Concept Of National Interest Research Articles

Hegemonic Discourses Surrounding United States’ Leadership in Post-Ebola Development in Liberia

Abstract This study examines the hegemonic discourses surrounding USAID’s leadership in post-Ebola Liberia between 2015 and 2020. Using documents and critical discourse analysis, the study finds that USAID’s overarching goal of empowering Liberians, especially women, was primarily on humanitarian grounds. However, the study revealed the significant extent to which ideological and political economic assumptions influenced USAID’s prioritization of Liberia in the fight against Ebola in West Africa. These findings call for advancing research on the concept of national interest in international development discourse and practice, as well as the political economy of aid to sub-Saharan Africa from a neocolonialist lens.

Analisis Kebijakan Pemberian Bantuan Militer Amerika Serikat kepada Ukraina Selama Masa Invasi Rusia 2022

This study aims to analyze the policy of providing United States military assistance to Ukraine during the 2022 Russian invasion. The policy of the United States deciding to provide military assistance to Ukraine to help Ukraine resist the Russian invasion drew reactions from the international community as well as from Russia itself. This study aims to analyze this in the context of: exploring the types of assistance, the reasons & objectives behind policy making, and their implications for the relationship between the United States and Russia. This study will use the Rational Actor Model Theory to analyze the reasons behind the policy of granting military to Ukraine by the United States which has considered all available viewpoints, alternatives, and solutions so as to achieve the highest objectives of the policy. In looking at the goals to be achieved by the United States in policy making, the concept of national interest will provide insight into what the United States’ intended goals behind their policy of providing military assistance to Ukraine. The results indicate that the given aid is an investment whose benefits outweighs its costs, as well as the United States justifying their aid provision to Ukraine under defense, ideological and economic interests

Dynamics of Brexit Negotiations from the European Union 2016-2020 Period

This article discusses the dynamics of negotiating Britain's exit from the EU or Brexit. Negotiations between the UK and the EU took a long time, from the leadership of PM Theresa May to PM Boris Johnson. During Theresa May's time, Brexit efforts failed to materialize and succeeded under Boris Johnson who dared to maneuver by ignoring the parliament. This study uses a qualitative method using negotiation theory and the concept of national interest. Sources of data obtained through e-books, news, journals from Scopus and Google Scholar. The findings of this study are traceable causes, actors and parties involved during the negotiation process occurs. In addition, one of the reasons the UK wants to leave the EU is the reluctance of the EU to control its domination over the UK in domestic activities, in terms of the economy and the policy of free movement of workers.

Recovery Economy antara Pemerintah China dan Indonesia Melalui Kerjasama di Sektor Perdagangan dan Investasi Setelah Pandemik

The continuation of the China-Indonesia cooperation that has been forged through the ACFT, as explained earlier, has an influence on friendship in the international arena as well as economic improvement. can be seen in Indonesia's export figures to China, which continue to increase from year to year. The turmoil that has been caused by the Coronavirus Disease-2019 (Covid-19) has weakened all countries internationally and also undermined all sectors, not just health, which was the first trigger for the virus, but also the economic sector, which has implications for the crises of countries in the world. Through the concept of national interest, in which the state must prioritize its interests above all, especially in the four aspects of this concept, the cooperation between the governments of China and Indonesia in the trade and investment sector has produced beneficial results for improving economic stability and the welfare of their respective countries.

The European Union's Interest in Implementing The Renewable Energy Directive II (RED II) Policy on The Issue of Discrimination Against Indonesian Palm Oil

The discrimination of Indonesian palm oil imposed by the European Union through the Renewable Energy Directive II (RED II) policy provides mixed and overlapping speculation. This is evident by the E.U.'s unpublished interest in the issue of discrimination against Indonesian palm oil. The purpose of this study is to find out the hidden interests or objectives of the European Union after imposing trade barriers on Indonesian palm oil exports, which will be reviewed through the theory of neo-mercantilism and also the concept of national interest. This research uses qualitative methods in collecting data related to problems using a descriptive approach to ensure a consistent understanding of the ideas considered. Our analysis shows unprecedented public interest in the European Union regarding discrimination against Indonesian palm oil. This is an effort to protect the European Union from their domestic vegetable oils being less competitive than vegetable oils from Indonesian palm oil. The European Union imposed trade barriers to prevent Indonesian palm oil from quickly entering the European market. Keywords: palm oil discrimination, European Union, RED II

Indonesia and Saudi Arabia Partnership During Regional Pressure on Hajj Management

<p>This paper discusses the relationship between Indonesia and Saudi Arabia in managing the pilgrimage. Hajj is a sector that makes a significant contribution to the economy of Saudi Arabia. However, the increasing number of pilgrims every year makes managing the pilgrimage more difficult and makes Saudi Arabia face regional pressure in the form of internationalizing the management of the pilgrimage. During regional pressure, Saudi Arabia is trying to diversify its economy through Saudi Vision 2030 which contains plans to improve the governance of the Hajj and Umrah pilgrimages. Indonesia, one of the countries that cares about pilgrims, is often faced with facts related to the inefficient management and services of Hajj. Through the concept of national interest, this research shows that the internationalization pressure of hajj has become a stimulus for Saudi Arabia in improving the management of its hajj in line with its 2030 vision which also focuses on hajj issues. The collaboration of these two factors has made Indonesia, a close partner of Saudi Arabia in hajj activities, will have a positive effect in the form of increased aspects of service and mobility that will make it easier for Indonesian pilgrims to perform the pilgrimage.</p>

Peran Indonesia dalam Penyelesaian Sengketa Hukum Internasional di Perbatasan Laut Natuna

The issue of maritime boundaries is a fundamental matter that should be resolved and agreed upon by a country. The purpose of this research was to find out how the regulation of the law of the sea convention (UNCLOS 1982) relates to the settlement of maritime disputes between countries and how the authority of the international court of law of the sea (International Tribunal for The Law Of The Sea-ITLOS) in resolving maritime disputes. By using the method normative juridical research, qualitative methods and the concept of national interest, geopolitics and geostrategy are used to analyze this study. In this study, the South China Sea is the border for several countries, including Indonesia, Vietnam, Malaysia, Brunei, the Philippines and China. Because of this, border disputes in the South China Sea have quite high dynamics. This writing uses normative juridical research methods, with primary and secondary data to assist writers in finding research results and discussion. It is the obligation of Indonesia as a sovereign country to be able to play an active role in maintaining world peace in the form of participating in resolving disputes on the border of the Natuna Sea.

Indonesia's Foreign Policy in Marine Defense Strategy in The Indo-Pacific

In the global interaction with the Indo-Pacific order which is dominated by dynamic contestation issues, the Indo-Pacific system stipulates that Indonesia created the Indo-Pacific concept to advance the habit of inclusivity for dialogue with regional settlements to create peace through building blocks in the region. The author formulates the formulation of the problem in the form of: the development of Indonesia's foreign policy in the strategy of inter-state resilience in the Indo-Pacific region. The purpose of this article is to discuss the Indo-Pacific Integration Project as Indonesia's foreign policy sustainability strategy and provide recommendations for implementation at various levels, including strategic, bilateral and practical levels. The author uses Barry Buzan's national security system and foreign policy theory, namely neo-realism, with the concept of national interest and foreign policy analysis. The role of the military is limited to the capabilities of defense institutions, threat assessment and security interactions. The writer analyzed the data qualitatively using descriptive method with secondary data. The writing analysis in this journal emphasizes the centralization of the Indonesian state as an important actor in influencing conceptions in the Indo-Pacific region. Indonesia's strategy is in the context of the Security Community, the formation of norms and identity in ASEAN is actually a modality that further strengthens values, identity and norms in ASEAN. Indonesia's idea is for ASEAN to have a more inclusive, open and respecting international law, namely the ASEAN Indo-Pacific Outlook (AOIP)

UNITED STATES AND IRAN INTERVENTION IN THE POST-ARAB SPRING CONFLICT IN YEMEN

<p>This article describes the involvement of the United States and Iran in the conflict that occurred in Yemen after the Arab Spring. The conflict occurred due to political turmoil between the government and the opposition, in which America is a supporter of the government regime along with their ally, namely Saudi Arabia. In the opposition camp, Iran gave their support to the Houthi group that had the same ideology, namely Shi'ah. This research was conducted to answer the question of what are the interests of the United States and Iran in the proxy war in Yemen? The theory used in this research is the concept of national interest. This concept is closely related to the view of realism in international relations. The research method used is descriptive analytical by analyzing the relevant variables from various sources that have been filtered according to research needs. After conducting research, it can be concluded that the involvement of the United States and Iran in the Yemen conflict can be seen from four factors of national interest, namely defense interests, economic interests, world order interests, and ideological interests. Of these four interests, both the US and Iran want to show their dominance, existence, strength and influence in global politics of eyes world through intervention in the Yemen conflict after the Arab Spring.</p>

KEPENTINGAN KEAMANAN NASIONAL RUSIA DALAM SERANGAN MILITER TERHADAP UKRAINA TAHUN 2022

ABSTRACT This study wants to find out how the background that influences Russia to carry out a military attack on Ukraine in 2022 and study Russia's national security interests against Ukraine. Russia is making changes to its military policy in Ukraine by increasing the number of military equipment and soldiers and carrying out military attacks in 2022. The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors that influence or become the background of Russia in carrying out military attacks and their relationship to its national interests. The theoretical framework used in this research is the concept of national interest described by H.J Morgenthau, and foreign policy from Morgenthau. The concept of national interest and foreign policy is used to explain the factors that influence Russia in carrying out its 2022 military attack policy in Ukraine and its relationship with its national interest in selfdefense. In its policy, Russia is increasingly intensive in sending military personnel and equipment to support military operations in Ukraine. Russia, then also changed its strategy in the operation where in its operation Russia was more offensive and Russiaalso divided the area of operation between the North and the South. From the results of the author's analysis using the theoretical framework, it can be concluded that Russia's military policy related to the political crisis in Ukraine is caused by internal factors, the existence of national interests that must be protected and external factors in the form of the source system behind it. These national interests are related to defense, economy, politics and the military. While the external factor is the existence of a source system where there is a pattern ofinteraction or alliances that exist in the Eastern European region and the security of the country is threatened. The author finds that Russia is trying very hard in carrying out its military policy in order to protect its nation. Keywords: Russia, Ukraine, National Interest

Kebijakan Keimigrasian Indonesia terhadap Negara yang Tidak Memiliki Hubungan Diplomatik: Studi Kasus Israel dan Taiwan

This paper provides an analysis of Indonesia’s immigration policies towards Israel and Taiwan, two countries that do not have official diplomatic relations with Indonesia. Immigration policy analysis will focus on the implementation of Indonesia’s selective policy towards foreigners such as applications for entry permits (visas), inspections at Immigration Checkpoints (TPI), supervision of foreigners, and enforcement of Indonesian immigration laws. Through qualitative research methods and descriptive analysis approaches, it can be explained how the concept of national interest is able to influence Indonesia’s decision not to open diplomatic relations with Israel and Taiwan. The differences in background that affect the absence of diplomatic relations have finally contributed to the differences in the policy of granting the Visa of the Republic of Indonesia to citizens of Israel and Taiwan who want to enter the sovereignty territory of the State of Indonesia. The Covid-19 pandemic situation also influenced the policy of granting the visit visa. There are no differences in security enforcement policies at Immigration Checkpoints and immigration control, as well as law enforcement through immigration administration actions between Israeli and Taiwanese citizens and foreigners from other countries.

National Interest and state Foreign Policy Behavior: A Doctrinal Discourse of Nigeria and the USA

National interest and foreign policy are interrelated concepts frequently used in discussions of international relations and international politics. Nation-states do not act irrationally or are naturally benevolent; policymakers employed the concept of national interest to justify their actions or inactions either external or internal. The focus of this paper is on the efficacy of national interest in shaping the foreign policy behaviour of Nigeria and the United State. This research work further to analyse the doctrinal base of Nigeria and US foreign policy. Data for this article was through a secondary source thus, the analysis was qualitative content analysis. It is argued in this paper that what constitutes the national interest of a state varies from one state to another, and is not static. However, the paper maintains that some national interests are constant even though regime changes. The paper to this end argued that there is no state foreign policy in the world that is devoid of national interests instead, they form the basis in which a country interacts with others in economic ties, diplomatic intercourse, military cooperation, cultural convergence and a lot more.

Fishermen Empowerment Strategy as a Solution in the Security Management Crisis in the North Natuna Sea

Indonesia faces tremendous pressure in dealing with the crisis in the North Natuna Sea with China, which often violates Indonesia's EEZ in the North Natuna Sea. The frequency of crises in the North Natuna Sea is increasingly frequent. It requires an effective strategy without damaging diplomatic relations, and local Natuna fishers immediately feel the benefits. Diplomatic efforts carried out since 1994 and military policies have no significant effect in preventing China's aggressiveness. Up until now, Chinese fishing vessels and the Chinese Coast Guard are still carrying out provocative actions by violating Indonesia's IUU Fishing and EEZ by adhering to the Nine-Dash Line principle, which has disrupted maritime security and has harmed Indonesia for not respecting the 1982 UNCLOS. Moreover, Jakarta's response to that event sent fishing boats from Pantura Java to take fish in the Natuna area, making it worse for local Natuna fishers. Thus act sparked a conflict, which meant Natuna fishers faced two threats from foreign parties and conflicts with Pantura Java fishers. The researcher aims to analyze the strategies that the Government of Indonesia has carried out in dealing with the crisis in the North Natuna Sea with China by using qualitative methods and triangulation analysis techniques with the concept of national interest. The researcher analyzed how the strategy used by the Indonesian Government did not have a significant impact on reducing China's aggressiveness and conflicts with Pantura Java fishers. The study results indicate that additional strategies are needed to encourage the effectiveness of the expected results by prioritizing local Natuna fishermen as part of the solution, with maximum coordination between the Indonesian Navy, BAKAMLA (Badan Keamanan Laut/ Indonesian Maritime Security Agency), and the Natuna Fisherman Community. Researchers suggest that the central Government coordinates with stakeholders to form a “Sovereignty Patrol Fisherman Team” accompanied by Bakamla as a concrete action to safeguard the sovereignty and sovereign rights of professional fishers to facilitate up-to-date and surviving fishing vessels in the North Natuna Sea as a form of state defence and empowerment of local Natuna fishers.

The Opec Oil Shock Crisis (1973): An Analysis

The OPEC Oil Embargo (1973) was precipitated by the Yom Kippur War. The United States was the first country to be sanctioned by Saudi Arabia, Libya, and other Arab countries on October 19, 1973 for its political and military support for Israel (particularly through the delivery of military equipment and arms, which played a key role in Israel's wars against neighboring countries). The 1973 Oil Embargo put a strain on a United States economy that had become increasingly reliant on foreign oil. The research is conducting to analyse the The Opec Oil Price Shock Crisis (1973) and Impact to United States of America. The objectivof this study is to examine the OPEC Oil Price Shock Crisis impact to United States of America. The concept of national interest is used to support the action of United States of America in solving the the crisis. The study is being carried out using a qualitative approach, including data gathered from secondary sources. The secondary data in this study also consists of printed and digital material gathered from articles and books. Findings of the study are several impacts that have a significant impact on the United States where it has already had an impact on the economy, politics and also the United States relationship with the OPEC organization. One of the obvious impacts is from an economic point of view. The U.S. economy undeniably experienced a downward trend during the oil crisis. It left no lasting impression, even more than a year on the United States. Not to forget the impact on U.S. politics. U.S. politics is seen as less stable and volatile after the oil crisis. But the United States Government is still able to work together to overcome this problem. Not to forget the impact on US relations and the OPEC Organization. The relationship between the two was seen to erode when the crisis began and in 1974 to 1975 witness their recovery phase but this crisis has taught the United States not to be too dependent on oil resources from foreign countries.

Methodological Problems Concerning Concept’s Formation of the National Cybersecurity in the Russian Federation

The development of information technologies and the widespread digitalisation of many life factors needs an individual’s information security in the digital space. Also, it indicates the need to develop a system of control over this space. This article discusses the main problems concerning the Russian national cybersecurity policy concept. The authors note that two multidirectional trends influence the implementation of the security policy and the protection of information resources and data. First, it is the lack of a clear definition of the Internet space and its boundaries in the legislative framework. Second, the significant interest of the public sector in the independence and security of this space from possible threats and attacks. The formation of the concept of national interest in the field of cybersecurity leads to the solution of several tasks at once, both in the internal domain of digital presence and in the international arena. The authors provide several fundamental terms that will be interesting and necessary for further research in this direction. We have drawn attention to the insufficient terminological elaboration of this topic.

Motivasi Australia Memberikan Bantuan Luar Negeri kepada Indonesia dalam Menangani Penyebaran COVID-19 Tahun 2020-2021

This research focused to discuss the motivation behind Australia’s foreign aid to Indonesia in order to tackle the transmission of COVID-19 in 2020-2021. According to data, the case of COVID-19 spreading in Indonesia has escalated continuously. Hence, Australia is concerned about providing foreign aid to Indonesia. The conceptual framework that was used in this article is the concept of national interest. The qualitative methods and descriptive analysis approach were also used in this research. Through library resources with collecting the data sourced from books, documents, journals, and electronic sources that the validity can be accounted for, this article explained that Australia as a country providing aid to Indonesia places interest in the health sector and the private sector. Furthermore, the result of this research concludes that the aid provided by Australia to Indonesia is an intention to defend Australia’s national interests related tohealth research while strengthening the economic sector obtained from the results of cooperation amid the COVID-19.Â

Japan's Remilitarization, Passive Constitutional Amendment Discourse

This journal aims to observe the Japanese remilitarization plan of some elements of Japanese politics to amend the Pacifism constitution in article 9 related to military capabilities and the factors behind it. Japan's plan to amend Article 9 is a step that is considered important to make it easier for Japan to fulfil its national interests in the field of defence and security in the Pacific and East Asia regions. A qualitative approach is carried out to observe the facts that occur and is followed by using several concepts in analysing the phenomenon. The data collection technique that will be used is to find library research data. The perspective of Neorealism, the Concept of National Interest and Foreign Policy are used as the basis and direction to answer issues related to Japanese remilitarization and the discourse on the amendment of Article 9 of the Japanese Pacifism Constitution and the reasons behind the plan.

UPAYA PEMERINTAH INDONESIA DALAM MENGHADAPI HEGEMONI CHINA DI KAWASAN LAUT CHINA SELATAN PADA PEMERINTAHAN JOKO WIDODO TAHUN 2016 – 2019

China claims Indonesia’s sovereign in Natuna sea, which is located next to South China Sea (SCS). China insists that part of the Natuna sea belongs to China based on Nine-Dash Line map policy which makes it a claim to the South China Sea area. The Nine-Dash Line map was formed based on historical of China’s dynasty. The China’s hegemony is also shown by the islands’ exploration and management in the South China Sea. The conflict between China and Indonesia has been going on for quite a long. It is marked by the China’s actions in sending their fishing vessels to cross the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and doing the illegal fishing in Natuna sea. There are several confrontation issues between China’s vessel and Indonesia sea in Joko Widodo’s reign, but they are undaunted. They show implicit support to Indonesia’s sovereignty. This research used descriptive method to describe the conflicts in the South China Sea. There were 2 (two) concepts and 1 (one) theory in this research. Those were the Concept of National Interest, the Concept of Sovereignty and Geopolitical Theory. The results of this reasearch showed that the government in Joko Widodo’s reign has attempts in many ways in the face of China’s hegemony that was built in South China Sea, especially in Natuna Sea area. The attempts included the President's assertive demeanor by visiting Natuna, also holding the military training and development. In fact, Indonesia continued its diplomatic attempt in carrying out its role as an honest broker to the South China Sea conflict.

The Implementation of Australia’s “Stepping-Up Engagement” with the Melanesian States as the Defence Strategy of Australia to Respond to the Rise of China in the South Pacific Region (2013-2018)

The rise of China in the South Pacific region indicates China’s growing political-diplomatic, economic, and the possibility of military presence within the region. Accordingly, it develops Australia’s threat perception and affects Australia’s national interest. A secure nearer region is the second most important in Australia’s strategic defense interests. Therefore, the stability and security of the South Pacific region are crucial to Australia’s national interests. This research discussed Australia’s “Stepping-Up engagement” as the defense strategy of Australia to strengthen its bilateral defense relations with the Melanesian states as the response to the rise of China. In addition, the research is constructed by using the concept of national interest, threat perception, defence strategy and bilateral defence relations through qualitative research method. This research explains the implementation of Australia’s “Stepping-Up engagement” with the Melanesian states as the defence strategy of Australia to respond to the rise of China in the South Pacific region.

Analysis of Indian National Interests in the Malacca Strait Coordinated Patrol in 2018

The Malacca Strait is one of the strategic trade routes with more than 60,000 ships passing over more than one third of the world's commodities. Strategic values do not necessarily bring benefits, but also bring security threats. The number of countries that use Malacca Strait shipping services increase crime rates such as piracy, drug trafficking, environmental pollution, and various other threats. In an effort to overcome this problem, since 2004 multilateral cooperation has been established in the Malacca Strait Security Patrol scheme between Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore. This collaboration has succeeded in reducing crime rates since this collaboration was established. In 2018 India As one of the new actors in the Asia Pacific region volunteered to join in the Malacca Straits Patrol Patrol scheme. This study analyzes policies, strategies and national interests of India in the Malacca Strait. By using the foreign perspective with the Strategic Model / Rational Model as well as the concept of national interest, this research uses the Kulitative method with a case study approach to the coordination of the Malacca Strait Security Patrol. Research data collection is carried out by literature review of journals, books, reports, and internet-based sources. India, which views the Malacca Starait Patrols collaboration as a strategic partnership has a vision to expand Chinese cooperation and political influence in the Southeast Asia region and within the framework of the Indian maritime strategy in the Pacific Ocean to the Asia Pacific region.