Concept Of Petri Nets Research Articles

Synergy-incorporated Bayesian Petri Net: A method for mining “AND/OR” relation and synergy effect with application in probabilistic reasoning

Bayesian networks (BNs) are widely used for knowledge representation and reasoning. However, they suffer from the following limitations: 1) They are unable to explicitly learn “AND” relations and synergy effects from data; 2) They do not depict “AND” relations among causes directly, which sometimes leads to the high complexity of constructing conditional probability tables (CPTs); and 3) During their knowledge representation and reasoning, they fail to express any synergy (catalytic or inhibitory) effect that a non-causal variable may have on a reasoning rule. To address the mentioned issues, this study proposes a method for mining and modelling “AND/OR” relations and synergy effects called Synergy-incorporated Bayesian Petri Net (SBPN). The method integrates a BN with Petri net concepts. It can directly learn “AND/OR” relations and synergy effects from data, harnessing the power of Petri nets to model “AND/OR” relations in BNs, resulting in a compact CPT. Synergy effects are easily depicted via the SBPN, and their influence on the reasoning procedure can be formally expressed using the SBPN. Experimental results on open datasets demonstrate the effectiveness and advantages of the proposed method for knowledge mining and probabilistic reasoning.

Formal Modeling and Discovery of Hierarchical Business Processes: A Petri Net-Based Approach

Business processes are critical for information systems to control workflows and deliver services. Although existing process discovery techniques can generate flat process models from business event logs, few of them have investigated the notion of hierarchy (i.e., subprocesses) yet. To fill the gap, this article first defines the concept of hierarchical Petri nets (HPNs), which can support the formal modeling and correctness verification of processes with subprocesses. Followed by that, we propose an approach which can effectively discover HPNs from event logs with lifecycle information. Moreover, to quantify the quality of discovered HPNs, details on how to transform an HPN to a classical Petri net are given such that existing metrics can be applied. All proposed approaches have been fully implemented in ProM, and experiments over both synthetic and real-life event logs demonstrate that our approach can effectively discover hierarchical process models. Specifically, compared to exiting approaches on processes discovery, our approach can generally perform better in terms of model quality.

VANESA: An open-source hybrid functional Petri net modeling and simulation environment in systems biology

Petri nets are a common method for modeling and simulation of systems biology application cases. Usually different Petri net concepts (e.g. discrete, hybrid, functional) are demanded depending on the purpose of the application cases. Modeling complex application cases requires a unification of those concepts, e.g. hybrid functional Petri nets (HFPN) and extended hybrid Petri nets (xHPN). Existing tools have certain limitations which motivated the extension of VANESA, an existing open-source editor for biological networks. The extension can be used to model, simulate, and visualize Petri nets based on the xHPN formalism. Moreover, it comprises additional functionality to support and help the user. Complex (kinetic) functions are syntactically analyzed and mathematically rendered. Based on syntax and given physical unit information, modeling errors are revealed. The numerical simulation is seamlessly integrated and executed in the background by the open-source simulation environment OpenModelica utilizing the Modelica library PNlib. Visualization of simulation results for places, transitions, and arcs are useful to investigate and understand the model and its dynamic behavior. The impact of single parameters can be revealed by comparing multiple simulation results. Simulation results, charts, and entire specification of the Petri net model as Latex file can be exported. All these features are shown in the demonstration case. The utilized Petri net formalism xHPN is fully specified and implemented in PNlib. This assures transparency, reliability, and comprehensible simulation results. Thus, the combination of VANESA and OpenModelica shape a unique open-source Petri net environment focusing on systems biology application cases. VANESA is available at: http://agbi.techfak.uni-bielefeld.de/vanesa.

Authentication of emission monitoring data and optimization of desulfurization in the molybdenum roasting process based on BAT-OOPN and the response surface method.

This paper presents a quantitative pollutant discharge model for a typical molybdenum roasting plant, which combines the best available technology and object-oriented Petri net concepts. The proposed model was used to verify whether the best available technology in a molybdenum roasting process meeting the current pollutant emission limits by comparing the results of multiple simulations with online monitoring data records. Theoretical SO2 emission values were obtained via multiple simulations and compared with the online monitoring data of a typical molybdenum roasting plant to verify the authenticity of the online monitoring data. The relationship between the different operating parameters and desulfurization efficiency is established through analyzing the historical operation parameters of the enterprise and response surface method. It was found that the optimal operating parameters for the flue gas desulfurization system of this plant could be characterized by a flue gas temperature of 90-93 °C, a pH range of 6.20-6.30, and a liquid-gas ratio of 23-25 L/m3.

Non-intrusive monitoring and disaggregation of industrial load based on Petri net theory

In this paper, the non-intrusive monitoring and disaggregation method of industrial load based on Petri net theory is studied. First, the basic concepts of Petri nets are introduced. On the basis of prototype Petri nets, time factor is added. Then, the Petri net with time factor is combined with industrial load production process. Considering the production sequence, start-stop time and production time constraints of industrial load, a non-intrusive monitoring and disaggregation model of industrial load is constructed. Finally, according to the actual production process of industrial load, the electricity consumption situation of each production link is calculated, and the detailed analysis results of industrial user’s electricity consumption behavior are obtained. The research could provide an important reference for realization of friendly interaction between industrial users and power grid.

Modeling and Simulation on Pretending Enterprise On-line Monitoring Data Fraud Based on Object Oriented Petri Net

To pretend enterprises tamper data when environment protection administration check of law enforcement examination, in this study we structure a coal-fired power plant technology process model based on OPMSE by introducing Petri net concept. Through analog simulation, based on quantitative relation and law of conservation of mass to definite the actual inventory and discharge amount, we confirm whether the on-line monitoring data is true or not by comparing the simulating data with the available data.

MODELLING OF BIOMETRIC IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM WITH GIVEN PARAMETERS USING COLORED PETRI NETS

Abstract. Biometric identification systems use given parameters and function on the basis of Colored Petri Nets as a modelling language developed for systems in which communication, synchronization and distributed resources play an important role. Colored Petri Nets combine the strengths of Classical Petri Nets with the power of a high-level programming language. Coloured Petri Nets have both, formal intuitive and graphical presentations. Graphical CPN model consists of a set of interacting modules which include a network of places, transitions and arcs. Mathematical representation has a well-defined syntax and semantics, as well as defines system behavioural properties. One of the best known features used in biometric is the human finger print pattern. During the last decade other human features have become of interest, such as iris-based or face recognition. The objective of this paper is to introduce the fundamental concepts of Petri Nets in relation to tooth shape analysis. Biometric identification systems functioning has two phases: data enrollment phase and identification phase. During the data enrollment phase images of teeth are added to database. This record contains enrollment data as a noisy version of the biometrical data corresponding to the individual. During the identification phase an unknown individual is observed again and is compared to the enrollment data in the database and then system estimates the individual. The purpose of modeling biometric identification system by means of Petri Nets is to reveal the following aspects of the functioning model: the efficiency of the model, behavior of the model, mistakes and accidents in the model, feasibility of the model simplification or substitution of its separate components for more effective components without interfering system functioning. The results of biometric identification system modeling and evaluating are presented and discussed.

Total span of farm work flow using Petri net with resource sharing

The aim of this work is to present the graphical model of farm work flow (FWF) problem with multi resources sharing, in which each operation may need more than one kind of resources. Using the Petri net concept with resource shared places we describe the farming process mathematically and graphically, and simulate the farming activation and resources assignment. The marking that is one of the properties of Petri nets facilitates mastering the farming progress and the status of the farmland and resources. Here, we apply a new concept deadlock-free Petri net model with resource sharing for minimising the total span of FWF, which is essential in agricultural production systems.

유한상태기계에 기반한 확장된 I-O 모델링 방법론

최근 자동 생산 시스템은 PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) 제어 프로그램을 일반적으로 사용하고 있다. 생산제품의 수명 주기가 길지 않기 때문에 공법과 라인 및 설비 변경이 자주 일어난다. 대부분, 기존 공정을 바탕으로 이루어지고 설비의 위치 및 제어정보를 수정한다. PLC 제어 프로그램 또한 기존 공정을 바탕으로 수정이 이루어진다. 새로운 제어 프로그램을 검증하기 위해서는 실제 생산 시스템을 구축하기 전에 가상의 공간에서 실제 공정과 같이 구성하여 순차적으로 공정이 진행되는 지 확인할 수 있는 방법이 필요하다. 본 연구는 순차제어(sequential control)와 병목현상 처리에 유용한 Timed-FSA를 기반으로 하는 논리적인 모델링 방법을 사용한다. 기존에 연구되었던 I-O 모델링과 I-O 모델링에서 요구되었던 하나의 설비에 다양한 상태의 정의를 통해 사용자의 시간과 공수를 절감하기 위한 기존 모델링에 페트리네트의 토큰(Petri Nets Coloured Token) 개념을 추가한 확장된 I-O 모델링 방법을 제안한다. 예제 설비를 통하여 사용자의 모델링 시간을 절감하는 실험과 사용자 평가를 통해 제안하는 확장된 I-O 모델링의 편의성을 검증한다. Recently manufacturing companies have used PLC control programs popularly for their automated production systems. Since the life cycle of production process is not so long, the change of the production lines occur frequently. Most of changes happen with modification of the position information and control process of the equipment. PLC control program is also modified based on the fundamental process. Therefore, to verify new PLC program by configuring virtual space according to real environment is needed. In this paper we show a logical modeling method, based on Timed-FSA useful for sequence control and dead-lock prevention. There is a problem wasting user's labor and time when defining a variety of states in a device. To overcome this problem, we propose an extended I-O model based on existing methods by adding a token concept of Petri Nets. Also we will show the usability of the extended I-O modeling through user study.

MONALISA for stochastic simulations of Petri net models of biochemical systems.

BackgroundThe concept of Petri nets (PN) is widely used in systems biology and allows modeling of complex biochemical systems like metabolic systems, signal transduction pathways, and gene expression networks. In particular, PN allows the topological analysis based on structural properties, which is important and useful when quantitative (kinetic) data are incomplete or unknown. Knowing the kinetic parameters, the simulation of time evolution of such models can help to study the dynamic behavior of the underlying system. If the number of involved entities (molecules) is low, a stochastic simulation should be preferred against the classical deterministic approach of solving ordinary differential equations. The Stochastic Simulation Algorithm (SSA) is a common method for such simulations. The combination of the qualitative and semi-quantitative PN modeling and stochastic analysis techniques provides a valuable approach in the field of systems biology.ResultsHere, we describe the implementation of stochastic analysis in a PN environment. We extended MonaLisa - an open-source software for creation, visualization and analysis of PN - by several stochastic simulation methods. The simulation module offers four simulation modes, among them the stochastic mode with constant firing rates and Gillespie’s algorithm as exact and approximate versions. The simulator is operated by a user-friendly graphical interface and accepts input data such as concentrations and reaction rate constants that are common parameters in the biological context. The key features of the simulation module are visualization of simulation, interactive plotting, export of results into a text file, mathematical expressions for describing simulation parameters, and up to 500 parallel simulations of the same parameter sets. To illustrate the method we discuss a model for insulin receptor recycling as case study.ConclusionsWe present a software that combines the modeling power of Petri nets with stochastic simulation of dynamic processes in a user-friendly environment supported by an intuitive graphical interface. The program offers a valuable alternative to modeling, using ordinary differential equations, especially when simulating single-cell experiments with low molecule counts. The ability to use mathematical expressions provides an additional flexibility in describing the simulation parameters. The open-source distribution allows further extensions by third-party developers. The software is cross-platform and is licensed under the Artistic License 2.0.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12859-015-0596-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Flexible Manufacturing System Design and Optimization using Petri Net-based Elementary Siphons

computer simulation system, which is based-siphon Petri net for control of concurrent processes of the reusable resources, that is mainly aimed to provide guidelines for control and management engineering of flexible manufacturing systems (FMSs) is presented in this work. We present an important technique for the analysis of siphon Petri net (PN) based on structural analysis, control, and simulation of the reachability tree used PN-tool with MATLAB. We are representing the deadlock prevention problem, which can be solved using the concept of Petri nets based siphons. Structural deadlock prevention is presenting for supervisors a class of FMS in simulating the system behaviour and elementary siphons control rule's inference. We are recovering the satiation of the liveness system from the consequence of analysis net by adding control place (monitor). Our experiment, a few monitors is added to the net for every minimal siphon taken from the consequence of the siphon in order to be liveness (i.e. deadlock-freeness), proposing extensions of the structural analysis of Petri nets, where deadlocks are regarding to the unmarked siphons. The siphon is recognized in the structural analysis of PN and can be used to control deadlocks in resource systems modelled.

MODELING OF BIOMETRIC IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM USING THE COLORED PETRI NETS

Abstract. In this paper we present a model of biometric identification system transformed into Petri Nets. Petri Nets, as a graphical and mathematical tool, provide a uniform environment for modelling, formal analysis, and design of discrete event systems. The main objective of this paper is to introduce the fundamental concepts of Petri Nets to the researchers and practitioners, both from identification systems, who are involved in the work in the areas of modelling and analysis of biometric identification types of systems, as well as those who may potentially be involved in these areas. In addition, the paper introduces high-level Petri Nets, as Colored Petri Nets (CPN). In this paper the model of Colored Petri Net describes the identification process much simpler.

Special section of SoSyM dedicated to 50 years of Petri nets

Very few concepts of computer science are so closely linked to the names of their creators as Petri nets are to their inventor Carl Adam Petri. More than 50 years ago, in June 1962, he laid the foundation for a modeling technique that has been continuously worked on ever since. With his stable foundation, numerous and broadly applicable concepts and techniques, special cases, generalizations and adaptations, Petri nets are used in a variety of fields inside and outside computer science. Just as finite automata and their numerous variants are the formal basis formanymodeling languages for sequential systems, Petri nets are a basic and precise description of essential concepts and phenomena of discrete distributed systems, which implicitly or explicitly influencedmany customdesigned modeling languages. Efficient techniques for proving and checking relevant properties of a systemmodel can be transferred from Petri nets to other modeling languages. The same is true for information and results on those properties that cannot be ascertained or require a very high algorithmic effort. Thus, results of Petri net theory are relevant in many areas where the name “Petri” is not explicitly mentioned. Vice versa, new and custom-designed problems are often easier to analyze and solve in the more general context of Petri nets. This was the impetus for discussing the basic concepts of Petri nets and highlight current fields of successful application in this special section. In their introductory article “The concepts of Petri nets”, Jorg Desel and Wolfgang Reisig show that there is more to

The concepts of Petri nets

The concepts of Petri nets

A development of a quantitative situation awareness measurement tool: Computational Representation of Situation Awareness with Graphical Expressions (CoRSAGE)

Operator performance measures are used for multiple purposes, such as control room design, human system interface (HSI) evaluation, training, and so on. Performance measures are often focused on results; however, especially for a training purpose – at least in a nuclear industry, more detailed descriptions about processes are required. Situation awareness (SA) measurements have directly/indirectly played as a complimentary measure and provided descriptive insights on how to improve performance of operators for the next training. Unfortunately, most of the well-developed SA measurement techniques, such as Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique (SAGAT) need an expert opinion which sometimes troubles easy spread of measurement’s application or usage. A quantitative SA measurement tool named Computational Representation of Situation Awareness with Graphical Expressions (CoRSAGE) is introduced to resolve some of these concerns. CoRSAGE is based on production rules to represent a human operator’s cognitive process of problem solving, and Bayesian inference to quantify it. Petri Net concept is also used for graphical expressions of SA flow. Three components – inference transition, volatile/non-volatile memory tokens – were newly developed to achieve required functions. Training data of a Loss of Coolant Accident (LOCA) scenario for an emergency condition and an earthquake scenario for an abnormal condition by real plant operators were used to validate the tool. The validation result showed that CoRSAGE performed a reasonable match to other performance results.

Mapping Fuzzy Petri Net to Fuzzy Extended Markup Language

Use of model gives the knowledge and information about the phenomenon also eradicates the cost, the effort and the hazard of using the real phenomenon. Characteristics and concepts of Petri nets are in a way that makes it simple and strong to describe and study the information processing system; especially it is shown in those which are dealing with discrete, concurrent, distributed, parallel and indecisive events. Yet, due to Petri nets inability to face with systems working on obscure data and continues events, the interest to develop fundamental concept of Petri nets has been raised which is led to new style of presented model named Petri The difference in Petri nets is in the elements that have been fuzzed. Transitions, places, signs and arcs can be fuzzed. PMNL, on the other hand as a markup language has been engaged in uttering Petri nets in previous researches. Fuzzy markup nets can model the uncertainty of concurrent scenarios different from a dynamic system by a board of parameters and use of fuzzy membership dependencies. Therefore, in order to define these uncertain data, it is vital to use a formal language to describe fuzzy Petri nets. To support this version in this thesis, a markup language will be presented stating the structure and grammar of markup language and covering fuzzy concepts in Petri nets as well. Presenting the suggested grammar accommodates the support of fuzzy develope. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v3i5.4035

A Novel Method for Evaluating Future Power Distribution System Reliability

The reliability assessment of future distribution networks is an important subject due to the increasing demand for more reliable service with a lower frequency and duration of interruption. The connection of future distribution networks may not be simple radial circuits and analyzing the reliability of such a network is usually complicated and time consuming. In this paper, a technical approach for evaluating the reliability of a networked distribution system is described. The proposed algorithm is based on the identification of circuit minimal tie sets using the concept of Petri nets. Prime number encoding and unique prime factorization are then applied to classify the remaining combinations as tie sets, cut sets, or minimal cut sets. A Markov model is used to compute the availability and failure frequency of the network. A well-known test bed [the Roy Billinton Test System (RBTS)] is used to illustrate the analysis and calculate different load and system reliability indices, including SAIFI and SAIDI. The method shown is algorithmic and appears suitable for offline comparisons of alternative secondary distribution system designs on the basis of their reliability.

Analysis of Reconfigurable Processors Using Petri Net

In this paper, we propose Petri net models for processing elements. The processing elements include: a general-purpose processor (GPP), a reconfigurable element (RE), and a hybrid element (co mbining a GPP with an RE). The models consist of many transitions and places. The model and associated analysis methods provide a promising tool for modeling and performance evaluation of reconfigurable processors. The model is demonstrated by considering a simple examp le. This paper describes the development of a reconfigurable processor; the developed system is based on the Petri net concept. Petri nets are becoming suitable as a formal model fo r hard ware system design. Designers can use Petri net as a modeling language to perform high level analysis of complex processors designs processing chips. The simulat ion does with PIPEv 4.1 simulator. The simu lation results show that Petri net state spaces are bounded and safe and have not deadlock and the average of number tokens in first token is 0.9901 seconds. In these models, there are only 5% errors; also the analysis time in these models is 0.016 seconds.

Modeling and Analyzing Method for CPS Software Architecture Energy Consumption

CPS is a kind of networked embedded system. Its trustworthiness and cost are impacted by energy consumption. So design a low-power, high trustworthiness CPS has been a major challenge. Modeling and analyzing the energy consumption of CPS software architecture at design stage can help to find the energy consumption design defects. These methods can effectively improve the trustworthiness of the CPS software and reduce development costs. Against this problem, first introduce the concept of the energy consumption time Petri nets; then through analyzing the characteristics of the CPS software energy consumption, use energy consumption time Petri nets to construct the CPS software architecture energy consumption model and discuss the energy consumption problems of CPS software such as lowest energy consumption, largest energy consumption and average energy consumption; Finally, indicate the effectiveness of the proposed method by an instance.

Supply chain conflict detection with coloured petri nets

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present and test a methodology, extending the concept of hierarchical Petri nets, to discover conflicts in a distribution channel.Design/methodology/approachThe approach involves linking different levels of the supply chain and detecting conflicts occurring when the single entities, each optimized for its own operations, are combined together in a supply chain. Specifically, a methodology is proposed for synthesizing individual Petri Net models combined with matrix equations in order to detect and manage conflicts in a supply chain. These conflicts may stem from differing goals, planning and resources.FindingsThe methodology offers the user the ability to investigate the potential for conflicts in the system and manage the system to avoid such conflicts before they occur. The proposed approach holds promise for both the short term and long term for effective supply chain management and design. This would enable the supply chain to put sufficient protection (e.g. buffers) in strategic locations relative to the potential conflict or contingency plans in place to handle the conflict when it occurs.Originality/valueWhile the ability to discover and pre‐empt conflicts would be a valuable asset to the management and design of supply chains, there is little insight found, to date, in the research on effective methods to realize detection. The current paper provides a systematic approach through the development of a hierarchical Petri net extension to detect conflicts prior to occurrence in an integrated supply chain system.