Conception Of Motion Research Articles

Contrariety and Complementarity: Reading Spinoza’s Intersubjective Holism of Ideas with Aristotle’s Two Accounts of Motion

Do minds and ideas connect, interact, or even depend on each other, and if so, how exactly do they connect and interact? How to conceive of the mode and process of minds and ideas being in a network and connected in some way, that is, being intersubjective or social? Martin Lenz’s study Socializing Minds (2022) convincingly shows that, contrary to widespread opinion in philosophy of mind, at least some early modern philosophers, here Spinoza, Locke, and Hume, actually give a positive answer to the first question and present models that respond to the second question, thus, addressing what Lenz proposes to call ‘the contact problem’ and repudiating the idea that mentalism is necessarily bound to individualism. In this comment, I focus on a detail in Lenz’s reconstruction of Spinoza’s ‘metaphysical model’ of intersubjectivity of minds, namely the Aristotelian physical dynamism that would underlie Spinoza’s idea of the interaction of minds. While I agree that Spinoza’s model of the interaction of minds refers to the Aristotelian conception of motion, I argue that the guiding principle in natural motion is best understood not only in terms of contrariety but also in terms of complementarity. A closer reading of Aristotle’s theory of motion (kinēsis, metabolē) identifies two approaches to natural motion, one based on contrary principles, the other on complementary principles or powers (dynameis; potentiae). I suggest conceiving them as two sources for modelling natural motion and thus as two resources for a kinetic modelling of intersubjectivity and sociality. Admittedly, my proposal goes beyond Spinoza’s model of ideas in contact, and probably beyond Lenz's interpretation of that model, but it might enrich the imagination of the socialising of minds and ideas from a kinetic point of view, which, at least as I understand it, is precisely what Spinoza and Lenz thrive on.

Is SiPOERT an Innovative Learning? Implementation and Identification of Students’ Conception on Simple Harmonic Motion

The purpose of this research is to identify students’ conception of simple harmonic motion by implemen-ting SiPOERT (Simulation in Predict Observe Explain with Refutational Text). The research method used is mixed methods with an embedded mixed methods research design. The research instrument used consis-ted of diagnostic test questions in the format of four-tier Simple Harmonic Motion, Refutational Texts Student Worksheets, and learning implementation observation sheets. The sample in this study consisted of 32 students in XI class in one of the public high schools in Central Java. The analysis of this study uses delta M, the implementation of learning is shown in the form of a percentage, and the change in conception is analyzed based on the results of the pre-test and post-test. The results showed that students' misconcep-tions decreased by 16.4% from the pretest of 65.9% to 49.5% in the post-test. There was a change in the level of conception, by 42% in the Accepted Change (AC) category, 41% in the Not Change (NC) category, and 17% in the Unaccepted Change (UC) category.

Motion and Rest from a Chinese Buddhist Perspective

This paper focuses on Seng-Chao’s conception of motion and rest as two different ways to see the same phenomenon and the effect that this has on his understanding of ideas such as impermanence. I point out the parallels that can be made between motion and rest and samsara and nirvana and I argue that a strong Taoist background helps Seng-Chao clarify Indian ideas and make even deeper claims about the true nature of reality.

Conception of Motion as Newton Law Implementation among Students of Physics Education

Conception of Motion as Newton Law Implementation among Students of Physics Education

Influence of Age on Students’ Alternative Conceptions of Scientific Phenomena

The study was designed to investigate the influence of age on students’ alternative conceptions of scientific phenomena. The study employed an ex-post-facto design and was conducted in some sampled schools in Aguata education zone of Anambra State. The sample for this study comprised of five hundred and twenty two SS I students. The study was carried out in 8 secondary schools (4 boys and 4 girls). The schools were drawn through a stratified random sampling. In each school, intact class of SS I was used. Two research question and one hypothesis guided the study. An instrument known as Alternative Conception of Scientific Phenomena Test (ACSPT) was developed by the researcher and used for data collection. The research questions were answered using frequencies and percentages while the hypothesis was tested using cross tabulation with chi-square test of independence as the test statistic. It was revealed that age is not a significant factor in student’s conception of motion. The reasons for the students’ alternative conception of motion were centered on culture and practices prevailing in the environment. Based on the findings of the study, the researcher recommendation that alternative scientific conceptions based science instruction should be adopted in our school system; Ministry of Education and Professional Organizations like STAN should organize workshops, seminars and conferences for Physics teachers on the use of the scientific alternative conception based package and the use of conventional instructional approach should be de-emphasized in our school system since it encourages rote-learning. Physics teachers should employ the principles of the alternative conception of science to enhance knowledge acquisition among students. Keywords : Influence of age, Alternative conceptions, Scientific phenomena DOI : 10.7176/JEP/10-9-22 Publication date :March 31 st 2019

Conception of Motion as Newton Law Implementation among Students of Physics Education

Abstract : The study was conducted by giving an identification test on Newton’s laws of motion application in the form of multiple choice questions to students who were enrolled in Mechanics and Basic Physics Courses. The analysis was based on student answers and the level of student confidence in the correctness of the answers in quantitative descriptive and qualitative. The results of the analysis of identification tests were reinforced by thinking map of Newton’s laws of student presentation and followed up by interviews. The results show that students’ conceptions of motion and Newton’s laws is insufficient. Prospective teacher students are required to learn the concepts of Motion and Newton’s Law applied and influenced by common sense. Key Words : conception, Newton’s laws, motion Abstrak : Penelitian dilakukan dengan memberikan tes identifikasi aplikasi hukum-hukum Newton tentang gerak kepada mahasiswa berupa soal pilihan ganda pada mahasiswa yang terdaftar pada matakuliah Mekanika dan Fisika Dasar. Analisis didasarkan pada jawaban mahasiswa dan tingkat kepercayaan mahasiswa terhadap kebenaran jawabannya secara kuantitatif deskriptif dan kualitatif. Hasil analisis tes identifikasi diperkuat dengan thinking map hukum-hukum Newton sajian mahasiswa dan ditindaklanjuti dengan wawancara. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan konsepsi mahasiswa tentang gerak dan hukum-hukum Newton dalam kategori “Kurang Paham”. Mahasiswa calon guru perlu belajar dan mempelajari konsep Gerak dan Hukum Newton secara aplikatif dan dipengaruhi oleh common sense . Kata kunci : konsepsi, hukum-hukum Newton, keadaan gerak

Blood money: Harvey's De motu cordis (1628) as an exercise in accounting.

William Harvey's famous quantitative argument from De motu cordis (1628) about the circulation of blood explained how a small amount of blood could recirculate and nourish the entire body, upending the Galenic conception of the blood's motion. This paper argues that the quantitative argument drew on the calculative and rhetorical skills of merchants, including Harvey's own brothers. Modern translations of De motu cordis obscure the language of accountancy that Harvey himself used. Like a merchant accounting for credits and debits, intake and output, goods and moneys, Harvey treated venous and arterial blood as essentially commensurate, quantifiable and fungible. For Harvey, the circulation (and recirculation) of blood was an arithmetical necessity. The development of Harvey's circulatory model followed shifts in the epistemic value of mercantile forms of knowledge, including accounting and arithmetic, also drawing on an Aristotelian language of reciprocity and balance that Harvey shared with mercantile advisers to the royal court. This paper places Harvey's calculations in a previously underappreciated context of economic crisis, whose debates focused largely on questions of circulation.

Gauge dependence and self-force from Galilean to Einsteinian free fall, compact stars falling into black holes, Hawking radiation and the Pisa tower at the general relativity centennial

Obviously, in Galilean physics, the universality of free fall implies an inertial frame, which in turns implies that the mass [Formula: see text] of the falling body is omitted (because it is a test mass; put otherwise, the center of mass of the system coincides with the center of the main, and fixed, mass [Formula: see text]; or else, we consider only a homogeneous gravitational field). Conversely, an additional (in the opposite or same direction) acceleration proportional to [Formula: see text] would rise either for an observer at the center of mass of the system, or for an observer at a fixed distance from the center of mass of [Formula: see text]. These elementary, but overlooked, considerations fully respect the equivalence principle (EP) and the (local) identity of an inertial or a gravitational pull for an observer in the Einstein cabin. They value as fore-runners of the self-force and gauge dependency in general relativity. Because of its importance in teaching and in the history of physics, coupled to the introductory role to Einstein’s EP, the approximate nature of Galilei’s law of free fall is explored herein. When stepping into general relativity, we report how the geodesic free fall into a black hole was the subject of an intense debate again centered on coordinate choice. Later, we describe how the infalling mass and the emitted gravitational radiation affect the free fall motion of a body. The general relativistic self-force might be dealt with to perfectly fit into a geodesic conception of motion. Then, embracing quantum mechanics, real black holes are not classical static objects any longer. Free fall has to handle the Hawking radiation, and leads us to new perspectives on the varying mass of the evaporating black hole and on the varying energy of the falling mass. Along the paper, we also estimate our findings for ordinary masses being dropped from a Galilean or Einsteinian Pisa-like tower with respect to the current state of the art drawn from precise measurements in ground and space laboratories, and to the constraints posed by quantum measurements. Appendix A describes how education physics and high impact factor journals discuss the free fall. Finally, case studies conducted on undergraduate students and teachers are reviewed.

The Actuality of the Movable (by the Mover): a Relational Interpretation of Aristotle’s Definition of Motion

AbstractThe paper discusses Aristotle’s conception of motion and proposes a new perspective for a reading. Of course, motion can be located between two states of a movable, between potentiality and actuality, but it can also be located between (the state of) a movable and (that of) its mover. It is also argued that this relational perspective is the correct way to understand Aristotle’s definition of motion. When Aristotle defines motion as “the actuality of what potentially is,

Breve histórico da dinâmica newtoniana do movimento curvilíneo

Neste trabalho fazemos uma apresentação da dinâmica newtoniana do movimento curvilíneo. Iniciamos fazendo um pequeno retrospecto da questão, a partir da problematização imposta pela concepção cartesiana do movimento inercial, passando quase que imediatamente ao estudo das sucessivas abordagens newtonianas do tema. Apresentamos os tratamentos iniciais de Newton - ainda dominados pela idéia cartesiana de “esforço centrífugo” - nos quais, no entanto, já observamos a sutileza do raciocínio matemático apoiado nas noções de elementos infinitesimais. Destacamos, em seguida, a aparente contribuição do pensamento de Robert Hooke para a concepção newtoniana do movimento curvilíneo, concretizada sobretudo através de diálogos epistolares, ainda que escassos ou reticentes. Enfatizamos como, após esse contato, Newton abandonou a noção da atuação de uma força centrífuga a produzir um equilíbrio dinâmico no movimento, em favor de um entendimento do problema como um sistema mecânico fundamentalmente fora do equilíbrio. Passamos, por último, à concepção newtoniana definitiva do movimento, já expressa em sua essência no tratado De Motu e finalmente apresentada na grande obra dos Princípios Matemáticos da Filosofia Natural. Salientamos, particularmente, a dedução efetuada por Newton das leis do movimento planetário propostas por Kepler, que constituiu uma das mais altas realizações da ciência humana.

Does Time Flow, at Any Rate?

Abstract The so-called no-rate argument argues that time cannot flow or pass in the literal sense of that term, because its motion can be assigned no meaningful rate. This paper examines a yet unexplored objection to the no-rate argument, which consists in showing that the argument itself is based on an extended conception of motion, according to which it is meaningful and consistent to say that time flows at no well-defined rate.

NEWTON AND DESCARTES: THEOLOGY AND NATURAL PHILOSOPHY

abstractScholars have long recognized that Newton regarded Descartes as his principal philosophical interlocutor when composing the first edition of Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica in 1687. The arguments in the Scholium on space and time, for instance, can profitably be interpreted as focusing on the conception of space and motion in part two of Descartes's Principles of Philosophy (1644). What is less well known, however, is that this Cartesian conception, along with Descartes's attempt to avoid Galileo's fate in 1633, serves as an essential background to understanding Newton's own (poorly understood) view of the theological implications of his theory of space and motion. In particular, after withdrawing Le Monde from publication in 1633 because of its Copernican leanings, Descartes later introduced what some regard as a “fudge factor” into the theory of motion in the Principles: from an ordinary perspective the earth does move; but from a philosophical one, it does not. This background indicates the novelty and originality of Newton's own attempt to explicate how scriptural passages concerning the motions of the heavenly bodies can be reconciled with the philosophical views he developed during the 1680s. New evidence from archival sources and correspondence supports this argument, shedding light on the Scholium and on Newton's conception of philosophy's relation to theology.

Fluvial erosion/transport equation of landscape evolution models revisited

We present a mesoscale erosion/deposition model, which differs from previous landscape evolution models equations by taking explicitly into account a mass balance equation for the streamflow. The geological and hydrological complexity is lumped into two basic fluxes (erosion and deposition) and two averaged parameters (unit width discharge q and stream slope s). The model couples the dynamics of streamflow and topography through a sediment transport length function ξ(q), which is the average travel distance of a particle in the flow before being trapped on topography. This property reflects a time lag between erosion and deposition, which allows the streamflow not to be instantaneously at capacity. The so‐called ξ‐q model may reduce either to transport‐limited or to detachment‐limited erosion modes depending on ξ. But it also may not. We show in particular how it does or does not for steady state topographies, long‐term evolution, and high‐frequency base level perturbations. Apart from the unit width discharge and the settling velocity, the ξ(q) function depends on a dimensionless number encompassing the way sediment is transported within the streamflow. Using models of concentration profile through the water column, we show the dependency of this dimensionless coefficient on the Rouse number. We discuss how consistent the ξ‐q model framework is with bed load scaling expressions and Einstein's conception of sediment motion.

Had the planet Mars not existed: Kepler's equant model and its physical consequences

We examine the equant model for the motion of planets, which was the starting point of Kepler's investigations before he modified it because of Mars observations. We show that, up to first order in eccentricity, this model implies for each orbit a velocity, which satisfies Kepler's second law and Hamilton's hodograph, and a centripetal acceleration with an r−2 dependence on the distance to the Sun. If this dependence is assumed to be universal, Kepler's third law follows immediately. This elementary exercise in kinematics for undergraduates emphasizes the proximity of the equant model coming from ancient Greece with our present knowledge. It adds to its historical interest a didactical relevance concerning, in particular, the discussion of the Aristotelian or Newtonian conception of motion.

Beeckman, Descartes and the Force of Motion

In this reassessment of Descartes' debt to his mentor Isaac Beeckman, I argue that they share the same basic conception of motion: the force of a body's motion—understood as the force of persisting in that motion, shorn of any connotations of internal cause—is conserved through God's direct action, is proportional to the speed and magnitude of the body, and is gained or lost only through collisions. I contend that this constitutes a fully coherent ontology of motion, original with Beeckman and consistent with his atomism, which, notwithstanding Descartes' own profoundly original contributions to the theory of motion, is basic to all Descartes' further work in natural philosophy.

A history of the circle: mathematical reasoning and the physical universe

I found the book to be fascinating, and the author's presentations and illustrations of the contrasts bewtween mathematical reasoning and scientific reasoning were especially appealing. The book is rich in history, which is carefully integrated into the discussions, and it includes wonderful illustrations and stories. --The Mathematics Teacher is a wonderful storyteller, and his choices of topics reveal not only the depth of explanation afforded by the available mathematics but the beauty in the explanations; he succeeds in keeping the explanations accessible to the most general audience. --Choice The concept of the circle is ubiquitous. It can be described mathematically, represented physically, and employed technologically. The circle is an elegant, abstract form that has been transformed by humans into tangible, practical forms to make our lives easier. And yet no one has ever discovered a true mathematical circle. Rainbows are fuzzy, car tires are flat on the bottom, and even the most precise roller bearings have measurable irregularities. Ernest Zebrowski, Jr., discusses how investigations into the circle have contributed enormously to our current knowledge of the physical universe. Beginning with the ancient mathematicians and culminating in twentieth-century theories of space and time, the mathematics of the circle has pointed many investigators in fruitful directions in their quests to unravel nature's secrets. Johannes Kepler, for example, triggered a scientific revolution in 1609 when he challenged the conception of the earth's circular motion around the sun. Arab and European builders instigated a golden age of mosque and cathedral building when they questioned the Roman structural arches that were limited to geometrical semicircles. Throughout his book, Zebrowski emphasizes the concepts underlying these mathematicians' calculations, and how these concepts are linked to real-life examples. Substantiated by easy-to-follow mathematical reasoning and clear illustrations, this accessible book presents a novel and interesting discussion of the circle in technology, culture, history, and science. Ernest Zebrowski, Jr., hold professorships in science and mathematics education at Southern University in Baton Rouge, and in physics at Pennsylvania College of Technology of the Pennsylvania State University. He is the author of Perils of a Restless Planet: Scientific Perspectives on Natural Disasters and The Last Days of St. Pierre: The Volcanic Disaster That Claimed 30,000 Lives.

Self-movers and unmoved movers in Aristotle's Physics VII

Robert Wardy's recentThe Chain of Change(Cambridge, 1990) has again brought to the fore the question of the role ofPhysicsVII in the development of Aristotle's conception of motion. Wardy reads VII in conjunction with VIII, and argues that the former is the precursor of the latter in the development of the conception of a cosmic unmoved mover. He also claims that this account is the only one that can save us from a version of self-motion made unacceptable by Aristotle's hylomorphic account developed elsewhere. This is what Wardy thinks enables him to infer that the account of motion inPhysicsVII leads directly into the argument about unmoved movers inPhysicsVIII. I want first to show why I think that Wardy's thesis about the conceptual links between VII and VIII need not hold. This disconnection of VII from its current context, taken together with the thesis of W. D. Ross and others that VII was originally a separate work, and that of the two competing versions of VII, the α-version is the preferred text, opens the way to very different philosophical conclusions from the ones that Wardy offers.

Visually adapted temporal subsampling of motion information

Based on the results of various studies of the conception of motion through the human vision, this report introduces a model, the essence of which is the visually adapted subsampling and the presentation of pictures in motion. Besides the normal data on the picture content, the new motion portrayal includes additional information with which the kinematically correct generation of sharp intermediate images is accomplished instantaneously. As a consequence, arbitrary standards of temporal conversion become feasible. Furthermore, within the scope of subjects related to temporal sampling of moving images, this study focuses on the important question: What is the lowest rate at which additional information has to be provided so that the picture interpolation is subjectively judged as being still of highest quality? As the lower frequency limit of temporal sampling is evaluated, two principal methods of upward-conversion, based on kinematical information, are compared with respect to the amount of motion-information precision which are needed, from the subjective point of view, for maintaining a high-quality in image portrayal.

Visually adapted temporal subsampling of motion information

Based on the results of various studies of the conception of motion through the human vision, this report introduces a model, the essence of which is the visually adapted subsampling and the presentation of pictures in motion. Besides the normal data on the picture content, the new motion portrayal includes additional information with which the kinematically correct generation of sharp intermediate images is accomplished instantaneously. As a consequence, arbitrary standards of temporal conversion become feasible. Furthermore, within the scope of subjects related to temporal sampling of moving images, this study focuses on the important question: What is the lowest rate at which additional information has to be provided so that the picture interpolation is subjectively judged as being still of highest quality? As the lower frequency limit of temporal sampling is evaluated, two principal methods of upward-conversion, based on kinematical information, are compared with respect to the amount of motion-information precision which are needed, from the subjective point of view, for maintaining a high-quality in image portrayal.

The conception of force and motion of students aged between 10 and 15 years: an interview study designed to guide instruction

An interview study with 36 students aged 10‐15 was conducted to identify features of the students' reasoning about horizontal and vertical motion. Seven tasks were used in the interviews. Each task presented the students with an example of motion in a particular context. Students' descriptions and explanations of the motions were explored. Commonly occurring features in students' reasoning about motion were identified. These are reported in this paper. In most respects the prior conceptions identified in the study correspond with those reported elsewhere (for example the conception of a force ‘in’ a moving object). Reasoning about vertical motion appeared to differ in some respects from horizontal motion. Acceleration and deceleration phases of motion appeared to require different kinds of explanation by students. There was little evidence for any change with age in the conceptions used.