Concept Of Tree Research Articles

Exploration and Practice of Course Ideology and Politics Construction in Engineering Course of Application-oriented Universities

This paper analyzes the problems in the construction of course ideology and politics, uses information technology to enable the change of thinking mode, and explores the innovation research on the new carrier and new model. The concept of tree in computer science and technology is applied to the construction of course ideology and politics, based on that a standardized ideological and political case base is built and a closed-loop model is proposed. Through the integration design of the core value system and the entire process of education and teaching, the integrated development of professional construction and ideological and political education is realized.

A path planner enabling second-order continuity across multiple motion modes of the generalized bicycle model

In mobile robotics, the generalized bicycle model is notable for its agility and diverse motion capabilities. However, current path planning methods often overlook its potential for multiple motion modes, leading to impractical paths and collision risks in complex environments. To address this, our study introduces a novel path planning algorithm that utilizes the generalized bicycle model and ensures second-order continuity, crucial for smooth and safe navigation. We establish rigorous second-order continuity conditions for seamless motion mode transitions and derive criteria for each mode. Our algorithm integrates these conditions with the rapidly exploring random tree concept to generate optimal paths that accommodate the model’s mode-changing capabilities. Through tests in challenging environments, our method demonstrates improved performance, especially in narrow passages, enhancing path planning safety and efficiency for mobile robots. This advancement significantly contributes to the field of robotic path planning by offering a more dynamic and reliable approach to autonomous navigation.

До питання про концептипоетичної творчості Володимира Забаштанського

This article outlines the conceptual framework of Volodymyr Zabashtanskyi’s poetic work, particularly focusing on collections such as «Vaha slova (The Weight of the Word)», «Vira v liudynu (Faith in a Man)», «Zhaha zhyttia (Thirst for Life)», «Zapakh dalyny (The Scent of the Farness)», «Moia vuzkokoliika (My Narrow Gauge)», «Naikrevnisha ridnia (The Most Close Relatives)», «Nakaz kameniariv (The Stonemasons’ Order)», «Svichechkoiu slova (By The Candle of the Word)», and «Syni skeli (Blue Rocks)». The study concentrates on the peripheral aspects of Zabashtansky’s poetry, illuminating their ideological and artistic essence. Special attention is given to concepts viewed through solar motifs: the sun, stars, and sky. These motifs are projected onto the intimate world of the lyrical hero, revealing artistic and journalistic intentions and reflections related to the realization of national identity. The concepts of water and land further reinforce these themes, creating a foundation for outlining Zabashtansky’s creative evolution. They depict the essential realities of his small homeland, painting a vivid image of Mother Ukraine. The image-concept of the tree finds its highest embodiment in the concept of the family tree and the archetype of the World Tree, associated with the image of the mother, who brings the new birth of the world and rebirth, protection, and the renewal of the Ukrainian world. Conversely, the concept of flame and related images such as «fire», «blaze», «embers», and others hold significant contextual potential. These images are particularly crucial when transformed into the universal symbols for Ukrainian poetry: the fire of the soul and the fire of the word, which gained prominence at the end of the 19th century. While the industrial perspective is generally not characteristic of Zabashtanskyi’s artistic world, it sporadically appears in the 1980s. This is especially evident in the image-concept of metal, where its ideological and artistic role manifests in the motif of strength — physical, psycho-emotional, and creative. This motif serves as a critical factor in shaping the author’s figure against the backdrop of his era.

Generative artificial intelligence application enhancement in educational activities

In recent years, there has been an active introduction of artificial intelligence in education (AIEd). Recently, one of the most popular AI tools — ChatGPT — is an example of a generative AI technologies, which create new content (different types of text, image, audio, video) in response to a user’s request. On the example of ChatGPT, the article considers the possibilities of using AI in various spheres of educational activity and the ways of increasing its efficiency with the help of generative technologies. To structure the ways of interaction with ChatGPT during its integration into the educational process, the COST model, which describes the receipt and exchange of information in the learning process, is used. In order to utilize the capabilities of ChatGPT more fully and to compensate for its shortcomings, it is necessary to formulate appropriate queries, for example, using a concept tree. In addition, it is necessary to formulate queries in such a way that the concept under investigation is concretized as much as possible. As an example, the article presents fragments of the developed concept tree representing the composition of educational activity and interrelations between its elements, which can be the basis for making queries to a chatbot. The quality of the query response is determined by the completeness of the input information. The results of the research presented in the article will help to get more accurate and relevant answers to queries in the practical application of ChatGPT in the daily work of an educational institution by students and teachers as well as other stakeholders who are involved in the organization of the learning process.

Diplodia seriata Isolated from Declining Olive Trees in Salento (Apulia, Italy): Pathogenicity Trials Give a Glimpse That It Is More Virulent to Drought-Stressed Olive Trees and in a Warmth-Conditioned Environment.

The fungi Botryosphaeriaceae are involved in olive declines in both the world hemispheres and in all continents where this species is cultivated. In Salento (Apulia, Italy), the Botryosphaeriaceae Neofusicoccum mediterraneum and N. stellenboschiana have been reported as the agents of a branch and twig dieback that overlaps with olive quick decline syndrome caused by Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca. In this study, we report the finding of Diplodia seriata, another Botryosphaeriaceae species, in Salento in Xylella fastidiosa-infected olive trees affected by symptoms of branch and twig dieback. Given that its presence was also reported in olive in the Americas and in Europe (Croatia) with different degrees of virulence, we were prompted to assess its role in the Apulian decline. We identified representative isolates based on morphological features and a multilocus phylogeny. In vitro tests showed that the optimum growth temperature of the isolates is around 25-30 °C, and that they are highly thermo-tolerant. In pathogenicity trials conducted over eleven months, D. seriata expressed a very low virulence. Nonetheless, when we imposed severe water stress before the inoculation, D. seriata significatively necrotized bark and wood in a time frame of 35 days. Moreover, the symptoms which resulted were much more severe in the trial performed in summer compared with that in autumn. In osmolyte-supplemented media with a water potential from -1 to -3 Mpa, the isolates increased or maintained their growth rate compared with non-supplemented media, and they also grew, albeit to a lesser extent, on media with a water potential as low as -7 Mpa. This suggests that olives with a low water potential, namely those subjected to drought, may offer a suitable environment for the fungus' development. The analysis of the meteorological parameters, temperatures and rainfall, in Salento in the timeframe 1989-2023, showed that this area is subjected to a progressive increase of temperature and drought during the summer. Thus, overall, D. seriata has to be considered a contributor to the manifestation of branch and twig dieback of olive in Salento. Coherently with the spiral decline concept of trees, our results suggest that heat and drought act as predisposing/inciting factors facilitating D. seriata as a contributor. The fact that several adverse factors, biotic and abiotic, are simultaneously burdening olive trees in Salento offers a cue to discuss the possible complex nature of the olive decline in Salento.

An Efficient System for Large-Scale Collaborative Tasks in Government

Government collaboration tasks are integral for grassroots governance and essential for government administration. Large-scale government collaboration tasks often involve multiple departments working together to solve complex tasks that require handling large amounts of data. However, existing offline processes make it difficult to manage complex collaboration scenarios and obtain timely execution results. We introduce the concept of a spatio-temporal task tree and propose a log-based incremental update method for updating statistical values in the tree structure to fulfill the need for real-time aggregation analysis of cross-temporal task execution situations. The spatio-temporal task tree fosters collaboration across various departments and organizational hierarchies to execute complex and large-scale tasks in government effectively. By flexible adaptations to different business models, this framework addresses the shortcomings of conventional systems in promoting inter-organizational collaboration. The log-based incremental update method for calculating statistical values within a tree structure allows for the updating of multi-dimensional data statistics in seconds. This approach effectively decreases computational expenses, enhances query efficiency, and improves real-time computation response. Results from experiments demonstrate the feasibility and high availability of the proposed approach, showcasing their potential to address the challenges associated with large-scale collaborative tasks in government affairs.

Quaternary Tree Group Diffie- Hellman Based Group Key Management Protocol for Dynamic Peer Groups

Diffie-Hellman (DH) protocol for 2-party has made the key exchange to be simple yet powerful. It is widely used in many communication-oriented protocols for establishing the keys in public communication channels. With millions of internet users connected globally and using various group oriented applications, communication among them has to be in a secured manner. Due to its simplicity, DH has been further extended to group setting and number of protocols are developed. Establishing Group Key and regenerating it during membership changes is a challenging task in communication among large groups. This paper proposes a quaternary tree method that uses the key tree concept and Group Diffie Hellman protocol, GDH.3 to establish the common key. GDH.3, an extension of DH for n parties is best suited for large dynamic groups. Quaternary tree reduces the height almost by half as against binary trees, making the rekeying much easier. As the group size increases, GDH.3 outperforms other existing group protocols based on DH, since it requires much lesser number of exponentiations.

Evaluasi Metode Audit Penghitungan Kerugian Keuangan Negara pada Badan Pengawasan Keuangan dan Pembangunan

This research aims to evaluate the audit method for Calculating State Financial Losses (PKKN) by the Financial and Development Supervisory Agency (BPKP). This research method is qualitative, with an evaluation approach using case studies at BPKP. The primary data used in this research are the results of interviews with BPKP auditors who have carried out PKKN audits and are experts in court. The trial decision document will be mapped based on case description themes, PKKN methods, and PKKN values. The secondary data used is a copy of the court decision on a criminal corruption case that was finalized and downloaded from the official website of the Supreme Court (MA). The implementation of the PKKN audit by BPKP is evaluated using a fraud theory approach, the REAL Tree concept, and applicable laws and regulations. The provision of expert testimony in court will be considered using the Daubert test. The results of this research are that the PKKN audit by BPKP does not follow the fraud theory approach because it does not create and test hypotheses. There is a PKKN method that differs from the REAL Tree concept because BPKP auditors apply the criteria for real and definite state financial losses (actual loss) without considering compelling interest as a time value of money concept. Providing expert information by BPKP auditors is different from the Daubert test because BPKP does not require monitoring and evaluating court decisions and does not carry out peer reviews of PKKN methods.

Redundant Residue Number System (RRNS) Di-Base Table for SOLiD Sequencing

The next-generation sequencing (NGS) methodology, sequencing by oligonucleotide ligation and detection (SOLiD) uses a di-base table, a somewhat unusual method, to decode sequences. Its coding scheme is based on the binary number system. The di-base table is not connected to the genetic code, nor is the coding scheme structured in the space of an entire number system. Gamow also revealed the hidden attribute of a 4 × 4 code for the di-base table, supporting his proposal of a 4 × 4 × 4 codons for the genetic code. Consideration for digital applications has focused more on the Residue Number System (RNS) and Redundant Residue Number System (RRNS) lately. Consequently, an RRNS di-base table based on the number tree concept is designed. The designed RRNS di-base table deviates from the canonical di-base table but retains every attribute necessary for effective SOLiD decoding. It shares a close relationship with the RNS-Genetic code and this presents a compelling argument for creating a single instrument that possesses the capabilities of both the genetic code and the di-base table.

The Possibility Prediction of Inheriting Blood Types in Parents Based on The Child's Allele Combination

The application of predicting the likelihood of blood group inheritance in children based on allele combinations from parents is becoming increasingly relevant. Understanding the combination of alleles that may appear in offspring can provide better insight for individuals and couples in planning families. The existence of an application to predict a child's blood type by using program development to form a family tree based on blood type can provide a clear visual picture of the inheritance of blood type from generation to generation. The purpose of this research is to identify allelic combinations of certain genes that affect a person's blood type and analyze how genetic inheritance occurs from parents to children. This study proves that we can see the likelihood of blood type inheritance of a child by looking at the allele combinations of both parents. This concept can be explained using the concept of a family tree (Tree). By using the Tree concept, we can easily visualize the inheritance of blood groups based on alleles, and facilitate the understanding of the formation of allele combinations that occur in the genetic inheritance process.

The concept of Minimal Spanning Tree (MST) for Symmetric Encryption

As the digital communication has become a vital part of the human life nowadays, cybercrimes are ever expanding. One major tool to protect the message from hacking and tampering is concealing the original information. Modern cryptography not only concerns the encryption of the message but also focuses on the protection of the encrypted information from cyber-attacks.Apart from secret communication modern cryptography focuses on authentication and integrity of the message. The present paper explains a symmetric block cipher basing on graph structures. In this technique the message is encrypted twice. The first stage encryption using adjacency matrix of undirected graph; the second stage using exclusive OR (XOR) operation on the output of first stage. Encryption/Decryption Keys are distinct for distinct blocks and distinct rounds; derived from Minimum Span Tree (MST) technique of an undirected graph. Here multiple peers can communicate messages simultaneously. One of the entries selects some random ASCII characters whose number is same as the block length and uploads those characters in the cloud. All the members of the group establish block keys using key generation technique which is secret among them.

Using Interactive Decision Tree Models in Artillery Fuse Testing

In the introduction, the concept of interactive trees is defined and the purpose of the study is presented. Then, the RGM-2 fuse is described, as are the results of its tests which served as a basis for building specific models. The types of ammunition in which this variation of an artillery fuse is used are listed. A method of building interactive classification trees, allowing the author of the model to interfere with its structure, is described as well. Models of interactive classification trees, such as C&RT, CHAID and XAID have been designed and built. For each model, a tree diagram, a predictor importance sheet, a risk assessment sheet, and a summary of the observed and predicted values are presented. The method of interacting with the constructed classification tree structures, whose task was to improve the designed models, is shown using the examples of two models. The analysis of the models built after the interaction has been performed and, based on the obtained results, the best designed model was selected.

The contours of evolution: In defence of Darwin's tree of life paradigm.

Both the concept of a Darwinian tree of life (TOL) and the possibility of its accurate reconstruction have been much criticized. Criticisms mostly revolve around the extensive occurrence of lateral gene transfer (LGT), instances of uptake of complete organisms to become organelles (with the associated subsequent gene transfer to the nucleus), as well as the implications of more subtle aspects of the biological species concept. Here we argue that none of these criticisms are sufficient to abandon the valuable TOL concept and the biological realities it captures. Especially important is the need to conceptually distinguish between organismal trees and gene trees, which necessitates incorporating insights of widely occurring LGT into modern evolutionary theory. We demonstrate that all criticisms, while based on important new findings, do not invalidate the TOL. After considering the implications of these new insights, we find that the contours of evolution are best represented by a TOL.

Dynamic coordinated strategy for parking guidance in a mixed driving parking lot involving human-driven and autonomous vehicles

<abstract> <p>The advent of autonomous vehicles (AVs) poses challenges to parking guidance in mixed driving scenarios involving human-driven vehicles (HVs) and AVs. This study introduced a dynamic and coordinated strategy (DCS) to optimize parking space allocation and path guidance within a mixed driving parking lot, aiming to enhance parking-cruising efficiency. DCS considers the distinctive characteristics of HVs and AVs and dynamically formulates parking guiding schemes based on real-time conditions. The strategy encompasses four main steps: Triggering scheme formulation, identifying preoccupied parking spaces, updating the parking lot traffic network and optimizing the vehicle-path-space matching scheme. A programming model was established to minimize the total remaining cruising time, and iterative optimization was conducted with vehicle loading test based on timing. To elevate computational efficiency, the concept of parking-cruising path tree (PCPT) and its updating method were introduced based on the dynamic shortest path tree algorithm. Comparative analysis of cases and simulations demonstrated the efficacy of DCS in mitigating parking-cruising duration of different types of vehicles and minimizing forced delays arising from lane blocking. Notably, the optimization effect is particularly significant for vehicles with extended cruising durations or in parking lots with low AV penetration rates and high saturation, with an achievable optimization rate reaching up to 18%. This study addressed challenges related to drivers' noncompliance with guidance and lane blocking, thereby improving overall operational efficiency in mixed driving parking lots.</p> </abstract>

Recent trends on data flow testing : A review

The research aims to comprehensively examine the current state of knowledge in data flow testing (DFT) to identify knowledge gaps and inform future research. The authors undertook this research question to advance the practice of DFT and improve software systems’ quality and reliability. The authors analyze several state-of-the-art techniques, including the correlation tree concept and particle swarm optimization algorithm, leveraging the data flow knowledge during test execution, as well as neural networks and genetic algorithms. The authors also discuss the methods used to evaluate the effectiveness and accuracy of the various techniques, including case studies, simulations, and test data-generating techniques. The authors aim to provide a superficial understanding of the field’s current state and note that future work could focus on in-depth analysis of specific areas within DFT. Future researchers can use this research to gain a deeper understanding of current algorithms and work on improving them. This is particularly important as DFT is an essential part of the testing process for any software.

Students’ mathematical thinking of the tree concept: an integration of APOS with Tall’s three worlds of mathematics

ABSTRACT In this study, we investigate students’ mathematical thinking of the tree concept, a fundamental concept in graph theory, using a combination of the APOS theory and Tall’s three worlds of mathematics. The qualitative research describes here is a phenomenological study drawing on task-based interviews with 18 undergraduate mathematics students. The findings indicate that students preferred to think in the embodied world when solving tasks related to the tree concept. This type of thinking, despite its great value, should not prevent students from thinking in the symbolic and formal worlds. Furthermore, the findings indicate that almost half of the participants had difficulties with the acyclicity and connectivity concepts, which are necessary prior knowledge to help students develop Process and Object for the tree concept. The results also suggest that more opportunities could be provided for students to engage with tasks that related to Process and Object in the three mathematics worlds.

An automatic distillation sequence synthesis framework based on a preorder traversal algorithm

Distillation energy consumption dominates the process industry; hence, the selection of the distillation sequence will substantially affect the separation energy consumption. We propose a framework for the automatic synthesis and optimization of distillation sequences by integrating the Aspen Plus with the MATLAB programming platform. The framework combines the concept of binary trees in data structures and uses a preorder traversal algorithm to generate a network superstructure in the simulator. In the next step, it automatically formulates and solves a mixed-integer linear programming model based on calculation results; finally, the distillation model is optimized using an improved quadratic interpolation algorithm. Two case studies for C5 alkane and dimethyl carbonate separation showed that the optimal solution obtained by the framework reduced the total annual costs by 13.18 % and 2.88 %, respectively, compared with the processes without systematic optimization. The framework also allowed screening out promising alternatives by rapid evaluation of different process routes.

Some Connectivity Parameters of Interval-Valued Intuitionistic Fuzzy Graphs with Applications

Connectivity in graphs is useful in describing different types of communication systems like neural networks, computer networks, etc. In the design of any network, it is essential to evaluate the connections based on their strengths. In this manuscript, we comprehensively describe various connectivity parameters related to interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy graphs (IVIFGs). These are the generalizations of the parameters defined for fuzzy graphs, interval-valued fuzzy graphs, and intuitionistic fuzzy graphs. First, we introduce interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy bridges (IVIF bridges) and interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy cut-nodes (IVIF cut-nodes). We discuss the many characteristics of these terms as well as establish the necessary and sufficient conditions for an arc to become an IVIF-bridge and a vertex to be an IVIF-cutnode. Furthermore, we initiate the concepts of interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy cycles (IVIFCs) and interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy trees (IVIFTs) and explore few relationships among them. In addition, we introduce the notions of fuzzy blocks and fuzzy block graphs and extend these terms as interval-valued fuzzy blocks (IVF-blocks) and interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy block graphs (IVIF-block graphs). Finally, we provide the application of interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy trees (IVIFTs) in a road transport network.

Systematic Analysis and Application Prospect of Decision Tree

Decision making is common practice for everyone. One must make multiple decisions to move on during his/her lifetime. People are always eager to make the optimum decisions so that they could save energy and step in a right path. Although people try to avoid inferior options that comes with risk and danger, things happen from time to time. In this study, a powerful tool, decision tree, will be introduced to address this problem. With assistance of decision tree, one will make better choices more validly and more efficiently. Some concepts and algorithms of decision tree will be also included to understand examples from the application part. The purpose of this study is to introduce the concept of decision tree, analyze the advantages of decision tree and discuss its future. Although decision tree is widely utilized in many aspects in society, it still has shortcomings like overfitting and underfitting. Fortunately, there are methods such as pruning and random forest to solve these problems. The future of decision tree will be promising.

An Efficient and Accurate Rough Set for Feature Selection, Classification, and Knowledge Representation

This paper presents a strong data-mining method based on a rough set, which can simultaneously realize feature selection, classification, and knowledge representation. Although a rough set, a popular method for feature selection, has good interpretability, it is not sufficiently efficient and accurate to deal with large-scale datasets with high dimensions, which prevents it from being immediately applied to real-world scenarios. To address the efficiency issue of a rough set, we discover the stability of the local redundancy (SLR) of attributes and propose a theorem to prove it rigorously. Based on SLR, only the parts of objects in the boundary region are partitioned when calculating outer significance, which further improves the efficiency of the rough set. With regard to the accuracy issue, we show that overfitting may lead to ineffectiveness of the rough set, especially when processing noise attributes. We then propose relative importance, a robust measurement for an attribute, to alleviate such overfitting issues. In this paper, we propose a novel rough-set framework that significantly improves the efficiency and accuracy of existing rough-set methods. We further develop our rough set framework by proposing a “rough concept tree” for knowledge representation and classification. Experimental results on public benchmark datasets show that our proposed framework achieves higher accuracy than seven state-of-the-art feature-selection methods. All the codes are available at https://github.com/syxiaa/powerroughset.