Related Concepts Research Articles

Analysis of the Profitability of Yunnan Baiyao Group Co., Ltd. under the DuPont analysis

The pharmaceutical industry is closely related to human life, which not only determines life and health, but also affects people's quality of life. With the acceleration of population aging and the growth of medical demand, the pharmaceutical industry has developed rapidly, but the competition in the pharmaceutical industry has also become increasingly fierce. In this context, improving profitability has become the key to the sustainable survival and development of pharmaceutical industry enterprises. In order to discover the deficiency of enterprise management and promote the rapid development of enterprise, enterprise managers must study a set of evaluation system which can accurately, comprehensively and scientifically reflect the current situation of company activities and management. This study takes Yunnan Baiyao Group Co., Ltd. as the object of study, and tests the profitability of the company by using the improved Du Pont analysis system. The report points out the current problems facing the company's profitability and proposes corresponding measures. This paper is divided into four parts: Summarizing the research background and significance of this topic, introducing research ideas and research methods, is the theme of the first part. The introduction of the improved DuPont analysis system and the theoretical framework for this study are the main topics of Part II, and the related concepts and theoretical foundations of the study are discussed. The third part introduces the basic situation and profitability of Yunnan Baiyao, establishes a preliminary understanding of it, and then analyzes the profitability of Yunnan Baiyao by using the improved Du Pont analysis method. The fourth part looks for the possible problems of its profitability through the process of analysis: one is the increase of cost pressure; the other is the lack of growth of main business; the third is the decline of accounts receivable turnover rate. The company can consider the following measures: first, improve production efficiency and control labor cost; second, focus on the research and development of main business and innovative drugs, strengthen brand differentiation; third, strengthen accounts receivable management and optimize sales strategy.

Development of Digital Literacy Evaluation Model for Tourism Management of Undergraduate Students

Background and Aims: The digital economy, digital transformation of tourism enterprises, and new forms of employment have created new demands for the study and future career development of tourism management among undergraduate students. The digital literacy level of these students directly impacts their future employment opportunities, skill development, and even the pace of digital development in tourism professional education. The objectives of this research are 1) to extract the components of digital literacy in the tourism management of undergraduate students and 2) to develop a digital literacy evaluation model for the tourism management of undergraduate students. Methodology: The research reviews relevant theoretical concepts, including digital literacy and information literacy. The processes in this research are as follows: 1) reviewing the theoretical basis of the study 2) defining related concepts such as digital literacy, information literacy, etc. Reviewed research on the digital literacy for tourism management of undergraduate students, providing a theoretical and practical foundation for this paper's research. 2) To take 1,308 tourism management undergraduate students in China as the survey subjects, the current status of their digital literacy was investigated. To analyze the survey results and extract the components of digital literacy among tourism management undergraduate students. 3) We selected 21 experts, used the Delphi method to determine the components of the digital literacy evaluation model, and then used the network analysis method to determine the weight of each component. Finally, we designed a digital literacy evaluation model that is suitable for undergraduate students studying tourism management. Results: The study's results indicate that the model clearly demonstrates the relationships and relative importance of the components of tourism management for undergraduate students. Teachers can effectively use this model to assess students' digital literacy levels and provide them with personalized support and guidance. Students can use this model to improve their digital literacy levels and adapt to the digital age's development sequentially and purposefully. Conclusion: The model clearly shows how tourist management instructional features are weighted. Teachers can measure students' digital literacy with this strategy. Students' digital tourist management skills are improving as teachers customize aid and advise. This method could streamline and personalize education to better prepare students for tourism.

Spontaneous transfer of relational category structures between category learning tasks: A novel approach to measure analogical transfer.

The ability to spontaneously access knowledge of relational concepts acquired in one domain and apply it to a novel domain has traditionally been explored in the analogy literature via the problem-solving paradigm. In the present work, we propose a novel procedure based on categorisation as a complementary approach to assess spontaneous analogical transfer-using one category learning task to enhance learning of the same underlying category structures in another domain. In Experiment 1, we demonstrate larger improvements in classification performance across blocks of training in a target category learning task among participants that underwent a base category learning task relative to a separate group of participants learning the target category structures for the first time, thus providing evidence for spontaneous transfer of the category structures. In Experiment 2, we demonstrate similar evidence of spontaneous transfer for participants that underwent a comparison-based base category learning task under a more rigorous context shift between the base and target category learning tasks. Additional exploratory analyses across both experiments showcase ways in which this paradigm can be used to answer questions regarding the analogical transfer of relational category structures and generate promising paths for future work.

Tanzanian journalists in countering fake news: disinformation and misinformation

The widespread dissemination of fake news, “disinformation and misinformation”, is an ongoing issue that has garnered significant attention from scholars and media professionals due to its contribution to public distrust of the credibility of news provided by media outlets. This article explores Tanzanian journalists’ efforts to combat fake news by assessing their awareness, challenges and strategies. A quantitative approach was employed to gather data from a sample of 306 journalists from radio, television, newspapers and online/digital media across various parts of Tanzania’s mainland. Data collection was facilitated through a questionnaire that incorporated closed-ended and open-ended questions, distributed via Google Forms to various online journalists’ platforms, including WhatsApp and email groups. The findings indicate that an impressive 77.8% of these journalists possess a strong understanding of “fake news” and related concepts such as disinformation and misinformation. Over 70% of respondents encountered fake story sources in their daily journalistic pursuits, with the majority acknowledging its detrimental impact on media organisation credibility. The research also revealed a reliance on traditional methods by Tanzanian journalists to counter fake story sources used. Challenges were identified, including delayed responses from experts or government officials to validate the authenticity of a given story, pressure to report breaking news, a lack of fact-checking software, unreliable Internet connectivity for verifying facts online, and a shortage of trained journalists and news gatekeepers capable of identifying fake news sources.

Building a Digital Twin for a Ground Heat Exchanger

AbstractThis research investigates the development of a digital twin (DT) for ground heat exchangers (GHEs) and its potential to enhance the efficiency and sustainability of shallow geothermal energy systems. It introduces an innovative approach for building a GHE‐DT that connects the physical and digital systems to monitor key parameters, predict issues, and optimize energy efficiency. The process involves several phases including implicit knowledge codification, data‐driven analysis, model construction, and system design. The study emphasizes real‐time monitoring of the effective parameters: ground temperature and fluid conditions (flow rate, temperature, and pressure). The GHE‐DT's digital system mainly comprises three sections, namely, data storage, mathematical modeling, and data‐driven modeling. The role of the presented mathematical model is to simulate the GHE's behavior and assess its performance characteristics, such as the heat exchanger's effectiveness and efficiency. Additionally, the data‐driven model used in the proposed DT utilizes formal concept analysis and relation concept analysis to identify connections and associations among parameters for a better understanding of the GHE functioning. The GHE‐DT provides useful services including trend analysis, problem prediction, and correlation analysis. These services provide engineers and operators with the opportunity to increase dependability, save maintenance costs, and optimize GHE performance.

The Phenomenon of Power: The Social and Psychological Foundations of Power Relations

Today, in the academic environment and on the practical level, many methods are used to assess the motive of collective and internal (personal) power. At the same time, less and less attention is being paid to the issue of the phenomenon of power itself, epistemological and ontological side of it. In this work, variety of approaches to the analysis of the phenomenon of power are considered, evidence is provided that power, first of all, has a social basis and the motive of expanding power is an internal engine for all human activity. In order to form clear definitions related to such a complex phenomenon, it became necessary to integrate the ideas of power of many authors. However, due to the breadth of the notion of power, it is difficult to reduce it to one simple definition. The reader needs to understand the impossibility of fully covering everything related to the phenomenon of power in one scientific article. One of the indirect goals pursued in this work is to revive the discussion about the foundations of the concept of power and power relations.

Theorising the ‘migration fix’: workerisation and exclusion in the European border regime

ABSTRACT The contemporary European border regime is shaped by an apparently paradoxical set of developments: while the securitisation of borders and the violent exclusion of displaced people intensifies, the demand for foreign workers is rapidly growing, driven by severe labour shortages across European economies. In this article, we develop the concept of the migration fix to study how different economic and political logics interact at the heart of European bordering and generate a range of new policies and practices. We theorise this concept drawing from the critical literature on racial capitalism, border studies and the political economy of migration, to understand how border regimes operate within broader logics of capitalist development and function as temporary and unstable fixes between different interests and tendencies, sustaining nativist political projects while creating opportunities for the exploitation of migrant labour. We develop this concept in relation to contemporary EU and member state policies in Germany, Italy and Greece, showing how a set of migration and border policies seek to reconcile business pressures for greater labour migration with the further securitisation of bordering, through the negotiation of partnerships with neighbouring countries and the drive towards what we term the workerisation of asylum seekers and refugees.

What is reflexivity? A scoping review of reflexivity and related concepts in Religious Education

ABSTRACT Reflexivity has become a key concept in RE. It plays a vital role in the interpretive approach and the broader contexts of hermeneutics, anthropology, and research methodology. Moreover, reflexivity is closely related to other terms like self-awareness and self-reflection. How can we conceptualise reflexivity and these related concepts? What are the possible purposes of reflexivity in RE, and how is it facilitated? To answer these questions, we have conducted a thorough scoping review of 62 peer-reviewed articles in English. We identified literature from a broad range of contexts through a comprehensive search. The result is a nuanced classification of the conceptualisations, purposes, and practices we identified in a rich and highly heterogeneous body of literature. We have made this result available in Supplementary material to support future research. Our mapping indicates the need for conceptual clarity and consistent use of reflexivity and related concepts.

The Life Attachment Scale (LAS-R).

The proposed concept of secure/insecure lifeattachment reflects the experience of the world and life as a good (or insecure/threatening) place to be. The present article describes the theoretical foundation, development, and validation of a revised measure that captures the phenomenon of secure/insecure life attachment. The revised scale consists of seven dimensions: (1) Coexistence, (2) Reliability, (3) Safetiness, (4) Integration, (5) Inclusion, (6) Participation, and (7) Deliberation. In three studies (N = 1,059), we examined the factor structure and the convergent and predictive validity of the Life Attachment Scale-Revised (LAS-R). Our results support a seven-factor structure of the scale, reflecting the aforementioned dimensions. Furthermore, convergent and predictive validity were established through correlations with related concepts of life satisfaction, flourishing, openness to the future, and perceived stress. We have devised and substantiated a scale adept at gauging dimensions of secure and insecure/disordered life attachment. Empirical evidence from statistical analyses supports the assumption that the LAS-R is psychometrically sound, establishing its reliability and validity as a dependable instrument. Thus, the scale has promising implications for developing the empirical base for research in many areas of psychology, sociology, and the social sciences.

Faith in Frames: Constructing a Digital Game‐Based Learning Framework for Religious Education

ABSTRACTThis paper discusses the potential of DGBL to facilitate transformation in the context of religious education, arguing for the fact that it is immersive, interactive, and experiential. The paper outlines how this could substantially provide a more engaging learning environment for students, develop critical thinking, and ensure effective learning outcomes. This study explores the advantages and challenges involved in integrating DGBL into curricula for religious education in regard to the alignment between digital game design and pedagogical objectives. These are the important discussions of the application of methodologies in education, constructivist and experiential learning theories, and incorporation of cognitive load optimization strategies to ensure that DGBL does not just enchant students with games but fosters deep understanding of religiously related concepts. Of importance is sharing information to ensure that the content of digital games correctly exemplifies the various traditions of religion and student identity to foster belongingness and respect towards cultural diversity. This paper also takes on board some of the pragmatic issues, among which are professional development by teachers, game design challenges, and possible resistance from other stakeholders who are concerned by the perceived risks associated with gaming. This paper argues that the strategic use of DGBL as a methodology will permit educators to design personalized, engaging, and culturally sensitive learning contexts that enhance students' understanding of and engagement with religious teachings, thus working towards a framework of more inclusive religious education.

Empire, Secular Materialism, and Alternative Knowledges

Abstract: This essay probes the ways that secular thought worked in tandem with the imperial management of colonized peoples. Colonial policies of religious neutrality could not fully obscure the judgmentalism toward the religions of colonial subjects, exposing the power dynamics within which secular discourses of empire operated. A case in point is the rationale for the introduction of English literature into the colonial curriculum as a secular surrogate for Christian values. No writer of the imperial age was more attuned to the complex workings of the secular imagination and the conflictual languages of tolerance and intolerance than Rudyard Kipling, for whom India served as a backdrop for probing the unsustainable power of colonial legislative reforms in altering the religious mindset of Indians. His fascination with technology and its conceptual relation to occultism enabled him to probe the intersections between religion and science, highlighting his imaginative reinterpretation of secularism's fragility as a mechanism of colonial power.

واقع ممارسة العلاقات العامة في الجهات الحكومية في المنطقة الشرقية في المملكة العربية السعودية

This research deals with a comprehensive view of the reality of practicing public relations in government agencies in the Eastern Province, by addressing the concepts of public relations and its role in shaping the image of the agency, as a human communication activity, and in light of the radical transformations witnessed by the world and the field of communication due to rapid technological developments and changing public behavior, with the emergence of social media and the increase in public interaction, public relations have become more interactive and transparent. Also, the increasing competition between institutions imposes on public relations practitioners to devise new and innovative strategies to reach the target audience. In light of the fact that public relations is a fundamental pillar in the work of any system, this research deals with part of the reality of public relations in government organizations in the Eastern Province, considering the public relations function an important pillar in building perceptions and relationships with the public. In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, after the launch of the Kingdom’s Vision 2030, communication activities have re-emerged in the government work arena, and witnessed a transformation in work methods and mechanisms. These activities focused on reflecting the true image of the achievements of the entities working in the field, and for these activities to stem from a deep understanding of the public and its aspirations, with a focus on new media, as they are the closest to the target group.

Public Initiatives to Combat Health Disinformation in Argentina and Spain: A Gender, Social, and Environmental Analysis

Introduction: Public health disinformation is a significant problem as demonstrated by the recent scientific literature on the COVID-19 pandemic. However, further studies that analyse disinformation in public health initiatives within specific contexts and which contains a multidimensional approach (gender, social and environmental) are required. Evidence shows that disinformation, information overload, misinformation or fake news on health issues are also influenced by these issues. Objective: To analyse health disinformation in national public initiatives implemented by the governments of Argentina and Spain before, during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, this paper incorporated a gender-based approach and social and environmental determinants in order to identify the limitations of these initiatives and offer certain recommendations. We conducted a descriptive, qualitative and quantitative study, as well as content analysis. We focused on documents from the websites of the national health ministries of Argentina and Spain, and digital repositories of regulations at the national level. Various strategies for systematic searches on government websites were designed and implemented. This included manual searches on Google. The first step involved a general analysis of all documents found by the searches, followed by a qualitative analysis of the documents that were related to health issues. Based on this work, a comprehensive and flexible framework of (pre-established and emerging) dimensions and categories of health disinformation and infodemics was generated. Results. The work was based on a total of 202 documents (both downloadable information and information included in websites); 117 for Argentina and 85 for Spain. Of the total, 60.9% were published during the COVID-19 pandemic. In the second stage of the analysis, 55 texts were selected for Argentina and 47 for Spain. In both countries, the central communications approach used was disinformation and/or infodemics (although definitions such as fake news were also used). They were mainly linked to the COVID-19 pandemic, but other emerging health problems were also detected to a lesser degree. However, disinformation (or a related concept) was prominently present in only 17 documents in Argentina and 3 documents in Spain. In terms of document type, working materials were foremost in Argentina (44.4%) and Spain (37.6%), with little presence of policy, regulatory and evaluation documents (only 5). Gender binary language was predominantly used in these texts. Vulnerable groups and social determinants were poorly included. Environmental determinants were mentioned in conjunction with health disinformation in only one paper on the use of plastics and its impact on human health in Argentina, and in another paper from the Global Summit on Climate and Health in Spain. Conclusions: Based on the document analysis, the inclusion of health disinformation within public actions in both countries before, during and after the COVID-19 pandemic, was detected. However, different limitations were observed: it was clear that the problem was strongly linked to the health emergency and did not extend much beyond that. Health disinformation was secondary and did not play a key role in public policy nor did it have greater institutional importance. Limitations were also detected in terms of gender perspectives, vulnerable groups and social and environmental determinants linked to health disinformation, displaying a reductionist approach. Based on these results, this paper makes certain policy recommendations.

Ludonarrative coherence and ludomusical harmony: the case of Night in the Woods

The article presents two related concepts crucial for the discussionand design of narrative-driven video games, namely ludonarrativecoherence and ludomusical harmony, as represented in Night in the Woods(Infinite Fall, 2017). Ludonarrative coherence encompasses the designchoices that help to integrate the narrative with the gameplay, and ludomusicalharmony represents this concept in relation to game music. In otherwords, in narrative-driven games the story told, the gameworld created,and the game mechanics afforded should enhance, rather than encumber,one another. Night in the Woods is a game that successfully maintains ludonarrativecoherence and harmony, as we illustrate on selected examples ofmechanics that imply limited agency, relatively low level of difficulty, or asense of failure.

Advance care planning for patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: An evolutionary concept analysis.

This study aimed to analyze the concept of advance care planning (ACP) for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), by systematically clarifying the attributes, antecedents, consequences, surrogate terms, related concepts, and historical transition of the concept. Following Rodgers' method of concept analysis, the academic development of concepts related to ACP for patients with COPD, as well as changes in the concept over time, is comprehensively organized and described. A search formula for relevant literature was created using the two keywords "chronic obstructive pulmonary disease" and "advance care planning". The databases of CENTRAL, PubMed, CINAHL Plus with Full Text, Embase, and PsycInfo were searched without limitation by the year of publication and restricted to English and Japanese languages. Of the 3433 retrieved articles, 30 peer-reviewed articles were included in the analysis. Data extraction was conducted to identify concepts relevant to ACP for patients with COPD, resulting in the identification of four antecedents (COPD progression, decline in QOL, attitude toward facing death and dying, and interdisciplinary team approach); four attributes (discussion process, documentation, support for facing death, and dying, holistic approach); and four consequences (dialogical process, improved support of decision-making, physical impacts, and psychological impacts). This conceptual framework, identified through this analysis, shows an evolution from a medical perspective to encompassing humanistic perspectives in addressing patient needs and emphasizes the importance of nursing practices. The elucidated concept characteristics may enhance its application, practice promotion, and interdisciplinary understanding across healthcare professions in the end-of-life field.

Hybrid multivariate time series prediction system fusing transfer entropy and local relative density

Kernel extreme learning machine (KELM), as a natural extension of ELM to kernel learning, has been successfully applied to solve various multivariate time series prediction (MTSP) tasks. Nevertheless, the high-dimensional and nonlinear properties of prediction information against the background of big data bring great challenges to the application of KELM. Recognizing these challenges, this paper develops a KELM-based hybrid MTSP system, aiming to address the effective mining of potential relationships among variables and sample significance. Our system is initiated by devising a feature evaluation mechanism that leverages transfer entropy and directed graph theory, effectively capturing the intricate interactions and intrinsic influences among variables. Next, we introduce a robust local relative density concept to gauge the significance level of different samples in KELM learning, and develop a more efficient KELM. Diverging from previous MTSP methodologies, the developed prediction system is capable of automatically discovering potential relationships between input features and modelling, and simultaneously realizes feature subset selection and modelling learning. Empirical evidence drawn from real-world datasets substantiates the effectiveness and practicality of our proposed system. The results not only validate our approach but also highlight its theoretical and practical superiority over existing state-of-the-art methods.

Facing Illness Together: Understanding the Role of the Couple in Palliative Care.

Serious illness is rarely experienced by patients in isolation. Many patients present to palliative care (PC) accompanied by their intimate partner. The intimate partnership is a critical axis around which many patients' experiences of serious illness revolve. However, there is a lack of literature and training on how PC clinicians can effectively support couples as a unit. Many existing PC communication strategies can be expanded to the dyadic unit, offering more holistic support for patients, partners, and the entity of their relationship. This paper integrates concepts from couples therapy, psychology, and PC communication to provide insights into the emotional, psychological, interpersonal, and practical challenges couples face during serious illness, as well as opportunities for growth and resilience. Key strategies for PC clinicians include helping couples navigate shifts in relational identity, share the "emotional housework," and transform conflict into connection. Concrete techniques are illustrated throughout this manuscript, employing clinical micro-vignettes to demonstrate their practical application in PC practice. Recognizing the couple as a unified entity empowers clinicians to foster open communication, helping couples maintain connection and evolve intimacy throughout the illness journey. By applying relational concepts and acknowledging the couple's shared experience, PC clinicians can enhance the quality of life for both patients and their partners. Conceptualizing the couple as a distinct entity within PC practice can deepen clinician-patient communication and improve therapeutic effectiveness.

The path ahead for integrative public leadership: a systematic review and call for future research

PurposeThe study aims to review integrative public leadership (IPL) scholarship, identify trends and suggest future research. The paper answers the question, “How has the field of study of integrative public leadership developed, and what gaps should future research address?”Design/methodology/approachA systematic literature review (SLR), utilizing the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 protocol, was conducted over the period 2000–2023. The preliminary database returned 497 articles; however, 55 articles remained after the screening phase. Three themes were addressed: the conceptualization of IPL (what it is), the study characteristics (how and where it was completed) and what has been studied (what we know about IPL).FindingsIPL differs from its related concepts: “shared” and “distributed leadership.” Cross-boundary behaviors are one of IPL’s pillars. Most studies focus on the local level and center on upper-echelon leaders. IPL has been linked to leadership training and positive outcomes, such as organizational and network performance.Research limitations/implicationsThis review focused on articles in refereed journals, excluding books.Practical implicationsThis work provides a twofold contribution in that it: (1) sharpens the concept of integrative public leadership, establishing the boundaries with similar concepts and (2) provides an overview of the field, identifying relevant areas for future research.Originality/valueThis work provides a twofold contribution in that it: (1) sharpens the concept of integrative leadership, establishing the boundaries with similar concepts and (2) provides an overview of the field, identifying relevant areas for future research.

The concept, legal nature, content and subjects of notarial legal relations under Russian law

The article examines the nature and main characteristics of the notarial legal relationship. The notarial legal relationship is considered as a kind of social relationship associated with the organization and functioning of the notary in Russia. Accordingly, a notarial legal relationship can be considered both in a narrow sense (relations between a notary and persons who applied for a notarial action), and in a broad sense, which also includes relations between notaries and notary chambers. Based on the comparative legal method, the author analyzes the theoretical foundations of civil procedural and notarial legal relations. It is proved that the notarial legal relationship is of a public law nature and of a substantive nature, due to which it cannot be attributed to procedural activities, and at the same time cannot be considered as a civil legal relationship. The obligatory subject of a notarial legal relationship (in the narrow sense) is a notary who performs a notarial act. The content of the notarial legal relationship is the rights and obligations regulated by Russian legislation on notaries and the Regulations for performing notarial acts.

Agricultural Innovations and Adaptations to Climate Change in the Northern Cameroon Region

Adaptation to climate change has remained a major socio-ecological issue in the Northern Region of Cameroon since 1973. Presently, this region is subject to the severe chaos of drought, floods, and ecosystem degradation, causing harm and disrupting climatic patterns. Climate change results in the drying of surface water and crops, threatening food security and the well-being of households. It has a serious impact on the entire agricultural production system at global scale. Here, it is suggested that successive adjustments to deeper systemic and transformational adaptations through efforts from NGOs, the Government, and donors, as well as innovations, are necessary to offset the negative impact of climate change on the agricultural value chain. Therefore, this research aimed to identify adaptation strategies and practices for rural communities and households, who suffer from limited access to these agricultural innovations, for a transformative adaptation. Through surveys and focus group discussions carried out in several villages in the Northern Cameroon Region, this study provides empirical data on emerging agricultural innovations in contrasting socio-economic, agricultural, and ecological contexts. Our findings demonstrate that agricultural innovations fostered at the village level have several characteristics that contribute to adaptation and mitigation of the impact of climate change. To begin with, conservation agriculture is very interesting, because crop residues left on the soil protect it from rainfall and dry winds, and gradually add humus to the top soil. In addition, agroforestry plays an important role for the household regarding ecosystem services, including food supply, soil fertility, protection from erosion, regulation of water regime, and sociocultural value. Generally, heads of households (83%) were more involved in innovative initiatives than other social strata, resulting in unequal access and proximity to agricultural innovations. Furthermore, the results highlight a significant lack of coordination and poor visibility of permanent structures supporting agricultural innovations at local level, weakening the sustainable transformation of adaptation. From a scientific perspective, this study could help build a conceptual relationship between agricultural innovation and sustainability transformation, i.e., a climate-smart agriculture. In practice, it provides levers that can be used to multiply and expedite agricultural innovation processes, water conservation, and livestock sustainability, thus contributing to the sustainability of the whole agricultural system in Cameroon and within the Sahel region of Africa.