Concept Of Path Research Articles

KONSEP MA’RIFAT DALAM TASAWUF ATAS PEMIKIRAN IMAM AL GHAZALI

he term Sufism is no longer foreign to Muslim scholars, both in Indonesia and in othercountries. Sufism is known as Islamic mysticism or Sufism. Sufism is also popular as ascience of direct knowledge of God and its teachings and methods come from the Koranand Al Hadith, the inspiration of pious people, as well as the kasyf (openness of the heart)of wise people. Sufism has indeed become a scientific study that is greatly admired byscholars. Because moral messages start from the relationship between humans and otherhumans, to the relationship between humans and God. In the initial study of Sufism, aperson will usually be introduced to the term a person's level of worship or devotion toAllah SWT. namely shar'iat, tarekat, essence and makrifat. Sufis usually distinguishbetween the meanings of these levels. Therefore, this article explains the concept ofCopyright © 2024, Universitas Muhammadiyah Metro| 348ma'riat in Sufism based on the thoughts of Imam al-Ghazali. The concept of ma'rifat inal-Ghazali's Sufism offers the concept of suluk or path by: Searching for knowledge,Tafakkur, and Tazkiyat an-nafs. Meanwhile, to achieve ma'rifat according to al-Ghazali,there are stages in the form of: Isolating oneself (al-uzlah), remaining silent (as-samt),being hungry (al-ju), and being awake or not sleeping at night (as -sahar). Meanwhile,ma'rifat according to al-Ghazali's view is knowing Allah SWT, knowing God's form whichincludes all forms, there is no existence apart from Allah SWT.

B-Splined Trajectory Modified Generation to Maximize Speed of the Nonholonomic AMR Robot

Abstract: Trajectory path generation is critical for the Autonomous Mobile Robot (AMR) when moving frequently in the working environment in the shop floor to transport loads from one work station to another continuously. Traditionally, the AMR moves from one point to stop at the next point or turn which is inefficient and consumes much energy. This paper proposes the new concept of AMR trajectory path planning with curvature driven by maximizing speed control of the differential drive at each curve to move smoothly. B-splined is commonly applied to CAD and CAM machining effectively for tool path trajectory. Therefore, the B-splined curvature is studied and validated by simulation together with energy consumption. The simulation is on Matlab Simulink with numerical model. It is investigated that the B-splined trajectory is efficient in animating the AMR’s actual system. The velocity can obtain both linear and angular velocity of the AMR movements on forward and backward directions as well as the acceleration. The trajectory can be selected based on the degree of closeness and used to generate speed and velocity control for the AMR system.

The Municipality in Motifs: Batik Marunda as a Reflection of Jakarta's Modernity

Batik Marunda is among the batik centers that are characterized by the theme of contemporary Jakarta. Therefore, it is important to see how the visual elements in batik shape the concept of the city of Jakarta as the identity of the motif. The aim of this research is to analyze the identity of batik motifs through visual analysis using Kevin Lynch's theory and visual language. The purpose is to see the potential of the city as a source of inspiration in the development of local batik motifs, with the concept of paths, edges, districts, nodes, and landmarks. Based on the results of the analysis, significant visual elements that represent the image of Jakarta in batik motifs produced by Marunda batik were identified. Analysis on the aspects of visual language in the elements of shape, line, color, composition and texture, is used to translate the aesthetic and representative values of the city image in batik motifs. Methods of research for visual analysis involved field observation, visual documentation and descriptive qualitative data analysis. Results of the study elaborate that the image of Jakarta is formed from elements of the city's landmark areas, such as buildings, bridges, vegetation and others. Marunda batik motifs illustrate local uniqueness by emphasizing urban elements as its identity. The goal of the present study is to develop local batik that utilizes the potential of the urban environment as a source of creative inspiration, while also serving as a visual chronicle of Jakarta's municipal growth and transformation.

Redesigning Digital Marketing Strategy for Increasing Sales of Small Business: A Case Study in Pinescarf

The research provided a complete and practical perspective on reviving struggling small businesses by redesigningmarketing strategies to boost sales. It aimed to identify the implemented marketing strategy, evaluate the marketingperformance, and redesign the marketing strategy. An exploratory mixed-method approach was applied, comprisingthree stages. First, qualitative descriptive analysis identified the existing marketing strategy through in-depthinterviews and direct observation, analyzed using Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning (STP) and the Cocreation,Currency, Communal Activation, and Conversation (4C) marketing mix. Second, ongoing marketingperformance was evaluated based on the perceptions of 267 Instagram and Shopee followers of Pinescarf, usingconvenience sampling and the Aware, Appeal, Ask, Act, and Advocate (5A) customer path concept. Third,strategy formulation utilized the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), integrating qualitative and quantitativeapproaches based on insights from management, consumers, and industry experts. The identification processshows that Pinescarf needs to improve its implementation of the 4C marketing mix. A bottleneck at the Act andAdvocate stages prevents purchases, resulting in a funnel-shaped customer path. Strategy formulation using AHPprioritizes increasing sales as main marketing objective of Pinescarf. Maximizing advertising performance in theconversation mix is the first priority, followed by regular discounts in the currency mix to address the Act stagebottleneck. These findings can help Pinescarf to save time and costs by focusing on effective marketing efforts.Additionally, the research has connected marketing theory with real-world practice, enabling businesspeople tomake informed decisions based on solid analysis alongside their existing intuition.

Event-Triggered Adaptive Bipartite Secure Consensus Asymptotic Tracking Control for Nonlinear MASs Subject to DoS Attacks

This paper proposes an adaptive bipartite secure consensus asymptotic tracking control scheme based on event-triggered strategy for the nonlinear multi-agent systems (MASs) under denial-of-service (DoS) attacks. First, by incorporating the concept of shortest path into the hierarchical algorithm, the bipartite consensus control problem in the presence of unbalanced communication topology is successfully addressed. Further, an anti-attack bipartite control strategy by designing the improved forms of the tracking errors and virtual controllers is proposed under DoS attacks. Then, a modified event-triggered mechanism based on the relative threshold strategy is proposed, which can ensure that the bipartite consensus tracking errors converge to zero asymptotically by utilizing the Barbalat’s Lemma. Under the Lyapunov stability theory, it is guaranteed that the outputs of all agents can reach agreement with an identical magnitude but opposite signs and all the signals of the closed-loop MASs are bounded. Finally, the simulation results on the model of damping pendulums are given to verify the efficiency of the proposed secure controller. <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Note to Practitioners</i> —In this paper, the adaptive bipartite secure consensus asymptotic tracking control problem is considered for nonlinear MASs subject to DoS attacks, whose models can describe many critical applications, such as bidirectional formation of unmanned vehicles and robots. The research on the secure tracking control problem will be rather complicated yet challenging if the DoS attacks of the communication channels are taken into account in the insecure complex network environment. In addition, the event-triggered mechanism is used to reduce the usage of communication resources, which makes the proposed control scheme more easier to implement and more friendly for control engineers.

Movement refrains of people with visual impairments: A post-phenomenological geography beyond space and place

Abstract The paper intervenes in current discussions within post-phenomenological geography. It analyzes the movement of people with visual impairments in order to develop an approach to post-phenomenology that emphasizes the in-betweenness of bodies in motion. Our perspective differs from phenomenological (and humanistic) geographies and from post-phenomenological geographies that are rooted in object-oriented ontology. They both rely on the differentiation between space and place, accept pointillism, treat places as points in space, time as exclusively chronological, and bodies as beings, not becomings. We analyze data from interviews with people with visual impairments. We first consider their movement through the perspective of humanistic (particularly phenomenological) geography. After acknowledging the limits of this approach, we turn to our actualized conception of post-phenomenological geography, which draws on Deleuze’s concepts of movement, path, refrain, and involuntary memory. With this conceptual repertoire, we go beyond the space-place dichotomy and highlight the in-betweenness and virtuality of movement. We explore difference-producing repetitions, which are constituted through refraining into paths. Our approach conceptualizing movement as “refraining into paths” is instrumental to studying the movement of people with visual impairment: It helps to dispute ableism, and it enriches the current discussion about post-phenomenological geography in its insistence on relations and becoming.

The Middle Path in Buddhism and its lessons for accounting

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to elucidate the moral dimensions of accounting by examining the case of Gross National Happiness (GNH) in Bhutan, and to propose a new approach to accounting that is grounded in the Buddhist principle of the Middle Path. This approach aims to promote well-being and happiness, contrasting with traditional accounting practices.Design/methodology/approachThe paper outlines the core concepts of the Middle Path theory and GNH. The authors first problematise the role of traditional accounting in the well-being and happiness project. The authors explore accountability from the Middle Path perspective, which is a key aspect of Buddhist philosophy. Using the concept of Middle Path accountability and GNH in practice, the authors then examine accounting in terms of the four “immeasurable moral virtues” (tshad med bzhi) of the Middle Path. The authors conclude by highlighting the value of the Middle Path for conceptualising accountability and emancipating contemporary accounting from its ethical and theoretical constraints.FindingsThis paper compares the application of traditional accounting and accountability with the Middle Path and GNH practices. The authors find that ethical discourses in traditional accounting and accountability are not compatible with the values of the Middle Path, thereby limiting the scope of accounting and accountability. This constraint is overcome by introducing four “immeasurable moral virtues” (tshad med bzhi) of Buddhism, which promote spiritual development (wisdom) to replace the existing ethical strands of traditional accounting and accountability to support the well-being and happiness project.Research limitations/implicationsThe study is limited to the review of concepts in GNH and Buddhist philosophy. More empirical studies in different contextual settings could increase understanding of how the practice of Middle Path and GNH could drive the project of well-being and happiness through accounting.Practical implicationsThe paper seeks to contribute to the operationalisation of GNH in organisation by framing social and well-being accounting grounded in the Middle Path theory. The authors also seek to clarify the role of accounting as a social and moral practice.Social implicationsSituated within the fields of social and moral accounting, the paper seeks to elevate the potential role of accounting in the promotion of well-being and happiness of people and other sentient beings. By applying four moral virtues of love, compassion, appreciative joy and equanimity in accounting, the authors seek to enhance the role of accounting that could potentially reduce poverty, social inequity, corruption and promote harmony and cultural well-being.Originality/valueThis study undertakes a conceptual integration of the GNH and Middle Path philosophy to understand the theoretical and ethical implications of traditional accounting and accountability. This contribution to the literature expands the possibilities of accounting and accountability on social and well-being accounting by introducing the Middle Path and GNH concepts.

Уникальность концепции русского пути в ракурсе философского познания

This paper explores the influence of various philosophical movements, such as Orthodox Christianity, Slavophilism, Westernism, and Eurasianism, on the formation of the distinct path of Russian civilization. It examines the contribution of the Russian emigration after the October Revolution to the development of the national idea, as well as the role of leading Russian thinkers like Ivan A. Ilyin, Nikolai A. Berdyaev, among others, in both apologetics for and criticizing the Russian idea. The study convincingly develops the thesis that the Russian path is not merely a quest for national distinctiveness but also a messianic idea, combining idealism and pragmatism in the pursuit of a synthesis of Eastern and Western cultures. Moreover, it evaluates the concept of the Russian path through the lens of historical uniqueness, Russia's cultural calling, and in the context of contemporary issues such as globalization, political life, and cultural identity. The author of the article raises issues of criticism and realism in philosophy, focusing on debates among representatives of various philosophical movements regarding the role of science, religion and social order in the Russian idea. It centers on concepts such as conciliarity, collectivism, and Russia's messianic role, which are juxtaposed with the individualism and rationalism of Western traditions. In conclusion, the discourse surrounding the concept of the Russian path, as explored through various philosophical lenses, unveils a complex interplay between historical context, cultural heritage, and contemporary challenges. The synthesis of Eastern and Western thought, embodied in the Russian idea, reflects not only a quest for national identity but also a broader aspiration for global significance. This study underscores the ongoing relevance of philosophical inquiry in understanding the trajectory of Russian civilization, inviting further exploration into the dynamics of national identity, cultural distinctiveness, and the global mission of the Russian people.

Self-Supervised pre-training model based on Multi-view for MOOC Recommendation

Recommendation strategies based on concepts of knowledge are gradually applied to personalized course recommendation to promote model learning from implicit feedback data. However, existing approaches typically overlook the prerequisite dependency between concepts, which is the significant basis for connecting courses, and they fail to effectively model the relationship between items and attributes of courses, leading to inadequate capturing of associations between data and ineffective integration of implicit semantics into sequence representations. In this paper, we propose Self-Supervised pre-training model based on Multi-view for MOOC Recommendation (SSM4MR) that exploits non-explicit but inherently correlated features to guide the representation learning of users’ course preferences. In particular, to keep the model from relying solely on course prediction loss and overmphasising on the final performance, we treat the concepts of knowledge, course items and learning paths as different views, then sufficiently model the intrinsic relevance among multi-view through formulating multiple specific self-supervised objectives. As such, our model enhances the sequence representation and ultimately achieves high-performance course recommendation. All the extensive experiments and analyses provide persuasive support for the superiority of the model design and the recommendation results.

Product development the IKEA way – The role of target costing as a framing device to configure and combine resources in networks

Relying on two embedded case studies of product development within IKEA's industrial network, this paper examines the role of Target Costing as an accounting tool that has the capacity to frame development efforts into either exploitative or explorative projects. Such a framing affects, in turn, the configuration of the relevant network of resources and mediates the behavior of the actors involved via specific types of controls. We contribute to the IMP-inspired literature on innovation and product development as we add nuances to how the concepts of exploitative and explorative innovation paths play out on a network level, especially in relation to the resource dimension. In addition, the notion of the mediating role of accounting adds to how we can understand control and its consequences in an interorganizational network context. Our data consists of several sources, about 70 interviews with individuals working at IKEA and its partners. We also had access to internal company material such as costing calculations. Our study has practical implications as it can help managers identify which types of control to use and how these can be matched with different innovations strategies on a network level.

RESILIENCE OF UKRAINIANS AS A FACTOR OF NATIONAL SECURITY IN WAR CONDITIONS

Vectors for the study of human resiliency can be found in concepts of the life path, in models of the life world, in works devoted to the study of a person’s resistance to stress, his personal and meaningful life potentials, existential and personal crises. The paper traces evolution of resiliency concept and considers phenomenon of resiliency during war conflicts based on the example of current war in Ukraine.

Algorithmic aspects of temporal betweenness

AbstractThe betweenness centrality of a graph vertex measures how often this vertex is visited on shortest paths between other vertices of the graph. In the analysis of many real-world graphs or networks, the betweenness centrality of a vertex is used as an indicator for its relative importance in the network. In particular, it is among the most popular tools in social network analysis. In recent years, a growing number of real-world networks have been modeled as temporal graphs instead of conventional (static) graphs. In a temporal graph, we have a fixed set of vertices and there is a finite discrete set of time steps, and every edge might be present only at some time steps. While shortest paths are straightforward to define in static graphs, temporal paths can be considered “optimal” with respect to many different criteria, including length, arrival time, and overall travel time (shortest, foremost, and fastest paths). This leads to different concepts of temporal betweenness centrality, posing new challenges on the algorithmic side. We provide a systematic study of temporal betweenness variants based on various concepts of optimal temporal paths.Computing the betweenness centrality for vertices in a graph is closely related to counting the number of optimal paths between vertex pairs. While in static graphs computing the number of shortest paths is easily doable in polynomial time, we show that counting foremost and fastest paths is computationally intractable (#P-hard), and hence, the computation of the corresponding temporal betweenness values is intractable as well. For shortest paths and two selected special cases of foremost paths, we devise polynomial-time algorithms for temporal betweenness computation. Moreover, we also explore the distinction between strict (ascending time labels) and non-strict (non-descending time labels) time labels in temporal paths. In our experiments with established real-world temporal networks, we demonstrate the practical effectiveness of our algorithms, compare the various betweenness concepts, and derive recommendations on their practical use.

Жизненный путь личности: опыт социально-философской концептуализации

Introduction. The purpose of the study is to carry out a socio-philosophical analysis of the scientific heritage of researchers of the concept of the “life path of a personality”, to systematize the material, as well as to create a foundation for a socio-philosophical understanding of this category. Theoretical analysis. The article identifies three dimensions through which the concept under study is presented: everyday, artistic and scientific. Their specificity is determined, as well as the existing difficulties in their relationship. The main concepts of S. Buhler, S. L. Rubinstein, B. G. Ananyev are analyzed to identify significant elements of the socio-philosophical understanding of the category. Conclusion. The research uses the potential of social philosophy to comprehend the experience of scientists who have consolidated the concept of a life path in scientific discourse, as well as laid the foundation for its further understanding. Seven grounds were identified: scientific justification, integrity of the path, dynamics and consistency, heterogeneity of direction, points of beginning and end, the subject of the path, socio-historical context. The identified elements in the author’s positions allow us to talk about the chosen phenomenon from the point of view of consistency. The results obtained will allow us to continue the socio-philosophical study of the concept of the life path of a personality, which can serve as a basis for ensuring the stability of the personality of being in modern conditions.

Strategi Pemasaran Produk Skincare Somethinc Di Kalangan Generasi Z

Along with the development of the beauty product industry, many quality local skincare brands have emerged that are not inferior to skincare products from abroad. Many local brands have developed formulas and ingredients suitable for skin types and climatic conditions in Indonesia, so they can compete with skincare products from other countries. In fact, it is not uncommon for new beauty products to appear to immediately become popular in the community. This is inseparable from the role of the right marketing strategy. This study aims to analyze the marketing strategy for skincare products somethink among generation z. This study uses a descriptive qualitative methodology. Sources of data from this study are primary data and secondary data. Primary data is data obtained or collected directly by researchers by observing and interviewing Somethink consumers, while secondary data is obtained by searching various popular official sites on the internet as well as the results of previous scientific research. The results of the study show that Somethink uses a marketing mix consisting of four elements, namely product, price, place, and promotion, and develops the promotion strategy with the 5A customer path concept consisting of aware, appeal, ask, act, and advocate. In terms of promotion, Something has succeeded in attracting consumers' attention through creative and various promotional strategies. Somethinc collaborates with Han So Hee, NCT Dream, Lifni Sanders, Sabrina, Hello Kitty, Shinchan x Tahilalats, and Kopi Kenangan which is popular among Generation Z. Not only that, Somethinc is also loyal to its consumers by providing price discounts and bundling packages at low prices. affordable.

Digital Desire Paths: Exploring the Role of Computer Workarounds in Emergent Information Systems Design

ABSTRACT The information systems literature generally conceptualises information system (IS) workarounds as negative disturbances that need to be avoided. IS design literature has emphasised the need to incorporate user behaviour in emergent IS design. Surprisingly, information systems research has kept the literatures on workarounds and IS design separate and remains silent on how workaround behaviour can inform information system design. In this research, we explore six workarounds in two case organisations and analyse the connections between them. We develop the concept of digital desire paths to describe the process how information system designers improve the system design by observing how users use and work around the system. Digital desire paths offer a novel interpretation of workarounds as input for information systems design and thereby serve as instance of the principle of guided emergence in action design research.

FORTALITIES AND FORTIFIED MANORS OF THE LUBELSKIE VOIVODESHIP: ANALYSIS ON THE EXAMPLE OF SELECTED

Analysing fortalities and fortified manors in the region of the Lublin Voivodeship, the article focuses on their architectural functions, cultural significance and position in the background of spatial planning. The study analyses the condition of the selected three monuments, taking into account their technical and visual condition and functionality. On the basis of the research, it can be concluded that selected monuments from the Lublin region, which show signs of defensive features, currently perform functions that are not consistent with their historical purpose. These neglects not only affect the aesthetics and functionality monuments, but also their durability and survival for future generations. Such a condition without proper consideration of their architectural and historical specificity can lead to irreversible changes and damage. It may be necessary to develop sustainable adaptation plans that take into account both contemporary needs and the protection of cultural heritage. The aim of the article is to deepen knowledge about regional monuments, promote cultural and historical value and propose a concept of a tourist route that can contribute to the increase in the attractiveness of the region. The essence of the study is the recipient's understanding of the potential of the historical buildings by presenting the current state of preservation. The way to meet the current problems and use the potential of monuments is to try to take integrated actions. The concept of a thematic tourist path, adapted to the architectural features of the monuments, could attract tourists and raise public awareness of their value. Cooperation with educational institutions and non-governmental organizations is crucial for the implementation of educational programs and scientific research on cultural heritage. Creating social awareness through the organization of cultural events and regular monitoring of the condition of monuments is necessary for the effective protection and management of cultural heritage, which is to serve present and future generations. The conclusions of the study are intended to initiate a broader discussion on the role and future of architectural heritage in the Lublin region.

По дантовскому следу: семантика сюжетной организации мистико-философского триптиха Вяч. Иванова («Сфинкс», «Врата», «Миры возможного»)

The article examines the symbolic and philosophical semantics of the plot structure of the poetic triptych Vyach. Ivanov “Sphinx”, “Gates”, “Worlds of the Possible”. The poetic logic of the connection between these poems is established, the unifying element of which is the concept of the initiatory path, widespread in the intellectual and mystical atmosphere of the early twentieth century. It is proved that the author follows in the footsteps of Dante’s “Divine Comedy”, seeing in him a poet who opens paths in the symbolic and philosophical comprehension of the world. At the same time, however, Vyach. Ivanov also finds his own ways of artistic interpretation of plot twists, deviating from the “Dantean Code”. The idea of the poet’s metaphysical ascent to the Higher spheres of Being is largely embodied by the figure of the hero-narrator, who goes through an initiatory path and as a result of which the unity of the macro and microcosm of the world and man is revealed to him.

THE MEDIAN TREE

Mathematical models in which objects have a finite discrete structure are used to solve a wide range of practical problems. Such are, for example, many problems in auto-matic design, operation research, control theory, network planning, and computational geometry. Often, oriented or non-oriented graphs are considered as such models, which can adequately describe the structure of the problem of interest to us. Among these tasks, a certain place is occupied by tasks related to network issues of optimal placement of ware-houses, certain service points, emergency, medical services, etc. When studying such issues, it becomes necessary to identify, in a certain sense, the central objects in the networks un-der consideration, and in order to find them, the concept of the shortest path between these two given elements plays an essential role. A definition of the medial vertex of a graph is provided in the article – the vertex whose sum of distances to the others is minimal. The median of a non-oriented tree con-sisting of medial vertices is considered, and it is proved that the median of each such tree has either one vertex or two connected by an edge. This result is a definite generalization of a similar property of the center of a tree consisting of central vertices. The question of the relationship between the center and median of the same tree is also studied. The examples of trees with ten vertices show that such a direct connection does not exist, and there can be all four logically possible cases: the same tree can contain one or two central and one or two medial vertices.

Design and evaluation of Swift routing for payment channel network

Payment Channel Networks (PCNs) are a promising alternative to improve the scalability of a blockchain network. A PCN employs off-chain micropayment channels that do not need a global block confirmation procedure, thereby sacrificing the ability to confirm transactions instantaneously. PCN uses a routing algorithm to identify a path between two users who do not have a direct channel between them to settle a transaction. The performance of most of the existing centralized path-finding algorithms does not scale with network size. The rapid growth of Bitcoin PCN necessitates considering distributed algorithms. However, the existing decentralized algorithms suffer from resource underutilization. We present a decentralized routing algorithm, Swift, focusing on fee optimization. The concept of a secret path is used to reduce the path length between a sender and a receiver to optimize the fees. Furthermore, we reduce a network structure into combinations of cycles to theoretically study fee optimization with changes in cloud size. The secret path also helps in edge load sharing, which results in an improvement of throughput. Swift routing achieves up to 21% and 63% in fee and throughput optimization, respectively. The results from the simulations follow the trends identified in the theoretical analysis.

Pedestrian path landscape design concepts on Kyai Tapa Street, Grogol, West Jakarta, through urban landscape design approach

An urban area offers a wide range of indoor and outdoor activities. The pedestrian area on Kyai Tapa Street, Grogol includes a community-used pedestrian path. It can become an open space in the pedestrian area that serves as a means of enhancing and facilitating activities for the community, particularly pedestrians. The phenomenon on the Kyai Tapa Street, Grogol pedestrian path requires a more explicit concept in the design, so the existing pedestrian path cannot improve the visual quality. It cannot be a comfortable place for pedestrians to pass. Therefore, identifying and evaluating the existing pedestrian path design concepts is necessary. This research study aimed to identify and evaluate the concept of pedestrian paths following the existing conditions using primary and secondary data collection methods through observation, surveys, and literature studies. Factors supporting the comfort of pedestrians are related to the suitability of the path’s shape, the dimensionally design concept, and the elements built around the pedestrian path. The pedestrian path on Kyai Tapa Street, Grogol becomes a link between several places around the pedestrian path area. Therefore, it is necessary to make a clear design concept for pedestrian paths so that the pedestrian path area can improve visual quality and become a comfortable facility for pedestrians.