmonization

ABSTRACT As central aspects of legal translation practice and research, legal terminology and phraseology are a prominent area of inquiry in Legal Translation Studies (LTS). This introductory paper reviews the varying conditions and challenges of dealing with conceptual incongruity in inter-systemic legal translation, on the one hand, and the implications of ensuring harmonization and consistency in multilingual legal texts through institutional translation, on the other. These endeavors are compounded by the significant hybridity and polysemy of legal terminology, as multiple intersections co-exist between legal orders, legal fields and other specialized domains, and between legal and general language. As illustrated by this special issue, corpus-based methodologies have proven particularly fruitful approaches to investigating these issues. They support the description of terminological and phraseological features of legal genres, as well as the acceptability analysis required to make translation decisions and to elaborate lexicographical resources in line with legal and institutional translators’ needs.

A Facilitatory Effect of Perceptual Incongruity on Target-Source Matching in Pictorial Metaphors of Chinese Advertising: EEG Evidence.

Using evoked response potentials, we investigated the implicit detection of incongruity during target-source matching in pictorial metaphors of Chinese advertising. Participants saw an image of a product (the target in a visual metaphorical relationship), and then made a same-different judgment in response to a second image (the source in a visual metaphorical relationship) which was (in)congruous to the first image in terms of shape and/or function. We collected behavioral (button-press reaction time and accuracy), and neural (N270, delta and theta band activity) measures. The time-frequency analysis showed faster processing of incongruous visual information. Moreover, shape and conceptual incongruity were associated with increased N270 amplitude as well as delta (1-3 Hz) and theta (4-8 Hz) band power. Noticeably, compared with conceptual incongruity, shape incongruity evoked a larger N270 amplitude and stronger delta and theta band oscillation. In addition, the average topographical analysis revealed a frontal and central distribution of the power activity. The analysis of attitudes towards the advertising metaphor pictures also proved the supportive role played by incongruity. In conclusion, incongruity facilitates target-source matching in pictorial metaphors of Chinese advertising. The findings obtained from the study are important to metaphor designs of advertising pictures.

The N400/FN400 and Lateralized Readiness Potential Neural Correlates of Valence and Origin of Words' Affective Connotations in Ambiguous Task Processing.

Recent behavioral studies revealed an interesting phenomenon concerning the influence of affect on the interpretation of ambiguous stimuli. In a paradigm, where the participants’ task was to read a word, remember its meaning for a while, and then choose one of two pictorial-alphabet-like graphical signs best representing the word sense, we observed that the decisions involving trials with reflective-originated verbal stimuli were performed significantly longer than decisions concerning other stimuli (i.e., automatic-originated). The origin of an affective reaction is a dimension which allows speaking of an affect as automatic (you feel it in your guts) or reflective (you feel it comes from your mind). The automatic affective reaction represents the immediate and inescapable as opposed to the reflective, i.e., the delayed and controllable affective responses to stimuli. In the current experiment, we investigated the neural correlates of performance in an QR-signs-selection ambiguous task. We found the effects of valence and origin in the N400/FN400 potential by means of a stimuli-locked analysis of the initial part of the task, that is, the remembering of a certain word stimulus in a working memory. The N400/FN400 effects were separated in space on scalp distribution. Reflective originated stimuli elicited more negative FN400 than other conditions, which means that such stimuli indeed are associated with conceptual incongruence or higher affective complexity of meaning, but distinct from purely cognitive concreteness. Moreover, the amplitude of the potential preceding the decision, analyzed in the response-locked way, was shaped by the origin of an affective state but not valence. Trials involving decisions concerning reflective-originated words were characterized by a more negative amplitude than trials involving automatic-originated and control word stimuli. This corresponds to the observed pattern of response latencies, where we found that latencies for reflective stimuli were longer than for automatic originated or control ones. Additionally, this study demonstrates that the proposed new ambiguous paradigm is useful in studies concerning the influence of affect on decisions.

Solution of weakly compressible isothermal flow in landfill gas collection networks

Pipe networks collecting gas in sanitary landfills operate under the regime of a weakly compressible isothermal flow of ideal gas. The effect of compressibility has been traditionally neglected in this application in favour of simplicity, thereby creating a conceptual incongruity between the flow equations and thermodynamic equation of state. Here the flow is solved by generalisation of the classic Darcy–Weisbach equation for an incompressible steady flow in a pipe to an ordinary differential equation, permitting continuous variation of density, viscosity and related fluid parameters, as well as head loss or gain due to gravity, in isothermal flow. The differential equation is solved analytically in the case of ideal gas for a single edge in the network. Thereafter the solution is used in an algorithm developed to construct the flow equations automatically for a network characterised by an incidence matrix, and determine pressure distribution, flow rates and all associated parameters therein.

Parallels and Incongruities between Musical and Verbal Behaviors

The study of music in behavior analytic accounts constitutes a poorly addressed area of application due to conceptual incongruities in the field and a general lack of common ground between the disciplines of music and behavior analysis. This paper will examine the suitability of Skinner’s (1957) analysis of verbal behavior in describing various musical behaviors and propose clarifications of verbal behavior constructs to account for the conceptual similarities and differences between musical and verbal behaviors. The musical concepts of mimicry, relative pitch, and absolute pitch are also discussed from the perspective of a verbal behavior analysis. These are presented as examples of how presumably innate musical abilities remain subject to operant principles of behavior modification and how certain conventions of music may suggest novel functional relations that could expand the existing categorization of operants.

“Girding up the Loins”: A Cognitive Sematic Analysis of Humorous Expressions

A large number of humorous linguistic expressions in English (and also in other languages) are characterized by such cognitive processes as metonymy, metaphor, and conceptual integration, or blending. However, these figurative devices are neither sufficient nor necessary for humorous effects. Following other researchers, I suggest that in order to account for humorous expressions we need the notion of conceptual incongruity, or incompatibility inside or between frames of knowledge. In the paper I will take stock of some of the commonly occurring types of incongruity, or incompatibility, in my data of humorous expressions. I will account for the existence of a large number of metonymy-, metaphor-, and blending-based humorous expressions by proposing that these figurative devices create or facilitate the creation of incongruities. The analyses of a number of humorous expressions will make it possible to suggest a rough and sketchy cognitive linguistic account of the humorous effect of these expressions. Keywords: metaphor, metonymy, blending, frames, incongruity, conceptual pathways

Conceptual Incongruence between Prion Disease and Genetic Diversity in Ovine Species within European Union defined by Informational Statistics Terms

Biodiversity and the studies of spongiform encephalopathies in the farm animals are highly topical concerns of the contemporary scientific world. Both themes are very interesting for the life sciences and very important for the application field of animal breeding. The implementation of these two concepts creates an antithetical paradigm: the achievement of genetic prophylaxis joins with the decrease of genetic diversity. The paper examines the genetic diversity and its evolution in sheep livestock from the European space in the context in which the European Community has developed very laborious and costly programs targeted both for conservation and enhancement of biodiversity and to eradicate the scrapie in small ruminants. This paper utilises a precise method to quantify the genetic biodiversity in all sheep populations in Europe by a modern concept derived from informational statistics - informational energy. In addition, the paper proposes concrete and viable solutions to achieve these two desiderata at optimal levels in connection with a perfect perspicacity of sheep breeder which consists in accuracy of the reproduction process and correct application of the selection criteria.

Conceptual deviance as a cause of fossilization in performance of Korean advanced learners of English

Despite considerable controversy over the definition and interpretation of fossilization in the literature of SLA, fossilization has been considered one of the most difficult yet interesting topics (Long 2003). Yet, rarely have studies been conducted to investigate fossilization found in the English performance of Korean learners of English. The present study explores fossilization in the performance of advanced Korean adult learners of English. The current study revisited the errors found in Korean English textbooks by Suk and Lee (2001), analyzed nine more textbooks newly introduced since 2009 by the Korean government, and discovered that many errors were robustly ascribable to conceptual differences between lexemes of English and Korean. Not only does this finding support the Mixed Representational System of de Groot (1993) or but also the Selective Fossilization Hypothesis of Han (2009). Based on these findings, the present study proposes Conceptual Incongruity Misusage Hypothesis to predict which English lexemes Korean learners are likely to misuse.

The modulation of semantic transparency on the recognition memory for two-character Chinese words

This study demonstrated that semantic transparency as a linguistic property modulates the recognition memory for two-character Chinese words, with opaque words (i.e., words whose meanings cannot be derived from constituent characters-e.g., "[/guang/, light][/gun/, stick]", bachelor) remembered better than transparent words (i.e., words whose meanings can be derived from constituent characters-e.g., "[/cha/, tea][/bei/, cup]", teacup). In Experiment 1, the participants made lexical decisions on transparent words, opaque words, and nonwords in the study and then engaged in an old/new recognition test. Experiment 2 employed a concreteness judgment as the encoding task to ensure equivalent semantic processing for opaque and transparent words. In Experiment 3, the neighborhood size of the two-character words was manipulated together with their semantic transparency. In all three experiments, opaque words were found to be better remembered than transparent words. We concluded that the conceptual incongruence between the meanings of a whole word and its constituent characters made opaque words more distinctive and, hence, better remembered than transparent words.

Neural oscillatory evidence of the difference between emotional and conceptual processing in language comprehension

Despite ample study of conceptual and emotional information processing in language, it remains unclear whether these two types of processing rely on different neural mechanisms. In the present study, the processing of semantic and emotional information was directly compared in 24 participants undergoing electroencephalograms (EEGs). Participants read 120 scenarios ending in three ways (affectively and semantically congruent, affectively incongruent, and semantically incongruent) and were asked to judge the appropriateness of the last word within the context. The data were analyzed using both event-related potentials (ERPs) and event-related spectral perturbation (ERSP) analysis. In addition to the similar N400 effects evoked by both emotional and conceptual incongruity, conceptual incongruity elicited a larger theta power increase, while emotional incongruity induced a gamma band power increase, compared with the congruent condition. The different oscillatory patterns suggest that emotional and conceptual information in language processing may rely on different neural mechanisms, even though both types of processing produced a similar N400 effect.

Re-conceptualizing Civil Society: Towards a Radical Understanding

The article examines problematic aspects of contemporary theoretical thinking about civil society within a Western liberal-democratic context. The impact of neo-liberalism upon narratives of civil society, the assumption that civility resides more conspicuously within the world of associational life, and the tendency to conflate ‘civil society’ with the ‘third sector’ are areas critically discussed. Such conceptual incongruities, it is argued, obscure the path to a more radical theoretical understanding of civil society. In the second part of the article an alternative model of civil society is proposed. Supporting Evers premise that ‘every attempt to narrow down civil society to the third sector seriously impoverishes the very concept of civil society’ (Evers, Voluntary Sector Review 1:116, 2010), it is argued that civil society is best understood as a normative political concept, as being contingent in nature and distinct from the third sector.

Mobilisation in critical care: A concept analysis

The aim of this paper is to analyse the concept of mobilisation within the context of the critical care setting. Mobilisation is a widely used term that belies the complexity of its use in practice. Whilst facilitating movement is a significant nursing concern, mobilisation practices vary widely amongst nurses, perhaps due to conceptual incongruence. Evolutionary methodology was used in this concept analysis. Medline, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and PsycInfo databases were searched from 1966 to present. Search terms included mobilisation, mobility and passive exercise, yielding 61 articles suitable for analysis. Findings indicate that mobilisation is an interdisciplinary, goal-directed therapy used to facilitate movement and improve outcomes. It involves energy expenditure and has both physical and psychological domains. Disciplines vary in applications of mobilisation and therapy parameters are essentially undefined. The energy expenditure attribute has been well-exemplified in physical therapy literature, but only to a minimal degree in nursing literature. In spite of the wide use of mobilisation, the concept requires further development, particularly in the critical care setting. Barriers to mobilisation require further delineation as does the psychological domain. Ongoing concept analysis can be used to inform practice and guide research activities.

Making Social Worlds

Abstract Making the Social World is John Searle’s latest statement on social ontology. His argument is clarified and expanded, but, despite various objections, it remains largely unchanged. In this review, I want to present Searle’s new book in light of these objections, explain why he has rejected the more important among them, and ask whether his reasons for doing so are defensible. I first present arguments that Searle’s naturalism – his broader philosophical project – does not have a definite shape in the social realm. I argue that this view is largely right because Searle allows for two seemingly inconsistent approaches: historical narratives and generalized explanations. I then introduce objections from historicists, who argue that Searle’s theory is not in fact compatible with historical explanations. I explain why Searle rejects these objections, and suggest that his reasons for doing so cannot be defended against examples of conceptual incongruity. On the whole, I argue that Searle’s naturalism starts from stronger assumptions than argument allows.

Time to end the bias towards inclusive education?

The UK coalition Government's call to end the ‘bias’ towards inclusion represents a shift in ‘policy speak’ as the new administration attempts to re-narrate special education by putting forward a ‘reasonable and sensible’ solution to the ‘problem of inclusion’. However, implicit in the call is the assumption that there has, in fact, been a ‘bias towards inclusion’ in education policy and practice; here, that assumption is challenged. Using a critical disability studies perspective, Katherine Runswick-Cole, who is a research fellow in Disability Studies and Psychology in the Research Institute of Health and Social Change at Manchester Metropolitan University, draws on the concept of ableism and critiques of neo-liberal market systems in education to reveal and explore the persistent barriers to inclusive education embedded within the education system. It is argued that although there may have been an inclusive education policy rhetoric, this rhetoric is rooted in conceptual incongruities which, rather than promoting inclusion, undermine an inclusive approach to education.

Gifted children's humor preferences, sense of humor, and Comprehension of riddles

AbstractThis study explored gifted children's humor media preferences, explanations of humor funniness, evaluation of their sense of humor, and ability to produce, understand, and figure out riddle “punch lines.” Seventy-four gifted-identified children (40 male; 34 female) ages 7–12 were interviewed. Most media humor exhibited conceptual incongruity or word play with multiple meanings. Children rated themselves high on sense of humor (% = 3.9 of 5). Younger and older children and boys and girls differed only on girls' rating themselves more likely to notice and laugh at funny situations (the spectator role!), F(1, 72) = 6.319, p &lt; .01, and younger children's rating themselves as more often in a bad mood, F(1, 72) = 5.541, p &lt; .05. Most children produced a correctly told joke or riddle and gave accurate explanations of funniness. Boys' funny media examples had more hostile qualities (TV, (χ