Concept Of Warfare Research Articles

The neuropolitical imaginaries of cognitive warfare

The concept of cognitive warfare is currently gaining ground in the policy discussion and in academic research as a way of conceptualizing the ‘weaponization of the neurosciences’. Introducing the Science and Technology Studies-inspired concept of ‘neuropolitical imaginaries’ and assessing discussions on cognitive warfare launched by the NATO Innovation Hub in 2017, this article explores how the contemporary turn to the brain sciences in defense and security reimagines politics. The article argues that seeing the human mind as increasingly vulnerable to external interference redefines the nature of human agency by giving precedence to the skilful ‘cartographer’ employing neuroscientific techniques and methods for persuasion. This emerging vulnerability of the human mind reshapes security into a zero-sum game for ‘cognitive superiority’, making brain science scholars authorities in security. Finally, speaking to the literature on security expertise and science in security, the article argues that the envisaged arms race for cognitive superiority gives rise to a neurosecurity dilemma: as the neurosciences becomes entangled with security, neuroscientific practices simultaneously arise as a core vulnerability, making their work conditional upon compliance with security practices.

God Fights to Save the Nation of Israel: A Historical-Critical Review of Exodus 15:1-21

In the context of Israel’s liberation from Egyptian slavery, God is depicted as the victor who defeats Pharaoh through the drowning of the Egyptian army in the Red Sea. God's power, surpassing that of Egypt, underscores that this deliverance was entirely the result of His might, without direct intervention from the people of Israel. Through the narrative of Exodus 15:1-21, the author highlights the relationship between the song of salvation sung by Moses and Miriam and the destruction experienced by Egypt. This song is an expression of gratitude for the victory granted by God, showing His favor towards the Israelites. The author hypothesizes that the destruction of the enemy is a manifestation of God’s glory as a Divine Warrior, who fights against sin and brings salvation to His people. The theoretical framework includes an etymological and terminological analysis of the concepts of warfare, salvation, and song in the biblical context. Warfare is seen as a divine act to display God's glory through victory over enemies. Salvation is understood as liberation from both physical and spiritual oppression, ultimately fulfilled in the name of Jesus Christ. Song, as an expression of thanksgiving, reinforces the theme of salvation in the Exodus narrative, where the Israelites celebrate their deliverance by praising God. Overall, this study affirms that the event of Israel’s liberation is central to the Old Testament’s salvation history, with God serving as the Savior and Warrior who brings victory to His people.

AXBOROT URUSHI TUSHUNCHASINING G‘OYAVIY TABIATI VA MAFKURAVIY XUSUSIYATLARI

The article provides a scientific basis for the concept of information warfare, its ideological nature and ideological features. Since globalization processes and information society trends have a negative impact on people's consciousness in every region, an important task is to eliminate it and enhance its positive impact. It is impossible to adapt to this phenomenon without studying it deeply and, if necessary, changing its direction accordingly. Failure to thoroughly study the threats in the modern global world, failure to develop a strategy, tactics and technologies for their elimination are equivalent to surrendering the country's economy, culture and spirituality to a torrential flood from the mountains or a sea typhoon.

Cognitive Security in a Changing World: Citizen Perceptions During Finland's NATO Joining Process

Contemporary conflicts are multifaceted and no longer fit the traditional war-and-peace dichotomy due to digital dimensions and the role of the human mind. The concept of warfare has transformed significantly: it's no longer solely reliant on physical capabilities but increasingly fought within digital environments and individuals' minds. These persistent, intertwined crises and psychological information influence present challenges to cognitive security. Psychological influence shapes opinions, attitudes, emotions, behaviors, and decision-making in individuals, groups, and societies using various methods, often involving digital tools to manipulate cognitive processes. It aims to shape the human mind, going beyond altering information to influence how the human brain processes received information. To safeguard human cognition, cognitive security is crucial. It involves the capability to detect, recognize, control, and counter negative psychological information influence aimed at an individual. Cognitive security plays a critical role in enabling individuals and society to recognize, understand, and manage a wide range of threats and risks. The rapidly changing world, driven by technology, politics, and the environment, poses new challenges for citizens' cognitive security. As warfare evolves, individuals struggle to understand the complex threats, including cyber and information influence. Hence, this study aims to ascertain whether individuals' feeling of security has changed and if they are perceiving psychological information influence. The study investigates the sense of security among Finnish people using survey data collected during two significant time periods: after Finland announced its intention to join NATO (N = 1080) and after it officially became a NATO member (N = 1047). Additionally, whether an increase in hostile online influence and disruptions in the cyber environment was noticed by Finnish people during these same time frames is being investigated. The results indicate a statistically significant decrease in the feeling of security and a significant increase in the awareness of hostile influences. This implies that these phenomena warrant further investigation to gain a better understanding of citizens' cognitive security status and to explore ways to improve it.

A Survey of Learning Technology Integration in Information Warfare Education

Information and communication technologies (ICTs) are enduringly important in today’s world. From paying for morning coffee at the local cafe to receiving a text message from a loved one, ICTs are a part of everyday life. On a larger scale, entire nations are dependent on ICTs. From power grids to the storage of classified documents, nations have come to rely on ICTs. This dependence on ICTs has increased information warfare’s importance as a warfighting domain. In order to effectively conduct information warfare operations, operators must first be properly trained on how to be successful in this domain. The use of learning technologies could be useful to train information warfare forces. This paper surveys the current state of learning technology integration into information warfare education. Learning technologies have become commonplace in today’s professional world. Many topics in organizations are taught through learning technologies such as interactive computer-based trainings, educational videos, and more complex serious games. This is no different for information warfare professionals. Learning technologies can provide alternative ways to teach important information warfare concepts such as the roles, assets, and capabilities that are necessary to succeed in this domain. The use of artificial intelligence, game-based learning, gamification, and simulation-based learning to enhance the training of information warfare forces is discussed in this survey. Additionally, the effect of adding learning technology into information warfare education curriculum as well as the key elements for each type of learning technology integrated are analysed. This paper also identifies areas of future research to further develop this topic. These findings are useful to information warfare educators who are developing curriculum or looking for ways to introduce new technologies into existing curriculum. Artificial intelligence, game-based learning, gamification, and simulation-based learning are all great options to support information warfare education, and there are even more options that have yet to be researched that present further opportunities to study in this area.

Assessment of the possible impact on the safety of civil navigation of existing concepts of «navigation pressure»

The features of the global satellite GNSS GPS, as originally a system for military purposes, are considered. The experience of its combat use in recent military conflicts, including during a special military operation, is summarized. Numerous failures in the reception of GPS signals by civilian users, including air carriers and navigators, have been identified when operating GPS in a military environment. The main provisions of the concept of navigation warfare adopted in the United States, one of the elements of which is GNSS GPS and the main goals that it pursues, are considered. An assessment was made of the possible impact of the provisions of the navigational war on the safety of civil navigation and the main directions of work to minimize this impact were outlined. The increasing role and place of nautical astronomy is indicated, as a completely autonomous means of navigation, suitable for use in any area of the World Ocean.

Determinations of the Strategic Military Actions on Economic Actions in the Conditions of Information Technology and Nonlinear Warfare

Abstract In this article, we refer to the impact of strategic military actions on the economic domain, in the context of nonlinear warfare, hybrid warfare, and the use of information technology, focused and based on the conflict between the Russian Federation and Ukraine, triggered in February 2022. Initially, the war seemed to be a blitzkrieg strategy, but in reality, the special military operation of the Russian Federation was a secondary component of the generalized economic warfare led by the BRICS countries against Western economies. Thus, the military action is essentially attrition-based with limited military objectives and more spatial conquests in the critical infrastructure zones of maritime and energy transport. It interesting and represents a novelty the comparison between the classical theory of war of the Prussian general Carl von Clausewitz and the doctrine of nonlinear warfare of the Russian general Valery Gerasimov, which highlights the transition from classical and conventional kinetic warfare to other modern forms of unconventional conflict (economic, political, diplomatic, psychological). The concept of fourth-generation warfare emphasizes the use of technique and technology, promoting flexibility and adaptability on a large scale, while the fifth-generation war, currently ongoing between the Russian Federation and Ukraine, is a continuation at another level and focuses on indirect actions and strategic economic objectives, expanding the battlefield much more into the virtual and psychological space. The article offers a comprehensive analysis of how modern warfare combines different domains to achieve strategic objectives in an increasingly interdependent world and provides an integrated perspective on its evolution, emphasizing the need for complex and multidimensional approaches.

Strategy of Russian Military Cooperation with the Countries of the Arab Region

The article undertakes an analysis of the prospective domains of Russian military collaboration with Arab countries against the backdrop of geopolitical uncertainties. Despite maintaining its position as the second-largest arms exporter globally, Russia has experienced a proportional decline in its share of the global arms market. Nevertheless, a discernible uptick in the trade volume of conventional weaponry, coupled with cyclical enhancements in the tactical and technical attributes of military assets, reflects positive momentum in this sector. Amid prevailing external constraints and a noticeable scarcity of contemporary Russian weaponry in burgeoning segments of the arms market, Russia necessitates resolute and equitable measures to uphold and fortify collaborative ties with partner nations. Within this context, particular emphasis is placed on Russia's strategic military cooperation with Arab states, given the region's status as a focal point of geopolitical interests for major economies and a primary destination for arms imports.The article scrutinizes Russia's competitive standing in the arms and military equipment markets of the Arab world, acknowledging the region's significance as a pivotal importer of such goods. Employing a multifaceted evaluation encompassing absolute and relative statistical metrics and derived indices, the study assesses the region's role in global arms procurement. Moreover, it offers an appraisal of the existing state and potential avenues for enhancing the efficacy of the Russian-Arab military-technical collaboration framework. The discourse delves into the transformative prospects of this partnership within the framework of networkcentric warfare concepts. Furthermore, the article elucidates the principal risks inherent in military cooperation among nations at present, highlighting concerns regarding the possible manipulation of military-technical cooperation mechanisms to serve as leverage in furthering the geopolitical aspirations of specific stakeholders.In conclusion, the study posits forward-looking trajectories for bolstering bilateral relations, both sectorally and geographically. These include initiatives such as expanding licensing, leasing, offset transactions, and technology transfer initiatives; advocating for fifth-generation fighter aircraft and long-range radar detection and control systems, leveraging Industry 4.0 technologies; and prioritizing the training of foreign specialists.

The military-strategic rationality of hybrid warfare: Everyday total defence under strategic non-peace in the case of Sweden

Abstract This article explores the emergence of new military-strategic rationalities in relation to conceptions of hybrid warfare in the grey zone through a case study of Sweden’s reinstatement of total defence since 2015. Through a governmentality-inspired approach, I analyse what it means for the organisation of a new total defence when one of the main threats to be dealt with is daily antagonistic but highly ambiguous hybrid attacks. I illustrate how conceptions of an ambiguous strategic non-peace entails a move beyond war preparedness into urgent demands for an everyday active total defence that hinges on a ‘martialisation’ of civilian life. This in turn run the risk of challenging fundamental democratic principles and civil liberties. The analysis contributes to an increased understanding and uncovering of the politics made possible by a military-strategic rationality geared towards hybrid threats in the grey zone – which in the Swedish case has resulted in a historically specific version of total defence that builds on a highly diffused and rather extreme form of decentralised defence.

Engaging the Evil Forces in the Spirit Realm: A Theology of Spiritual Warfare in African Neo-Pentecostal Spirituality

Prayer is traditionally used as a way of communicating with God and giving petitions to Him. However, within African neo-Pentecostal spirituality, prayer is more than communication and petitions; it is a way of addressing the evil forces in the spiritual realm. This is informed by the link that African neo-Pentecostals make between life challenges and evil forces in the spirit realm. In other words, problems such as diseases, sicknesses, miscarriages, misfortune, curses, and others are seen as coming from the spirit realm and as being caused by evil spirits. Surprisingly, even problems of unemployment, visa application, poverty, and inequality are linked to the evil forces in the spirit realm by some African neo-Pentecostals. Previous studies have addressed this phenomenon within the context of African neo-Pentecostal spirituality. What is new in this article is the development of a theology of spiritual warfare within the African neo-Pentecostal spirituality. This article argued that not every situation emanates from the spirit realm. Some challenges have a human element of incompetencies, greed, corruption, and so forth. The study is a literature review on spiritual warfare. The study makes a new contribution to the Pentecostal theology of spiritual warfare by paying attention to other life challenges that are not linked to evil forces. This changes how Pentecostal scholars and theologians study the concept of spiritual warfare, there is a need for considering other causative factors in life situations. It is recommended here that a Pentecostal theology of spiritual warfare should holistically look at life rather than always perceiving all life challenges as emanating from the spirit realm. Keywords: Evil Forces, Spirit Realm, Pentecostal Theology, Spiritual Warfare, African Neo-Pentecostal Spirituality

RECONNAISSANCE AND STRIKE SYSTEMS IN NETWORK-CENTRIC WARFARE

The article reveals the essence of the concept of network-centric warfare, outlines the main requirements for network-centric military control systems when they are used in modern wars (combat operations) to ensure automated control of high-tech armed forces. This article examines the current state and prospects for the development of intelligence-strike systems. Reconnaissance and strike systems are key elements of modern military operations, providing the ability to conduct reconnaissance missions and conduct strikes against enemy targets. The article analyzes modern reconnaissance and strike systems, including unmanned aerial vehicles, cruise missiles and other means. Their technical characteristics, possibilities and limitations are studied. Also considered are the main challenges and trends that affect the development of intelligence-strike systems, such as the expansion of the use of artificial intelligence and the increase of autonomy of systems. This article examines the role of intelligence-strike systems in the context of network-centric warfare. In modern military conflicts, where information technology and network interaction play a key role, reconnaissance and strike systems are becoming an integral part of strategic planning and combat effectiveness. The article analyzes the impact of network-centric warfare on intelligence and strike systems. The main characteristics and requirements for these systems for effective operation in the conditions of network warfare are considered. The latest technologies that can increase the effectiveness of intelligence-strike systems in such conditions are being investigated, including artificial intelligence, data analytics and autonomy. Based on the analysis, the article provides recommendations for the further development of reconnaissance and strike systems. Ways to improve their effectiveness, to ensure better coordination between reconnaissance and strike functions, and to ensure greater security and resistance to enemy countermeasures are proposed. The presented material should be used both by the management staff and scientists of the armed forces when developing operational-tactical requirements for network-centric management systems of military purpose, as well as by management bodies when evaluating their functioning in order to choose possible ways to implement certain measures to improve their ability to perform tasks as assigned.

Media analysis of the text on the example of Chinese strategy of information warfare

The topic of media analysis of information wars in the context of the Chinese issue is of academic interest, both for understanding current events and for improving information analysis methods and media strategies. The article assesses the influence of media on China's behavior in the information war, characterizes the challenges associated with media analysis in China's information war, describes methods and metrics for analyzing media content about the information war in China. Information technologies at the current level of development create broad opportunities for managing political conflicts both on the scale of one state and at the regional level. These technologies, which are actively used in information wars, have a number of advantages over traditional means of struggle due to their massive impact on the moral and psychological state of the population of the enemy country or individual parties, movements and political associations. The article uses a discourse analysis of the media text, identifies expressive linguistic means, the semantic meaning of words and expressions, and the communicative orientation of the text. The empirical basis of the research is the article "Celestial Truth: who and why is waging an information war with the PRC". The main conclusion of the study is that modern technologies and social media have become a powerful tool for influencing public opinion and shaping the perspective of events. The information war in China has a global impact, attracting the attention of the international community. Global media and international platforms actively monitor and cover events in the region, which can influence the perception of the conflict beyond its borders. The impact of the information war has a significant impact on public opinion. There is the use of various methods, including fake news, disinformation, to influence public sentiment and views. The Chinese concept of network warfare opens up further prospects and opportunities for the Chinese leadership and military specialists to work on the creation and implementation of the latest technology samples.

ANALYSIS OF THE POSSIBILITIES OF USING IOT FOR MILITARY PURPOSES

The most notable change in the era of modern warfare is that information has become the most effective weapon of all. Situational awareness, based on collected information, has become the core of every military operation. Information operations, an integrated network of sensors, weapon systems and platforms have become a force multiplier. New technologies, tools and processes have established the concept of network-centric warfare.
 The concept of the Internet of Things is one of the answers to these questions. Internet of Things is widely developed throughout the world, particularly in civilian and military applications.
 Objects and things can be recognized and used to make contextual decisions by aggregating information and sharing with other objects.
 Using Internet of Things technologies, the State can work more efficiently and effectively by integrating sensor systems, actuators and control systems with current military and civilian infrastructure.
 The purpose of the article is to analyzte the possibilities of using Internet of Things technologies for military purposes, as well as to identify related security challenges and potential countermeasures, focusing on devices and technologies used in the military sphere.

Cyber Operations in Peace and War: A Framework for Persistent Engagement

During 1990s, the concept of information warfare (IW) and information operations (including cyber operations, psychological operations, and electronic warfare) could be conducted with varying intensity across all stages of peace and conflict. At that time, many of the concepts related to cyber operations were still hypothetical. Subsequently, conflicts and competition between states have demonstrated the capabilities and limitations of cyber operations. Research emerging in 2022 by multiple authors demonstrate the limitations and usage of offensive cyber operations and maintaining a sustainable military cyber capability, as well as proposing alternative models for conflict in cyberspace. Alongside this, there has been increased attention on the impact of ICTs on international security and the responsible behaviour of nation-states in cyberspace. There is still ambiguity and different perspectives on the application of international law in cyberspace. This uncertainty disrupts the original models of IW and warfare, which assumed clear distinctions amongst the conflict stages. Both the discourse of ICTs in international security and recent conflict necessitate a reconsideration of the decades-old view of IW in times of peace, war and the grey zone in between. This paper proposes a framework for the roles of cyber operations across the stages of conflict based on contemporary perspectives on the utility of cyber operations as well as practical examples. In rethinking the IW model, a multidisciplinary view is required, considering the technical, legal, social and international security perspectives.

Information Warfare as a Tool of Political Confrontation in the Modern Multipolar World

The study is devoted to the analysis of the phenomenon of information warfare in the modern world. Authors concretized the concept of information warfare and its connection with hybrid warfare, which has replaced the mechanisms of direct “forceful” influence in a rapidly changing political architecture. The significance of the wars of the XXI century, which are conducted from the position of “soft power” and are characterized by a protracted nature, is revealed. Information warfare is considered as their most important component. The authors highlight the following features of information wars: they are conducted in the cultural field; their purpose is to transform the consciousness of a political opponent. These wars are aimed at value orientations, traditions, historical and cultural identity. The emergence of the concept of “information warfare” in the article is associated with the end of the Cold War at the end of the XX century and the definition of a new U.S. strategy. The main conditions and reasons for the transition to a new type of war are the collapse of the bipolar world, the growing threat of international terrorism, and the erosion of ethnic and cultural identity within the United States and allied countries themselves. Cybernetic troops are analyzed as a new specialized type of troops. The authors revealed two main spaces of the information war impact: the communicative environment and the field of probable social macro-conflict. Information warfare in research is considered as part of a military, economic, and geopolitical confrontation. The authors substantiate that an extremely intensive information war has been waged against the Russian Federation for more than 20 years. It involves depriving Russia not only of allies, but also replacing the “cultural and historical codes” in friendly countries, primarily by reformatting the consciousness of young people. The authors analyzed the documents aimed at solving the problem of information wars in Russia - the “Information Security Doctrine of the Russian Federation” and the “National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation”.

Comparative analysis of modern concepts of hybrid warfare

Comparative analysis of modern concepts of hybrid warfare

United Nations’ Policy on Weapons of Warfare and the Implication on Global Peace and Security

Armed conflict is a part of evolution of man and international relations. It is a transitional era which must be conducted in such a manner that would not make a return to peace impossible. The earth’s environment is usually battered by the preparation, conduct and consequences of war. According to the World Charter on Nature of 1982, “nature shall be secured against degradation caused by warfare or other hostile activities, and that military activity damaging to nature shall be avoided”. Armed warfare (international and non-international) are waged differently across the globe today with a resultant widespread impacts on the members of the society and the environment. Although, armed conflict is inevitable, dedicated sections of this study discussed the concept of warfare, typologies, causes of warfare, categories of weapons of warfare, its effect on the environment and the implication of United Nations’ restriction policy on global peace and security. The study probed into existing literatures and consider the related Treaties, Conventions and Protocols set-forth to restrict and prohibit the exploitation of violence and diverse methods of warfare in all armed conflict whether domestic or international. The study have observed that the activities of combating parties have had negative impact on the environment, civilian objects and animals. Their engagement has led to loss of lives, destruction of public properties, basic social amenities and superfluous injury and unnecessary suffering on non-combatant. Despite United Nation establishing ‘rules of engagement’ to mitigate the suffering caused by warfare, it is pitiful to note that nations around the world have continued to engage in the deployment of prohibited weapons in warfare. Hence, the study concluded and feature recommendations for all levels of weapon policy apparatus as well as solutions to ensure global peace and stability.

Enhancing awareness of cyber crime: a crucial element in confronting the challenges of hybrid warfare In Indonesia

The Cyber Defense Center, abbreviated as Pushansiber, is an institution responsible for carrying out the duties and functions of the Defense Strategic Installation Agency. Pushansiber has an important role in implementing governance, cooperation, operations, and ensuring cyber defense security. However, this year there has been an increase in problems related to cyber attacks, such as phishing, malware, ransomware, spam. These cyber attacks are included in the concept of hybrid warfare which is believed to be a form of conflict that involves the utilization of various elements, one of which is cyber attacks, military, political, economic, and information aspects. This causes conflict situations to be complicated and demands a comprehensive approach in terms of defense and handling, with digital literacy and cybersecurity awareness which has an important role in defense management, the need for awareness and training, simulation, and certification to strengthen cybercrime awareness in every organization. The success of other countries that have established specialized cybersecurity teams and invested in advanced technology can serve as an example for Indonesia. For Indonesia, the cooperation between National Cyber and Crypto Agency (BSSN) and the Ministry of Defense in strengthening cybersecurity capabilities is an important step to safeguard infrastructure, protect sensitive data, and reduce potential disruptions from malicious cyber activities with the aim of strengthening cybersecurity capabilities.

«ՏԵՂԵԿԱՏՎԱԿԱՆ ՊԱՏԵՐԱԶՄ» ՀԱՍԿԱՑՈՒԹՅԱՆ ՀԱՐՑԻ ՇՈՒՐՋ / ON THE CONCEPT OF INFORMATION WARFARE

The purpose of the article is to study the concept of "Information Warfare" and its components. In particular, the concepts of information warfare, information operation, information confrontation and information attack are separately discussed, the substantive and semantic relations of above-mentioned components are revealed. n order to achieve the goal, we set ourselves the following tasks: to study the approaches and definitions of the concepts mentioned in Western and Russian sources, to make a comparison and to highlight the prerequisites for the effective use of the components of information warfare. Descriptive, comparative and analysis methods were used during the research. Formulations and approaches put forward by well-known theoreticians and specialists of the field were used as a source in the article. Within the framework of the article, the modern tools for conducting competent information wars in the context of the implementation of the foreign policy of the states are also considered. In the result of the research it was concluded that the competent use of various components and tools of information war gives an opportunity to achieve superiority over the enemy. In order to resist the enemy's fake theses and information attacks, our country needs the development and implementation of the correct information policy, which in turn requires serious and coordinated efforts and consistency at the state level.

On Economic Security under Confrontational Globalization and the Main Concepts of Geo-Economic Warfare

On Economic Security under Confrontational Globalization and the Main Concepts of Geo-Economic Warfare