Concept Of Uniformity Research Articles

Topology of Intermetallic Crystals: Classification, Uniformity, and Transitions.

We have analyzed the crystal structures of 7551 binary intermetallic compounds, which are deposited in the inorganic crystal structure database, using a combined geometrical-topological approach as implemented in our program package ToposPro. We represented each crystal structure with two models: (i) the topological model of periodic atomic net and (ii) the geometrical model of the Voronoi partition of crystal space. Within the former model, we have classified all intermetallics into 949 topological types, 20 of which cover 57% of the whole sample. Using our recently developed topological network model of reconstructive solid-state transformations, we have described possible mechanisms of displacive transitions between the most abundant topological types and revealed a key role of the body-centered lattice in these transitions. The Voronoi partition model enabled us to introduce the concept of uniformity of the overall structure and the environment of separate atoms; the uniformity is estimated by the second moment of inertia of atomic Voronoi polyhedra. We have shown that the structures with a low uniformity value either contain mistakes in the crystallographic data or have significantly directed interatomic bonds. The proposed uniformity criteria can serve for the estimation of the robustness of an intermetallic structure.

Від підтвердження до дискримінації: недостатні права власності на землю для китайців та індійців в особливому регіоні Індонезії

This paper traces the historical concept and its implementation of land ownership policy in the only special region of Indonesia, namely Yogyakarta. The concept of Uniformity of Giving the Right on Land Policy merely to indigenous and banning the non-indigenous from the land ownership rights was intended as affirmative action to pressing the gap of poverty in Yogyakarta. The legacy of the past when the colonial era placed the indigenous in the lowest class became the main reason that was used as the root for causing social gap with non-indigenous. Land as a key capital in human life is used as an instrument to reduce and press the social gap from poverty. A concept taken from the inheritance of past policies with local and colonial influences was issued by the government which later became known as the 1975 Instruction. The results of the study showed that there were inconsistencies in the implementation of the land ownership policy in Yogyakarta. The ban on land ownership only targets Indians and Chinese, while other non-natives (i.e. Arabs) still hold land ownership title in Yogyakarta. Actions intended as affirmative instead turn into discriminative. Therefore, the Indians and Chinese are victims of human rights violations by the Yogyakarta government because they are only allowed to own the Right of Building, and are prohibited from owning land property rights. In response to such circumstances, there is a unique pattern that shows a perfect contradiction because there are differences between Indians and Chinese facing discriminatory actions and violations of human rights to them. The Chinese people chose to carry out resistance by taking legal action; on the other hand, the Indian people seem to have come to terms with the situation.

Deviation from a state of perfect uniformity: An indicator of structural complexity in projects

AbstractThe complexity of projects arising from interconnectedness between activities is believed to be one of the most significant challenges for managing projects. Although the literature has long appreciated the significance of measuring complexity, research on this topic is weakened by the lack of a method that accounts for a diverse set of structural characteristics of project networks. To evade this pitfall, this paper introduces the concept of perfect uniformity and develops a comprehensive measure of structural complexity in projects. The proposed method is validated by applying it in two real‐life projects. The validation results confirm that project complexity is positively associated with a higher level of deviation from a state of perfect uniformity. This research is among few studies that draw on the concept of emergence and point out the importance of a system‐level approach in project management to analyse the interdependency between multiple interconnected activities.

Uniform Polylogarithmic Space Completeness

It is well-known that polylogarithmic space (PolyL for short) does not have complete problems under logarithmic space many-one reductions. Thus, we propose an alternative notion of completeness inspired by the concept of uniformity studied in circuit complexity theory. We then prove the existence of a uniformly complete problem for PolyL under this new notion. Moreover, we provide evidence that uniformly complete problems can help us to understand the still unclear relationship between complexity classes such as PolyL and polynomial time.

SOME ASPECTS OF SUPPORT OF THE UNIFORMITY OF MEASUREMENTS IN THE COURSE OF ARMAMENT AND MILITARY EQUIPMENT TESTING

Normative legal acts of Ukraine have changed in the field of defense the need to use the term “metrological support” to “support of the uniformity of measurements”. However, a number of normative documents envisage the metrological support of armament and military equipment. The comparative analysis of set of measures which are stipulated by metrological support and support of the uniformity of measurements is carried out and their identity in essence is shown.
 The support of the uniformity of measurements requires checking the uniformity of measurements and the reliability of control.
 The substantiation and clarity of the definitions of the terms “uniformity of measurements” and “reliability of control” taking into account international and national metrological documents and practice are considered. The substantiation of the term definition "uniformity of measurement", according to the authors, is questionable. The international system of SI units is now officially approved as the basic or the only system of units in all but three countries, and when using national units, they must have unambiguous connection with the system of SI units; not all indicators of accuracy are specified, in particular, correctness and precision according to DSTU GOST ISO 5725.
 The term "reliability" and its derivates are considered. The term "reliability of control" and methods of determining its indicators are regulated only in the document Mi 1317. At the same time, these methods are time- consuming and difficult to understand and use. It is noted that most countries and international organizations have changed the concept of uniformity of measurement to the concept of traceability, and the terms "uniformity of measurement" and "reliability of control" are absent in the standards of advanced countries and in international dictionaries of metrology.
 Measures are proposed at the legislative level and at the level of development of normative documentation to improve the uniformity of measurements.

The uniformity concept of urban design: impact of cultural traditions on the meaning of Balinese town

This study considers the conceptions of religion, tradition, and culture in the urban design process, to produce designs that become the identity of cities in Bali. A socio-semiotic approach is used to explore popular accounts of the conceptions of tradition operating in urban spatial arrangements from historical to contemporary periods. The case study in Gianyar City explores the meaning of urban space based on local wisdom that is still believed by Balinese people. Such exploration provides a basis for reconnecting urban designs with their cultural contexts, thereby promoting spatially expressed localism. Especially for Gianyar City, respect for religious systems, beliefs, and religions that have developed and are highly trusted by the public is expressed in symbolic elements that are embodied in the composition of space, and in fact, give rise to the concept of uniformity. This condition resulted in not achieving a more prominent urban cultural identity and being further damaged by the highly standardized process in the Indonesian planning system. However, the principles of religion and culture that are still alive make Balinese architecture alive, despite changing values, whether we realize it or not.

НЕКОТОРЫЕ АСПЕКТЫ ВОПРОСОВ ЯЗЫКОВОЙ ПОЛИТИКИ В ПОСЛЕВОЕННОЕ ВРЕМЯ И ПОЗИЦИЯ РУКОВОДСТВА КАЗАХСКОЙ ССР

The article aims to consider the position of the leadership of the Kazakh SSR - Zh. Shayakhmetov - in relation to language discussions among Kazakh linguists in post-war Kazakhstan against the background of the introduction of the Stalinist concept of linguistic uniformity. The problems of linguistics in the USSR as a multi-ethnic geocultural education were an integral part of state-building for the formation of the imperial space and the construction of Soviet identity. In the Kazakh SSR since the beginning of the 1920s, linguistic problems have become a field of struggle between adherents of preserving linguistic originality and preserving the linguistic baggage of the past (Arabism, Persiisms, and terminology of nomadic traditional society) and Sovietization of the language through the introduction of Rusisms and linguistic ideologies. The latter won in the confrontation with the «nationalists» by the end of the 1930s. However, the alphabet wars of the late 1930s moved to the level of confrontation in terms of disputes about the content of the Kazakh language since the beginning of the Great Patriotic War since they were closely linked to a new stage of the construction of the Kazakh Soviet identity. In the post-war years, the language discussions in the Kazakh SSR, initiated by I. V. Stalin, were aimed at leveling the differences in the language and further Russification of it. The leadership of Kazakhstan (Zh. Shayakhmetov) reduced the disputes among linguists and writers to the change of thematic and textual content, but not the rejection of the Kazakh language as a means of communication, intergenerational communication and the formation of ethnic identity.

Characters, Weil sums and c-differential uniformity with an application to the perturbed Gold function

Building upon the observation that the newly defined Ellingsen, et al. (2020) concept of c-differential uniformity is not invariant under EA or CCZ-equivalence Hasan et al. (2021), we showed in Stanica and Geary (2021) that adding some appropriate linearized monomials increases the c-differential uniformity of the inverse function, significantly, for some c. We continue that investigation here. First, by analyzing the involved equations, we find bounds for the uniformity of the Gold function perturbed by a single monomial, exhibiting the discrepancy we previously observed on the inverse function. Secondly, to treat the general case of perturbations via any linearized polynomial, we use characters in the finite field to express all entries in the c-Differential Distribution Table (DDT) of an (n, n)-function on the finite field ${\mathbb {F}}_{p^{n}}$ , and further, we use that method to find explicit expressions for all entries of the c-DDT of the perturbed Gold function (via an arbitrary linearized polynomial).

A little bit flexibility on headway distribution is enough: Data-driven optimization of subway regenerative energy

As an emerging energy-efficient management approach, the essential idea of subway regenerative energy optimization is to maximize the absorption of energy generated from train deceleration by adjusting train schedules. In the extant literature, performance evaluation and optimization rely on synthetic data (e.g., computer simulations) and train energy-efficient operation (EEO) strategy. However, when compared to real automatic train operation (ATO) data, the above-mentioned method exhibits significant errors. In this work, we develop a new optimization method driven by real ATO data for maximizing subway regenerative energy based on the following three steps: first, we provide a high-frequency ATO data-driven method for simulating the amount of regenerative energy absorption; second, we propose a concept of uniformity to measure the homogeneous degree of headway distribution; third, we formulate a headway optimization model to maximize the regenerative energy absorption under uniformity constraint. To handle the high complexity of the ATO data-driven objective function (e.g., non-monotonicity, non-convexity, multi-modality), we propose an improved genetic algorithm with multiple crossover and mutation operators to search for near-optimal solutions, in which an adaptive operator selection mechanism with reduction process on ATO data is considered for speeding up the regenerative energy simulation and optimization. The effectiveness of the proposed method is confirmed by using the real ATO data of Beijing Subway Changping line. Our numerical study reveals that, benchmarked with the uniform headway distribution (the policy that is presently in use), our proposed approach achieves a relative improvement of 7.75% at off-peak hours and 42.44% at peak hours for the regenerative energy absorption; and we show that such a significant performance improvement is obtained by allowing a small level of scheduling flexibility (less than 6% relaxation on uniformity level).

The c-differential behavior of the inverse function under the EA-equivalence

While the classical differential uniformity (c = 1) is invariant under the CCZ-equivalence, the newly defined (Ellingsen et al., IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory 66(9), 5781–5789, 2020) concept of c-differential uniformity (cDU), as was observed in Hasan et al. (2020), is not invariant under EA or CCZ-equivalence, for c≠ 1. In this paper, we find an intriguing behavior of the inverse function, namely, that adding some appropriate linearized monomials increases the c-differential uniformity significantly, for some c. For example, adding the linearized monomial \(x^{2^{d}}\) to \(x^{2^{n}-2}\), where d is the largest nontrivial divisor of n, increases the mentioned c-differential uniformity from 2 or 3 (for c≠ 0,1) to ≥ 2d + 2, which in the case of the inverse function (as used in the AES) on \({\mathbb {F}}_{2^{8}}\) is a significant value of 18. We consider the case of perturbations via more general linearized polynomials and give bounds for the cDU based upon character sums. We further provide some computational results on other known Sboxes.

Collectivity, connectivity and control: reframing mass society in the digital era

ABSTRACT Mass society theory was originally a discourse on crowds, popular culture and revolutionary change. It portrayed the ideological control of the many by the few in situations of close contact without the complexities of mediated connectivity. The notion of social change was premised on analogue forms of collective behaviour within society rather than digital flows in networks. Reviving this theory in the digital era requires a reconsideration of connectivity and control transacted in mediated publics that support virtual gatherings centred on mass- self communication. Smartphones may be considered the iconic connectors that channel such communication. These electronic devices provide a vital understanding not only of the way information and communication technology is reshaping mass society but also the repositioning of the individual in networked relationships. It implies that mass in digitized environments is not simply a concept of nameless uniformity but one stressing the parasitic nature of networked connectivity. At the same time, it also suggests a connectivity made fragile by forms of remote control that are predatory on mass-self communication.

Riemannian and Euclidean material structures in anelasticity

In this paper, we discuss the mechanics of anelastic bodies with respect to a Riemannian and a Euclidean geometric structure on the material manifold. These two structures provide two equivalent sets of governing equations that correspond to the geometrical and classical approaches to non-linear anelasticity. This paper provides a parallelism between the two approaches and explains how to go from one to the other. We work in the setting of the multiplicative decomposition of deformation gradient seen as a non-holonomic change of frame in the material manifold. This allows one to define, in addition to the two geometric structures, a Weitzenböck connection on the material manifold. We use this connection to express natural uniformity in a geometrically meaningful way. The concept of uniformity is then extended to the Riemannian and Euclidean structures. Finally, we discuss the role of non-uniformity in the form of material forces that appear in the configurational form of the balance of linear momentum with respect to the two structures.

Uniformity of Abrasive Powders to the Shape-Similarity of the Projection of Grains and a Method for Its Determination

On the basis of a systematic analysis of known publications, the methodology is studied for determination of uniformity of abrasive powders as an important sign of their quality. The range of characteristics and properties, to which the concept of uniformity can be applied, is outlined. Additionally, the shape similarity of grain projections is proposed to add to this list. An original method for determining the uniformity of abrasive powders by using this new morphometric characteristic is described. The results of assessment of the method on various abrasive powders are given.

Analysis of the Concept of Fatwa Uniformity according Mura’ah Al-Khilaf Method

The purpose of this paper is to study the concept of fatwa uniformity based on the debate on al-fiqh methods. This study is based on the problem of the existence of fatwa disputes between mufti because it is supported by the fiqh method which means ijtihad cannot cancel other This method shows that anyone who has the skills to issue a fatwa, has the right to issue a fatwa. Although now in every Muslim country there has been an official mufti organised by the fatwa institution. These fatwa differences can have negative implications from the perspective of fatwa governance management because there is no coordination and can bring confusion to civil society that cannot dissolve due to fatwa disputes among muftis. The methodology of this study is qualitative in which the data are collected through a library research method by studying the books of al-fiqh. The findings show that there is a fiqh method known as mura'ah al-khilaf which gives space to mufti to celebrate the other mufti's opinions although it is entitled to study with his ijtihad. This method can provide an opportunity for the official mufti to issue a fatwa and be followed and celebrated by qualified local scholars to issue a fatwa. It also avoids the release of some of the fatwa from the authoritative parties and others which may have the effect of the fatwa difference.

Effect of tangled channels on the heat transfer in a printed circuit heat exchanger

The heat exchangers used in thermoelectric power generation are required to achieve an optimal efficiency by comparing heat transfer that is related to the power generation into the consumption of pump power. The main objective of this study is to enhance heat transfer at a lower flow rate using a tangled channel. The newly introduced channel was designed to increase heat transfer through the entangled shape despite the low Reynolds numbers. Both experimental and numerical analyses were used to investigate the thermal–hydraulic characteristics of the present printed circuit heat exchanger (PCHE). The computational fluid dynamics analysis using ANSYS CFX 15.0 successfully predicted the experimental data with average errors of 1.25% and 4.51% for temperature and pressure differences between the inlet and the outlet, respectively. The present PCHE with a tangled channel showed the improvement of heat transfer when the Reynolds number ranges from 1000 to 3000. Based on the numerical calculation, the geometric effect was investigated by using the concept of temperature uniformity. The temperature uniformity in mixing zones might be a reason for the improvement in heat transfer at a relatively low range of Reynolds number.

The Reform of Family Law: Russian Federation Family Code Structure Improvement and the Legal Regulation of Individual Matrimonial Relations

The development of modern family legislation has led to an increased interest in the study of separate institutions within the framework of family law, as well as to the study of the family law legislation in general taking into account the main tendencies in its development. We believe that improving the legal regulation of family relations should be based on a scientifically sound system of legislation. The article formulates some proposals to amend and supplement the existing matrimonial legislation. Unfortunately, it must be noted that many family law rules are not only ineffective, but they also fall foul with the concept of uniformity of legal regulation of relations arising from marriage and family affiliation.

The nature and implications of uniformity in the hierarchical organization of nanomaterials

In this Perspective, we present a framework that defines how to understand and control material structure across length scales with inorganic nanoparticles. Three length scales, frequently discussed separately, are unified under the topic of hierarchical organization: atoms arranged into crystalline nanoparticles, ligands arranged on nanoparticle surfaces, and nanoparticles arranged into crystalline superlattices. Through this lens, we outline one potential pathway toward perfect colloidal matter that emphasizes the concept of uniformity. Uniformity is of both practical and functional importance, necessary to increase structural sophistication and realize the promise of nanostructured materials. Thus, we define the nature of nonuniformity at each length scale as a means to guide ongoing research efforts and highlight potential problems in the field.

Study on the System Reliability of Steel-Concrete Composite Beam Cable-stayed Bridge

Steel-concrete composite beam cable-stayed bridge is a complicated system consisting of a composite beam, tower, and stayed cables. And the composite beam is composed of a steel beam, bridge deck and connectors, which has a different mechanical behavior from the general beam structure. In a word, the steel-concrete composite beam cable-stayed bridge is characterized by specific mechanical behavior and has many influencing factors. Thus, its safety analysis often cannot be easily implemented. This paper aims to study the component reliability of the steel-concrete composite beam based on the stochastic finite element method (SFEM) and the recognition of main failure modes in the system reliability of the cable-stayed bridge. For the component reliability of the steel-concrete composite beam, a nonlinear element model with 10 degrees of freedom (DOF) is adopted, which can consider the particular longitudinal slip effect between the steel and concrete. And the direct differential method (DDM) is used to deduce the response gradient of the element model. Meanwhile, the tower and the composite beam are considered as beam-column members to establish their limit state functions in the form of interaction equations. For the recognition of main failure modes in the system reliability, this paper proposes the concept of uniformity of the reliability index and the refinement strategy to improve theβ-unzipping method, which can identify the main failure modes or neglect the unnecessary non-main failure modes. Finally, a certain steel-concrete composite beam cable-stayed bridge is used to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Biotechnology patenting caught between Union law and EPC law: European bundle patents, unitary patents and intentional harmonization of decisions in the internal market

Although in the European Union (the Union) the substantive rules for the patenting of biotechnological inventions are governed by Directive 98/44, the actual examination and grant of patents in Europe is provided by the European Patent Office (EPO), which is not part of the Union legal order and acts according to a non-Union legal instrument, the European Patent Convention (EPC). This hybrid situation results in legal uncertainty and can lead to partly inconsistent applications of patentability requirements, since the EPO is not bound to Union law and cannot refer questions to the Court of Justice of the EU (CJEU). Thus, there is no guarantee that the Union and Unified Patent Court (UPC) judiciaries, on the one hand, and the EPO judiciaries, on the other hand, will come to comparable conclusions regarding the patenting of identical biotechnological subject-matter in the Union, irrespective of whether it concerns a classic European patent or a unitary patent. However, the unitary patent is introduced in the framework of fostering the functioning of the internal market and ensuring undistorted competition, and it provides uniform protection. The CJEU has given a very limited interpretation only to this concept of uniformity, leaving room for inconsistent decisions. Hence, it would appear that only intentional, determined harmonization efforts of the diverse judiciaries involved can increase consistency between decisions of the Union and the non-Union legal systems, although the judiciaries are unrelated. This call for coherency becomes even more pressing with the establishment of the unitary patent. Given this complex situation it may be questioned whether in the Union the law-makers of Directive 98/44 can fully achieve their aim in regulating and harmonizing biotechnology patenting.

Characterization, modeling, and analysis of organic light-emitting diodes with different structures

This paper demonstrates that organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) of different structures can be characterized and modeled using a combination of the photo–electro–thermal (PET) theory and spectral power distribution modeling. The photometric, electrical, thermal, and chromatic properties of OLED devices are incorporated into a model framework so that the performance of the OLED of different structures can be compared. A concept of luminance uniformity over the OLED surfaces is also introduced for comparing OLED with large surface areas. Experimental results are included to verify the OLED models and compare the characteristics of two different OLED samples. Based on the same PET framework, some differences of OLEDs and inorganic LEDs are addressed and discussed.