Validity Of Concept Research Articles

Evaluation of face validity and core concepts of a novel knowledge scale for inherited heart disease: A pilot study

AbstractThe rising demand for genetic counseling has prompted the implementation of various innovative service delivery models, such as patient webinars, videos, chatbots, and the integration of genetic testing into mainstream healthcare. To ensure patients receive adequate information for informed decision‐making, validated measures to assess these models are essential but currently limited in the setting of inherited heart disease. We aimed to develop and initiate validation of a cardiac knowledge scale, as part of the Multidimensional Model of Informed Choice measure, to assess whether patients (probands and family members) with inherited cardiomyopathies, arrhythmias, and aortopathies are provided with sufficient knowledge to make informed decisions about genetic testing. Content expert genetic counselors identified eight core concepts addressed during genetic counseling sessions; from these, eight true/false knowledge questions were created. Questions were reviewed by 22 international cardiac genetics counselors with additional changes made. Initial validation steps of the knowledge scale were conducted at two sites: the Edmonton Medical Genetic Clinic, University of Alberta Hospital in Edmonton, Canada, and the Genetic Heart Disease Clinic, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital in Sydney, Australia. Face validity was evaluated through nine patient interviews, resulting in minor revisions to four questions and major revisions to one question. An additional five patient interviews were conducted to evaluate the revised questions. The core concepts addressed in each question were further evaluated in the context of patient decision‐making about genetic testing. All participants described the eight concepts as either helpful or essential in their decision‐making process. The cardiac knowledge scale is a promising measure created to evaluate the informed choice of patients and their families affected by an inherited heart condition. The next step of validation includes trialing the cardiac knowledge scale with a real‐world sample of patients deciding about genetic testing for inherited heart disease.

Yoga-based lifestyle intervention for healthy ageing in older adults: a two-armed, waitlist randomized controlled trial with multiple primary outcomes.

Yoga-based clinical research has shown considerable promise in varied ageing-related health outcomes in older adults. However, robust frameworks have yet to be used in intervention research to endorse yoga as a healthy ageing intervention to test the multidimensional construct of healthy ageing. This was an assessor-masked, randomized controlled trial conducted among 258 sedentary, community-dwelling older adults aged 60-80years, randomly allocated to 26-week yoga-based intervention (YBI) (n = 132) or waitlist control (WLC) (n = 126). The effectiveness of YBI was assessed through two separate global statistical tests, generalized estimating equations and rank sum-based test, against a comprehensive healthy aging panel comprised of ten markers representing the domains of physiological and metabolic, cognitive, physical capability, psychological, and social well-being. The secondary outcomes were individual primary marker scores, Klotho, inflammatory markers, and auxiliary blood markers. We could establish the healthy aging effect of the 26-week YBI over WLC using two models of global statistical test (GEE, β = 0.29; 95% CI = 0.20 to 0.38, p < 0.001), and rank sum-based test (β = 0.28, 95% CI = 0.19 to 0.36, p < 0.001). There were also significant improvements in direction of benefit at individual levels of all the aging markers. Exploratory evaluation with adopted indices from contemporary clinical trials also validated the potential of YBI for healthy aging; HATICE adapted composite score (mean difference = - 0.18; 95% CI = - 0.26 to - 0.09, p < 0.001) and healthy ageing index (mean difference = - 0.33; 95% CI = - 0.63 to - 0.02, p = 0.03). The global effect of YBI across multiple ageing-related outcomes provides a proof of concept for further large-scale validation. The findings hold a great translational value given the accelerated pace of population aging across the globe. Trial registration: CTRI/2021/02/031373.

Understanding the Structural Modulations in Twisted Donor-Acceptor-Donor (D-A-D) Systems for Boosting Type I Photosensitizing Photocatalytic Activity.

Supramolecular assemblies based on the twisted donor-acceptor-donor (D-A-D) building block Qx-Ind have been developed, which interestingly, due to the balanced angle of twist (38.28°), high intermolecular charge transfer, and crystallization induced emission (CIE) characteristics, exhibit high molar absorptivity and a long-lived "lighted" excited state at the supramolecular level. The validity of the design concept was examined by preparing CIE active D-A-D system Qx-Indaz (weak donor, low angle of twist: 35.45°), in which, due to the insertion of an additional binding site for noncovalent interactions, a drastic change in the photophysical behavior is observed. The combined spectroscopic studies of all the compounds unveil the strong impact of modulation of the angle of twist and intermolecular charge transfer upon photophysical behavior in the aggregated state. Due to the favorable photophysical behavior, the supramolecular assemblies of Qx-Ind exhibit high type I photosensitizing activity in comparison to Qx-Indaz. The superior type I photosensitizing activity of Qx-Ind assemblies is manifested in their ability to efficiently catalyze the aerobic oxidative synthesis of quinazolin-4(3H)-ones (via type I ROS) from 2-aminobenzamide and aromatic aldehydes in the absence of additional additives (base/oxidant). Unlike photocatalytic nanoassemblies reported in the literature, due to the CIE characteristics, Qx-Ind does not require preliminary preparation and could be directly introduced in the solid state to reaction media. Thus, the present work demonstrates a simple strategy of upgrading type I photosensitizing activity by improving the ground/excited state behavior of a twisted D-A-D system through modulation of the angle of twist and charge transfer characteristics.

A portable easy-to-use triboelectric sensor for arteriovenous fistula monitoring in dialysis patients

Hemodialysis is the primary treatment for patients with total loss of renal function and is performed through a vascular access called an arteriovenous fistula (AVF). AVF can be associated with several complications, such as stenosis, thrombosis, and aneurysms. While digital subtraction angiography (DSA) is the gold standard for AVF monitoring, its limited availability, invasiveness, and harmfulness has enabled Doppler ultrasound (DUS) as alternative technique. Herein, the development of a portable device based on a triboelectric sensor for AVF monitoring that exploits the concept of impedance cardiography (ICG) is presented. The triboelectric sensor consists of a thin polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) layer placed close to the AVF to evaluate the triboelectric ICG signal (T-ICG), thus avoiding the need for standard multiple-electrode equipment. Electrocardiographic (ECG) dry electrodes based on a composite of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were fabricated. Concept validation was performed in a cohort of hemodialysis patients with and without AVF stenosis. The results demonstrated a linear dependence between blood flow and the maximum deviation (dZ/dtmax) of the T-ICG pattern. Patients with stenosis showed a statistically significant change in morphology at the B-point. The extent of stenosis was evaluated by analyzing the temporal slope of the ICG pattern in the B- and C-point regions, evidencing a linear trend for stenosis from 20 % up to 60 %. The proposed device represents an innovative approach compared with the gold clinical standards for the continuous monitoring of AVF in hemodialysis patients.

A new concept of structural smart fabric activated by shape memory alloys

Abstract This work presents the development, prototyping and validation of a new concept of structure called structural smart fabric (SSF). An SSF is a chainmail fabric composed by interconnected elements, called cells, which can be stiffened by reactive elements, such as those made by shape memory alloy (SMA). Exploiting the shape memory functionality, SSFs are capable of sensing and reacting to external stimuli. Based on this concept, in this study we propose an SSF that integrates SMA wires into a 3D-printed chainmail structure. The shape memory effect of these wires is used as an actuating mechanism that, at high temperature, tightens the adjacent cells together and provides increased structural stiffness. In this study, finite element simulations were initially conducted to enhance the comprehension of the SSF’s mechanical behaviour. The influence of the initial cell spacing on the SSF stiffness and the wire stress profiles was evaluated during bending loading, as well as the evolution of contact pressure profiles between adjacent cells. This numerical approach enabled to tune the design of the SSF prototypes which were successively manufactured using selective laser sintering additive manufacturing technology with PA12. After the integration with the SMA wires, the SSF prototypes were tested under a 3-point bending configuration at different temperatures. The results revealed a remarkable increase in structural stiffness at elevated temperatures compared to ambient conditions. This study set the basis for a deeper understanding of SSF’s unique capabilities and potential applications in fields where adaptive and responsive structures are required.

Formalizing Sustainable Urban Mobility Management: An Innovative Approach with Digital Twin and Integrated Modeling

Background: Urban mobility management faces growing challenges that require the analysis and optimization of sustainable solutions. Digital twins (DTs) have emerged as innovative tools for this assessment, but their implementation requires standardized procedures and languages; Methods: As part of a broader methodology for continuous DT validation, this study focuses on the conceptual validation phase, presenting a conceptualization approach through formalization using Specification and Description Language (SDL), agnostic to simulation tools. The conceptual validation was achieved through stakeholder engagement in the Bolzano context, producing 41 SDL diagrams that define both elements common to different urban realities and specific local data collection procedures; Results: The feasibility of implementing this stakeholder-validated conceptualization was demonstrated using Simulation of Urban MObility (SUMO) for traffic simulation and optimization criteria calculation, and its framework SUMO Activity GenerAtion (SAGA) for generating an Activity-Based Modeling (ABM) mobility demand that can be improved through real sensor data; Conclusions: The SDL approach, through its graphical representation (SDL/GR), enables conceptual validation by enhancing stakeholder communication while defining a framework that, while adapting to the monitoring specificities of different urban realities, maintains a common and rigorous structure, independent of the chosen implementation tools and programming languages.

Development and validation of a concept inventory test in photosynthesis for junior high school students

Photosynthesis is a foundational biological topic which often presents learning difficulties because of its complex processes and common misconceptions. Hence, valid and reliable diagnostic tool is needed to identify misconceptions and eventually guide development of instructional interventions. This study aimed to develop a valid and reliable concept inventory test to assess junior high school students' understanding of photosynthesis. It was developed to identify common misconceptions and provide valuable insights into students' cognitive processes. This 20-item concept inventory test crafted with the aid of a table of specifications was based on Revised Bloom’s taxonomy of cognitive domain and administered to 355 junior high school students. In validation, results displayed high content validity with a mean of 4.85 and an average Aiken’s validity coefficient of 0.96. It also falls in the category moderately difficult with the test difficulty of 0.49, and test discrimination of 0.45. In item classification, 18 items were retained (16 accepted, 2 needs revisions) and while reliability test was employed through Cronbach’s alpha (α=0.70) indicating sufficient measure of good and internal consistency. Distractor analysis was also performed to determine possible source of misconception per item. The concept inventory test is found to be a good classroom test with some items to be improved and offers educators a valuable resource for diagnosing student misconceptions and enhancing their teaching practices.

Revisiting Validity in Research With Multilingual Learners: Moving From a Monolingual to a Multilingual Lens on Research Quality

A critical revisiting of research methods with multilingual learners raises issues of validity that are often unaddressed in current discussions of research quality. Though validity is conceptualized and assessed differently across research traditions, validity broadly describes the production of findings that are credible and trustworthy. The historically monolingual lens of research methodologies has led to conceptions of validity that are inadequate for ensuring that reported findings “fit the data” in research with multilingual learners. In this article, I describe a retrospective inquiry to critically reassess how current paradigms of validity might be reconceptualized in research with multilingual learners. Through a reexamination of research practices from two of my own studies, this article considers three ways that current monolingual paradigms of validity should be expanded in research with multilingual learners to work toward multilingual conceptualizations of research quality. This article then offers guidance to aid other researchers in taking up issues of validity in the design and reporting of research with multilingual learners.

Development and Validation of Concept of Innovative Method of Computer-Aided Monitoring and Diagnostics of Machine Components

The monitoring and diagnostic system has been suggested as a non-destructive diagnostic method. The structure and operation of the suggested system can be described by the concept of digital shadow (DS). One of the main DS subsystems is a set of sensors properly placed on the monitored object and coupled with a discrete data processing model created in Matlab/Simulink. The discrete model, as another important DS subsystem of the monitored facility, transfers information about its technical condition to the operator based on data recorded by the sensor system. The digital monitoring model processes the recorded data in the form of the object’s response to actions caused by its operating conditions. This work formalized a mathematical model determining the coupling of the digital model with the sensors placed on the monitored object. The formulated method using DS, due to its sensitivity, enables the detection of the damage in the object at an early stage. The tests allowed for detecting the regularities enabling the determination of the area of damage to the shaft and its size.

Validité écologique : origines du concept et application pour les neurosciences cognitives et cliniques

ContextThe ecological validity of observations derived from clinical and experimental studies has become a central parameter in cognitive neuroscience research. However, this concept rooted in the ecological psychology theories, finds its contemporary definition and use reduced to the external validity criterion of laboratory experimentation. This misapplication of the concept of ecological validity, in which ecological conditions are assumed to be replicated, leads to theoretical ambiguity in all disciplines involved in the study of cognition and behavior. ObjectiveWe propose to explore the concept of ecological validity for cognitive and clinical neuroscience in its original formulation derived from functionalist theories and further developed by theories of direct perception and theories of enaction. This highlights the limitations of experimental and clinical studies in achieving this quality in their observations and results. In the first part, we will describe the origins of contemporary problems of ecological validity in behavioral and cognitive sciences, stemming from the adaptation of Fisher's experimental design for experimental psychology. Then we will address the fundamental importance of the concept of ecological validity in neuroscience and mental health research. DiscussionFinally, we will discuss possible solutions in cognitive and clinical neuroscience to improve ecological validity and enable better transferability of experimental results to various everyday situations.

Brucellosis Prevention Questionnaire (BPQ): Adaptation to Turkish Culture, Validity and Reliability Study.

Brucellosis is the most common zoonosis worldwide. Prevention of brucellosis is based on surveillance and prevention of risk factors. The aim of this methodological study, conducted with breeders living in Kütahya, was to perform the Turkish adaptation, validity and reliability study of the Brucellosis Prevention Questionnaire (BPQ). This methodological study was conducted on breeders living in the villages of Kütahya in Türkiye between May and November 2021. Cultural adaptation-language validity and construct (concept) validity of the scale were evaluated. Item total score correlation, internal consistency, and test-retest correlation was used to evaluate the reliability of the scale. According to factor analysis, the variance explained in the five-dimensional structure was 61.8%. A positive correlation was found between the mean BPQ score and Health Perception Scale scores (r = 0.170; P = 0.005). Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the BPQ was found to be 0.944. Findings from validity and reliability studies show that the Turkish version of the BPQ is a valid and reliable scale in Turkish society and culture.

Implementation of preamble based GFDM prototype for robust 5G systems

AbstractGeneralized frequency division multiplexing (GFDM) is a flexible block‐structured multi‐carrier scheme recently proposed for next‐generation wireless communication systems. There are various approaches suggested for its analysis and implementation via simulations but testing in real‐time environments is not heavily investigated. This paper carries out the real‐time implementation of the GFDM system utilizing software‐defined radio (SDR) by emphasizing mainly channel estimation and synchronization. Symbol timing, frequency offset, and channel estimate algorithms are applied using a windowed preamble with two identical halves to satisfy low egress noise requirements. Time and frequency estimation is evaluated in terms of residual offsets along with symbol error rate over frequency selective channels. This algorithm is extended to a preamble composed of multiple identical parts. This facilitates a large frequency estimation range at the cost of complexity. For practical validation of the above concepts, the National Instruments (NI) universal software radio peripheral (USRP) 2953R is employed as hardware and it is interfaced with LabVIEW.

Psychometric Properties and Meaningful Change Thresholds of the Vitiligo Area Scoring Index

Defining meaningful improvement using the Total Vitiligo Area Scoring Index (T-VASI) and the Facial VASI (F-VASI) aids interpretation of findings from clinical trials evaluating vitiligo treatments; however, clear and clinically meaningful thresholds have not yet been established. To assess concept validity and measurement performance of the T-VASI and F-VASI in patients with nonsegmental vitiligo and to identify meaningful change thresholds. This mixed-methods study consisted of a secondary analysis of a phase 2 multicenter double-blind dose-ranging randomized clinical trial and embedded qualitative interviews conducted at 35 sites in Canada, France, Japan, and the US. The secondary analysis included the trial's adult patients with nonsegmental vitiligo (T-VASI ≥5 and F-VASI ≥0.5 at baseline). Psychometric performance of the T-VASI and F-VASI and thresholds for meaningful change were evaluated using clinician- and patient-reported information. The trial's embedded interviews were used to qualitatively assess content validity and patient perceptions of meaningful repigmentation. Data analyses were performed from March to July 2023. Participants were randomized to 6-, 11-, or 22-mg/day upadacitinib or placebo for 24 weeks. Psychometric performance of the T-VASI and F-VASI and thresholds for meaningful changed plus content validity and patient perceptions of meaningful repigmentation. Measurement instruments included the T-VASI, F-VASI, Vitiligo Noticeability Scale, Total-Patient Global Vitiligo Assessment, Face-Patient Global Vitiligo Assessment, Total-Physician Global Vitiligo Assessment (PhGVA-T), Face-Physician Global Vitiligo Assessment (PhGVA-F), Patient's Global Impression of Change-Vitiligo, Physician's Global Impression of Change-Vitiligo (PhGIC-V), Vitiligo Quality-of-Life Instrument, Dermatology Life Quality Index, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and transcribed verbatim interviews with patients. The psychometric analysis included 164 participants (mean [SD] age, 46 years; 103 [63%] females) and the qualitative analysis included 14 participants (mean [SD] age, 48.8 [12.2] years; 9 females [64%] and 5 males [36%]). Intraclass correlation coefficients were 0.98 for T-VASI and 0.99 for F-VASI in patients with clinically stable vitiligo between baseline and week 4, supporting test-retest reliability. At baseline and week 24, correlations were moderate to strong between T-VASI and PhGVA-T (r = 0.63-0.65) and between F-VASI and PhGVA-F (r = 0.65-0.71). Average baseline and week-24 VASI scores decreased with repigmentation (ie, increasing PhGVA scores). Least-square mean VASI scores increased with greater repigmentation as measured by the PhGIC-V. Least-square mean VASI scores also differed between patients with improved PhGIC-V and those with no change or worsened V-PhGIC scores. Using a multiple anchor approach, improvements of 30% in T-VASI and 50% in F-VASI scores reflected meaningful repigmentation between baseline and week 24. This mixed-methods study found that the T-VASI and F-VASI are reliable, valid, able to differentiate between clinically distinct groups, and responsive in patients with nonsegmental vitiligo. The thresholds for meaningful change were lower than those historically used in clinical trials, suggesting that T-VASI 50 and F-VASI 75 are conservative estimates and reflect improvements that would be meaningful in patients with nonsegmental vitiligo. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04927975.

π-Conjugation-Induced In Situ Nanoscale Ordering of Spiro-OMeTAD Boosts the Efficiency and Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells.

Spiro-OMeTAD hole transport materials typically exhibit an amorphous state in perovskite solar cells. However, the lack of structural ordering leads to weak intermolecular interaction, inferior carrier transfer, and poor stability in devices. Herein, we developed a π-conjugation-induced short-range ordering strategy to modulate the stacking order of spiro-OMeTAD during film formation. A clear molecular ordering at the nanoscale is observed, which enhances intermolecular π-π stacking in spiro-OMeTAD and enables effective carrier extraction and favorable energy level alignment. The nanoscale-ordered spiro-OMeTAD allows the achievement of perovskite solar cells with a champion efficiency of 25.37%, surpassing devices utilizing amorphous spiro-OMeTAD (23.52%). The unencapsulated device demonstrates enhanced operational stability by retaining 98% of its initial efficiency under continuous 1 sun equivalent illumination at 60 °C for 840 h. This work establishes a significant and valid modulation concept for the stacking order of organic transport materials, paving the way for the development of efficient and stable perovskite solar cells.

Retrospective validation of automatic sleep analysis with grey areas model for human-in-the-loop scoring approach.

State-of-the-art automatic sleep staging methods have demonstrated comparable reliability and superior time efficiency to manual sleep staging. However, fully automatic black-box solutions are difficult to adapt into clinical workflow due to the lack of transparency in decision-making processes. Transparency would be crucial for interaction between automatic methods and the work of sleep experts, i.e., in human-in-the-loop applications. To address these challenges, we propose an automatic sleep staging model (aSAGA) that effectively utilises both electroencephalography and electro-oculography channels while incorporating transparency of uncertainty in the decision-making process. We validated the model through extensive retrospective testing using a range of datasets, including open-access, clinical, and research-driven sources. Our channel-wise ensemble model, trained on both electroencephalography and electro-oculography signals, demonstrated robustness and the ability to generalise across various types of sleep recordings, including novel self-applied home polysomnography. Additionally, we compared model uncertainty with human uncertainty in sleep staging and studied various uncertainty mapping metrics to identify ambiguous regions, or "grey areas", that may require manual re-evaluation. The validation of this grey area concept revealed its potential to enhance sleep staging accuracy and to highlight regions in the recordings where sleep experts may struggle to reach a consensus. In conclusion, this study provides a technical basis and understanding of automatic sleep staging uncertainty. Our approach has the potential to improve the integration of automatic sleep staging into clinical practice; however, further studies are needed to test the model prospectively in real-world clinical settings and human-in-the-loop scoring applications.

Proof of concept validation of bioresorbable optical fibers for diffuse correlation spectroscopy.

Optical quality bioresorbable materials have been gaining interest in recent years for various interstitial biomedical/medical application. An example of this is when the implant gradually dissolves in the body, providing physiological information over extended periods of time, hence reducing the need for revision surgeries. This study reports for the first time the in-house fabrication of single mode (at 785 nm) calcium phosphate glass (CPG) based bioresorbable optical fibers and investigates their suitability for microvascular blood flow monitoring using diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS). Ex vivo experiments in liquid phantom and non-invasive in vivo experiments on the human forearm muscle were conducted using multimode and single mode CPG bioresorbable optical fibers. The retrieved flow index from the correlation curves acquired using CPG fibers was in good agreement with that obtained using standard silica (Si) fibers, both ex vivo and in vivo. The results demonstrate the potential of CPG optical fibers for further exploration.

Busy Ethic: A Validation of a Popular Concept.

The busy ethic for retirement, as proposed by Ekerdt (1986), is a prescriptive norm that esteems an occupied, active lifestyle. This research is a first attempt to measure the busy ethic in a standardized way and apply it to a population-based sample. Objectives are: to examine whether a busy ethic is affirmed by retirees; to test busy ethic endorsement by different segments of the retired population; and to examine whether endorsement is associated with selected activities. We developed a scale measuring the busy ethic for a survey among 1,143 Dutch retirees. We tested two sets of hypotheses about social factors that might explain subscription to a busy norm: a hypothesis about modernization (i.e., individual autonomy from social control) that would reduce busy ethic endorsement and a hypothesis about differential exposure to expectations. Greater consent to the busy ethic was associated with circumstances that enable active lifestyles (perceived income adequacy, self-reported health), that raise one's social value (education), and that entail more social connectedness (religious service attendance). Busy ethic agreement was positively associated with engagement in paid work, productive social activities, and group recreation. We found substantial endorsement of the importance of activity for oneself and others. The idealization of a busy retirement as a good retirement may be a seeming way for retirees to defer old age. At the same time, a prescriptive norm of activation may put strain on older adults who are less capable of conforming.

Aerodynamics learning based on the development of an simplified conceptual glider design and flight testing

This study explores numerically and experimentally the conceptual design of a glider aircraft, focusing on achieving stable and efficient flight. The purpose of the work was the applied learning of aerodynamics for an undergraduate course in aerospace engineering. After research, simulations, and theoretical analyses, the project progressed to the practical stage, involving the construction and flight testing of the aircraft. This research included the identification of possible airfoils, consideration of Reynolds number limits and detailed analyses in XFLR5. Methods such as the Lifting Line Theorem and the Vortex Lattice Method were studied and applied in the project development.This approach underlines the study’s education aim - to demonstrate the practical application of theoretical knowledge. In summary, the design process, emphasizing the key milestones and challenges encountered during the manufacturing phase and the outcomes of the flight tests are discussed in detail. The project enabled the simulation and validation of aerodynamic concepts through construction, yielding flight results that were consistent with previous numerical predictions. This demonstrates that the proposed educational approach significantly enhances the practical application of theoretical knowledge in aerodynamics.

Проблемы разграничения законности, обоснованности и мотивированности приговора в теории и практике уголовного судопроизводства

This article examines the problems associated with defining the concept of a justified verdict, its relationship with the properties of legality and motivation of a court decision. The conclusion is formulated that modern judicial practice has actually turned the property of the validity of a sentence into an appendage of legality. Violation of the norms of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation, in turn, is a universal basis for canceling or changing a court decision. Thus, in the practice of appellate courts, the identification of violations of the law committed by the court of first instance, as a rule, precedes the verification of issues of the validity of the verdict, which the court may generally leave without consideration, and the cassation courts, contrary to the requirements of the law, actually verify the validity of the verdict. In this case, the sentence is canceled (changed) due to a legal basis (the only legal one, according to the letter of the law) significant violations of the criminal and (or) criminal procedural law. The authors associates the appearance of such collisions with the confusion in judicial practice and in procedural science of the concepts of legality, validity and motivation of a sentence. However, such a mixture directly contradicts the requirement of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation, which distinguishes the subject of appeal (legality, validity and fairness of the sentence) and cassation (literally according to the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation — only the legality of the sentence) proceedings. Based on the results of the study, the authors proposed her own vision of the content of the concepts of legality, validity and motivation of a court decision, and their significance in rendering a legal verdict. Key words: sentence, properties of the sentence, legality, validity, motivation.

Georg Friedrich Knapp's Legacy to Modern Monetary Theory: A Reconsideration

This article is a reassessment of the relation between Georg Friedrich Knapp and Modern Monetary Theory, a contemporary strand of economics that, under the term chartalism coined by Knapp, is presented by its proponents as a continuation of his 1905 State Theory of Money. It shows that, contrary to Modern Monetary Theory, which proposes a policy-oriented monetary view of public deficit, Knapp's scientific aim is restricted to finding a generally valid concept of means of payments. Different meanings of the terms chartalism and money also separate the two theories. However, both share an understanding of the use of money as driven by taxes and a general concept of means of payment as a situational counterclaim over a central issuer, be it private or public. In their view, private money always holds subordinate rank inside public monetary systems because of imposed convertibility into state currency. Despite such theoretical convergence, the article shows that Knapp's chartalist theory was not rediscovered from oblivion in the mid-1990s when Modern Monetary Theory made its appearance, in which it arguably played no decisive role.