Concept Of Privacy Research Articles

Securing Federated Learning: Approaches, Mechanisms and Opportunities

With the ability to analyze data, artificial intelligence technology and its offshoots have made difficult tasks easier. The tools of these technologies are now used in almost every aspect of life. For example, Machine Learning (ML), an offshoot of artificial intelligence, has become the focus of interest for researchers in industry, education, healthcare and other disciplines and has proven to be as efficient as, and in some cases better than, experts in answering various problems. However, the obstacles to ML’s progress are still being explored, and Federated Learning (FL) has been presented as a solution to the problems of privacy and confidentiality. In the FL approach, users do not disclose their data throughout the learning process, which improves privacy and security. In this article, we look at the security and privacy concepts of FL and the threats and attacks it faces. We also address the security measures used in FL aggregation procedures. In addition, we examine and discuss the use of homomorphic encryption to protect FL data exchange, as well as other security strategies. Finally, we discuss security and privacy concepts in FL and what additional improvements could be made in this context to increase the efficiency of FL algorithms.

Right to Privacy in Digital Technology Act: Issues and Policy in India

The privacy of individuals, with the advent of digital technology and information age, has brought several new issues to the fore. Most countries in the world are facing this problem, as they are finding it difficult to strike a balance among the interests of citizens, government, national security, businesses and the corporate sector. The revolutionary growth of digital technology has led to violations of the right to privacy of individuals, which governments have been finding difficult to address. Underlying complexities are growing, given the dynamism of technology and the slowness of legal evolution, as the two are not able to keep pace. Individuals are at the mercy of the state and its agencies, which severely undermines democracy and the democratic ethos of the social, psychological and economic lives of citizens. India is no exception to the problem. Hence, the author has endeavoured to explore the concept of privacy and its changing dimensions, along with legal and policy responses within India.

Representation of concepts associated with the digital environments of Chilean students

Introduction: The construction of digital identity is a negotiation process that involves a link between the self, identity, and cultural models. This process is affected by the incursion of technology, which incorporates new verbal forms and traces permanently connected spaces where digital identity is co-constructed. The objective was to determine the conceptual and social representations that construct digital identity in a group of Chilean students by sex.Method: Qualitative research with an analytical descriptive design. The sample included 509 Chilean students aged 18 to 27 from 21 higher education institutions. They were asked to write the first word they associated with the concepts of personal identity, digital identity, digital reputation, and privacy. The results were processed in the Atlas.Ti program, creating word clouds differentiated by sex.Results: Both men and women associated personal identity with "personality." For "digital identity," both groups agreed on the concept of "projection." However, regarding the concept of “digital reputation” men associated it with the term “followers” ​​and women with “prestige”. Regarding “visibility” men associated it with “privacy” and women with “exposure”.Conclusions: the concepts of identity (personal and digital) converge towards common social semantic constructions. However, in concepts such as reputation and visibility, stereotypical gender constructions are evident, with women associating them with prestige and exposure and men with followers and privacy.

Data Privacy Vis- A- Vis the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023

The right to privacy is an essential human entitlement that involves an individual's independence and authority over their personal data. In an era dominated by digital interactions and data-driven technologies, the right to privacy has become increasingly pertinent. The concept of data privacy encompasses the protection of personal information from unauthorized access, use, and disclosure. With the proliferation of online platforms and digital services, individuals are generating vast amounts of data, raising concerns about its misuse and exploitation. Data privacy in India has become a significant issue with the increasing digitization of services and the proliferation of personal data collection by both government and private entities. In 2023, the digital data protection act was enacted to specifically deal with Data privacy as well as Data protection. This paper attempts to analyse the right to privacy vis-à-vis the digital data protection act, 2023 and this analysis explores how these regulatory provisions address the emerging challenges to the protection of sensitive personal data.

Regulatory sandboxes for trustworthy artificial intelligence – global and Latin American experiences

ABSTRACT This paper explores how regulatory sandboxes can be used to promote the development of trustworthy artificial intelligence (AI) systems. The analysis focus on the experiences of Data Protection Authorities (DPAs) who have been experimenting with sandboxes to foster the implementation of privacy by design principles in AI systems. Throughout bibliographic research, this study (i) highlights privacy-related elements on international AI regulatory frameworks; (ii) explores the concept of privacy by design (PbD) and some of its strategies, patterns and techniques, such as Privacy Enhancing Technologies (PETs); (iii) reflects upon the impact of regulatory sandboxes; and (iv) analyses how regulatory sandboxes are being discussed in the context of AI regulatory frameworks. While this study brings global perspective on regulatory sandboxes, it also does relevant analysis in the Latin American context by presenting different stages of development of initiatives in the region. One of the main findings of this paper is that literature currently lacks an analysis of how privacy by design could be used in the context of AI systems design and governance. It also suggests that regulatory sandboxes may be able to integrate PbD principles to foster the development of trustworthy AI, although further research would be needed on that matter.

Трансформация информационной приватности в современном цифровом обществе

This article examines the issue of the transformation of information privacy in the modern digital society. Among its most important characteristics is the ability to restrict access to an individual’s personal data. Today, information security has become the subject of public discussion due to the rapid development of digital technologies, which, alongside undeniable advantages, also pose dangers to private spheres. On the one hand, personal data is collected by government and commercial organizations, and, on the other hand, people often voluntarily share information about themselves on social networks. The motives for this are the desire to establish new social connections, the need for recognition and support, and the lack of communication in real life. Refusal from online communication today signifies social isolation. Since it is impossible to keep personal information secret under these conditions, theories have emerged suggesting that the concept of information privacy is outdated, and we are entering the era of postprivacy. The aim of this article is to analyze the changes that have occurred in the perception of privacy in modern society due to the spread of digital technologies. In conclusion, the rapid advancement of digital technologies has fundamentally altered the landscape of information privacy in modern society. Moving forward, it is imperative for policymakers, technologists, and individuals alike to engage in ongoing discourse and reflection on the ethical implications of these changes, striving to balance the benefits of connectivity with the protection of personal privacy rights in the digital age.

The Ethics of Decentralized Clinical Trials and Informed Consent: Taking Technologies' Soft Impacts into Account.

Decentralized clinical trials (DCTs) have the potential to advance the conduct of clinical trials, but raise several ethical issues, including obtaining valid informed consent. The debate on the ethical issues resulting from digitalization is predominantly focused on direct risks relating to for example data protection, safety, and data quality. We submit however, that a broader view on ethical aspects of DCTs is needed to touch upon the new challenges that come with the DCT practice. Digitalization has impacts that go beyond its direct purposes, by shaping behaviors, experiences, social relations, and values. We examine four elements of the informed consent procedure that are affected by DCTs, while taking these soft impacts of technologies into account: (i) informing participants and testing understanding, (ii) freedoms in relation to responsibilities and burdens, (iii) trust in participant-researcher relations, and (iv) impacts on the concept of privacy. Our analysis reveals that a broad view is key for optimal conduct of DCTs. In addition, it provides insight into the ethical impacts of DCTs on informed consent. Technologies such as DCTs potentially have profound impacts which are not immediately addressed by the existing regulatory frameworks, but nonetheless important to recognize. These findings can guide future practices of DCTs to foster the important values of clinical research in this novel approach for conducting clinical trials.

The concept of privacy in the digital world according to teenagers

Abstract Aim This study aims first to explore how adolescents define the idea of online privacy and how well they understand all the implications of using their data online, using emergent themes modeling. A co-occurrence analysis comparing narratives was performed to better understand how the concept of online privacy differed according to participants’ age. Subject and methods Five hundred eighty-eight adolescents (64.8% female) completed a narrative task about their definition of online privacy. “Reflection of self-online,” “digital safe,” “human right,” and “ability to surf the web and emotional consequences” are the four emergent themes closely related to the adolescents’ definition and meaning of online privacy. Results The results did not show differences between the two age groups in the interpretation of the construct, except for the concept of safety. Adolescents older than 15 years used more emotional content. Conclusion The findings are discussed in terms of how understanding young people’s online privacy can help to design a safer Internet.

Enhancing Data Privacy in Wireless Sensor Networks: Investigating Techniques and Protocols to Protect Privacy of Data Transmitted Over Wireless Sensor Networks in Critical Applications of Healthcare and National Security

The article discusses the emergence of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) as a groundbreaking technology in data processing and communication. It outlines how WSNs, composed of dispersed autonomous sensors, are utilized to monitor physical and environmental factors, transmitting data wirelessly for analysis. The article explores various applications of WSNs in healthcare, national security, emergency response, and infrastructure monitoring, highlighting their roles in enhancing patient care, public health surveillance, border security, disaster management, and military operations. Additionally, it examines the foundational concepts of data privacy in WSNs, focusing on encryption techniques, authentication mechanisms, anonymization techniques, and access control mechanisms. The article also addresses vulnerabilities, threats, and challenges related to data privacy in healthcare and national security contexts, emphasizing regulatory compliance, ethical considerations, and socio-economic factors. Furthermore, it introduces the Diffusion of Innovation Theory as a framework for understanding the adoption of privacy-enhancing technologies in WSNs. Finally, the article reviews empirical studies demonstrating the efficacy of security solutions in preserving data privacy in WSNs, offering insights into advancements in safeguarding sensitive information.

A tyrannical societal something: Drawing lessons for twenty-first-century ‘privacy-protecting’ technology from long nineteenth-century literature

This paper demonstrates a novel, literature-based approach to the consideration and regulation of advanced computational and data systems, in particular artificial intelligence (AI). The paper contributes uniquely to the discourse of AI through its proposal that although we may think of AI as presenting a distinctly contemporary challenge, in fact, its roots can only be explored by starting with the discourses, narratives and social imaginaries of the long nineteenth century. To illustrate this, the paper looks at one of the most widely recognised cultural threats associated with big data and AI systems, namely the threat to privacy. It explores how the concept of privacy might be viewed, and ultimately managed, differently through the application of an historical and literary frame of reference, deploying a mixed-methods close and distant reading of novels in English and German. For this, we focus on two specific literary exempla, each of which illustrates the function of privacy in society. This close reading is complemented with exploration of experimental data generated by using a modern privacy dictionary to query a large corpus of nineteenth-century novels and a modern test corpus comprised of policy discussions targeting privacy issues related to the rise of big data and AI.

Develop and Disseminate Hands-on Lab Materials of Privacy Concepts and Technologies to Educators

In the era of digitalization, a massive amount of data has been generated from people’s online activities or use of portable/wearable devices. The data often carries rich information about people. Therefore, privacy technologies are needed, from data generation to usage and from transmission to storage, to protect people’s sensitive information. Although the research community is making great progress in addressing advanced privacy protection technologies, very few educational materials have been developed to incorporate the latest research results and engage students in learning privacy technologies, especially for younger generations. In this paper, we present our newly designed educational materials on privacy technologies, which can be used for training high quality cybersecurity professionals to meet the ever-increasing demand. The developed learning modules not only incorporate the latest research results in privacy technologies but also include effective hand-on lab activities. To help other institutions effectively teach privacy technologies, we organized a faculty training workshop in summer 2022. Twenty-nine faculty from twenty institutions nationwide participated in the training. Survey results show that the participants gained a better understanding of privacy issues and demonstrated strong interest in teaching privacy technologies after attending the workshop.

Privacy, Security, and Legal Issues in the Health Cloud: Structured Review for Taxonomy Development.

Privacy in our digital world is a very complicated topic, especially when meeting cloud computing technological achievements with its multidimensional context. Here, privacy is an extended concept that is sometimes referred to as legal, philosophical, or even technical. Consequently, there is a need to harmonize it with other aspects in health care in order to provide a new ecosystem. This new ecosystem can lead to a paradigm shift involving the reconstruction and redesign of some of the most important and essential requirements like privacy concepts, legal issues, and security services. Cloud computing in the health domain has markedly contributed to other technologies, such as mobile health, health Internet of Things, and wireless body area networks, with their increasing numbers of embedded applications. Other dependent applications, which are usually used in health businesses like social networks, or some newly introduced applications have issues regarding privacy transparency boundaries and privacy-preserving principles, which have made policy making difficult in the field. One way to overcome this challenge is to develop a taxonomy to identify all relevant factors. A taxonomy serves to bring conceptual clarity to the set of alternatives in in-person health care delivery. This study aimed to construct a comprehensive taxonomy for privacy in the health cloud, which also provides a prospective landscape for privacy in related technologies. A search was performed for relevant published English papers in databases, including Web of Science, IEEE Digital Library, Google Scholar, Scopus, and PubMed. A total of 2042 papers were related to the health cloud privacy concept according to predefined keywords and search strings. Taxonomy designing was performed using the deductive methodology. This taxonomy has 3 layers. The first layer has 4 main dimensions, including cloud, data, device, and legal. The second layer has 15 components, and the final layer has related subcategories (n=57). This taxonomy covers some related concepts, such as privacy, security, confidentiality, and legal issues, which are categorized here and defined by their expansion and distinctive boundaries. The main merits of this taxonomy are its ability to clarify privacy terms for different scenarios and signalize the privacy multidisciplinary objectification in eHealth. This taxonomy can cover health industry requirements with its specifications like health data and scenarios, which are considered as the most complicated among businesses and industries. Therefore, the use of this taxonomy could be generalized and customized to other domains and businesses that have less complications. Moreover, this taxonomy has different stockholders, including people, organizations, and systems. If the antecedent effort in the taxonomy is proven, subject matter experts could enhance the extent of privacy in the health cloud by verifying, evaluating, and revising this taxonomy.

Fast Multi-User Searchable Encryption with Forward and Backward Private Access Control

Untrusted servers are servers or storage entities lacking complete trust from the data owner or users. This characterization implies that the server hosting encrypted data may not enjoy full trust from data owners or users, stemming from apprehensions related to potential security breaches, unauthorized access, or other security risks. The security of searchable encryption has been put into question by several recent attacks. Currently, users can search for encrypted documents on untrusted cloud servers using searchable symmetric encryption (SSE). This study delves deeply into two pivotal concepts of privacy within dynamic searchable symmetric encryption (DSSE) schemes: forward privacy and backward privacy. The former serves as a safeguard against the linkage of recently added documents to previously conducted search queries, whereas the latter guarantees the irretrievability of deleted documents in subsequent search inquiries. However, the provision of fine-grained access control is complex in existing multi-user SSE schemes. SSE schemes may also incur high computation costs due to the need for fine-grained access control, and it is essential to support document updates and forward privacy. In response to these issues, this paper suggests a searchable encryption scheme that uses simple primitive tools. We present a multi-user SSE scheme that efficiently controls access to dynamically encrypted documents to resolve these issues, using an innovative approach that readily enhances previous findings. Rather than employing asymmetric encryption as in comparable systems, we harness low-complexity primitive encryption tools and inverted index-based DSSE to handle retrieving encrypted files, resulting in a notably faster system. Furthermore, we ensure heightened security by refreshing the encryption key after each search, meaning that users are unable to conduct subsequent searches with the same key and must obtain a fresh key from the data owner. An experimental evaluation shows that our scheme achieves forward and Type II backward privacy and has much faster search performance than other schemes. Our scheme can be considered secure, as proven in a random oracle model.

Privacy by design. User-held data model as a basis for Privacy and Personal Data protection in social networks

The article reveals the concept and features of privacy by design approach. An analysis of the legislation of the European Union, which regulates the obligation to comply with mentioned concept, namely the provisions of the General Data Protection Regulation, was carried out. Within the framework of the concept of privacy by design, the concepts and pecularities of using user-held data model are studied, which aims to change the legal regulation and technical support of information security as well as the security of personal data in social networks.
 In order to achieve the goal of the research, the need to introduce the specified model of data protection was analyzed – namely practical problems of personal data protection within the peculiarities of the market of social network service providers. The need of the interpretation of personal data as an object of property right was outlined, as well as the interpretation of the purpose of the meta data itself as personal information about a person that can be used to recognize or track a person separately or in combination with other information, which is directly stated in the OMB Act No. A-130, however, is neither interpreted similarly in the Data Protection Regulation nor in the legislation of Ukraine. The main advantages of implementing a user-held data model are presented, namely the advantages for data owners, businesses, the state, and cloud service providers for providing and maintaining the model.
 Legislation in the field of personal data protection in the EU, in particular in the field of social networks, is more complex at the supranational and national level. It is provided with a separate regulatory and organizational mechanisms, which are different from the one that exists today in Ukraine. The mechanism for the protection of personal data in the European Union provides the creation of independent public authority that is responsible for the implementation and compliance with the requirements of the General Data Protection Regulation. The article highlights the need to create a single separate body in the field of personal data protection in Ukraine, which will be able to perform the function of monitoring and ensuring compliance with the requirements of the relevant legislation, in particular, compliance with privacy by design.

Right to Privacy and Data Protection Concerns Raised by the Development and Usage of Face Recognition Technologies in the European Union

Abstract The fast and fragmentedly regulated development of facial recognition technologies and related artificial intelligence poses various challenges to personal privacy, which leads to potential infringements of a wide range of related human rights. This article analyses the threats that the development and use of facial recognition technologies pose to privacy and personal data protection. It discusses the concept of privacy and the protection of personal data, including biometric data, at European Union level, and assesses the proposed new legal framework. It questions whether this is sufficient to protect privacy and ensure personal data protection in the context of the rapid development and increasing usage of facial recognition technologies in public and private sectors.

An alternative focus on data in the neurorights discussion – Lessons from Brazil

Developments in neurotechnology are prompting concerns about the concepts of mental privacy, mental integrity, and cognitive liberty, among others. Many researchers and some policymakers have begun to propose that novel human rights are required to meet the challenges emerging neurotechnology poses. These proposals have seen high-profile discussion, gaining already state-level recognition in Chile. Others advocate a different approach by concentrating on data protection. This policy brief recommends this kind of focus in order to (i) help researchers to regulate the pace of development and (ii) respect the potential for risks to individuals by permitting them greater control over how their neurodata is used. A data-centred approach is an agile means of providing legal and ethical protection and permitting the direction of neurotechnology development toward producing positive impacts. This brief also refers to legislative change in Brazil, contrasted with Chile, where data law is to be revised to pre-empt neurotechnological issues. The Brazilian model emerges as an alternative that ought to be replicated by other lawmakers globally.

PRIVACY OF OLDER ADULTS

Introduction: In contrast to hiding specific things, privacy concerns protecting one’s right to self-control and autonomy, which accompanies everyone’s existence. In the healthcare sector, older adults’ thoughts about privacy should be evaluated relative to those of nurses to understand how the concept of privacy is perceived and whether necessary attention is given to the subject. Materials and Method: This was a descriptive study. A sociodemographic Information Form and Patient Privacy Scale were used. After the necessary institutional and ethical permissions were obtained, face-to-face data were collected from 926 older adults and 788 nurses from six public and four university hospitals. Results: The mean scores of the Patient Privacy Scale were 4.78±0.14 for nurses and 3.78±0.32 for older adults, which were significantly different (p≤0.001). In addition, when the Patient Privacy Scale scores of the nurses were evaluated according to sociodemographic data, no significant differences were found between the Patient Privacy Scale scores and scale subdimensions and sociodemographic data (p>0.05). In contrast, a significant difference was found between the scale and scale subdimensions in older adults (p≤0.05). Conclusion: When nurses communicate with older adults, they create a healthier environment in terms of privacy by considering older adults’ expectations of privacy, taking measures to protect privacy, and providing training on the subject. Keywords: Privacy; Aged; Nurses; Ethics, Medical.

En los ríos, bajo la sombra de los árboles y al cobijo del quepis: representaciones gráficas del aseo y del descanso militar durante la Intervención Francesa en México

This article examines some representations of military cleanliness and rest during the French Intervention in Mexico, based on the iconographic and icono-textual analysis of images and reports published in three of the most widely circulated French prints of the time: the illustrated weeklies “L'Illustration Journal Universel” and “Le Monde Illustré”, and the satirical newspaper “Le Charivari”. The two engravings and lithograph were compared with letters, memoirs, manuals, and journalistic pieces by Mexican and French authors in order to observe the graphic expression of the concepts of hygiene and privacy that began to take root socially in both countries from the second half of the 19th century. It is proposed that, despite protocolization, combatants on both sides had to adapt to the harsh conditions of war to recover from it amidst snoring, heat, the anxiety of enemy threat, and dreams of conquest.

Minimizing Noise in Location Privacy Protection Through Equipment Error Consideration

In recent years, systems that collect location information and publish statistics, such as those that publish congestion information, have been extensively employed. Because it is possible to infer an individual’s identity even if the information is not directly disclosed, it is essential to disclose data with privacy protection. Therefore, privacy protection methods based on differential privacy are attracting attention. Geo-indistinguishability is the most famous extension theorem of differential privacy for location information. Geo-indistinguishability can be achieved by adding noise to a target value that must be protected. However, noise addition reduces the usefulness of the data. Thus, it is desirable to add minimal noise to your privacy budget. Therefore, we focus on the fact that the values obtained using measurement devices contain errors. We introduced a novel concept of differential privacy tailored for location information, termed true-value-based geo-indistinguishability (T-Geo-I), which accounts for equipment noise. We also proposed a location information privacy protection method that considers T-Geo-I and reduces the amount of added noise. The object of privacy protection should be the “true value” not the “measured value” that includes measurement errors. According to the experimental results, in the case wherein the measurement error is the normal distribution, our method reduced the noise average and mean square error (MSE) by up to 41% and 63%, respectively, compared with conventional methods while maintaining a prespecified level of privacy in 108 samples of numerical data. In the case wherein the measurement error is the lognormal distribution, the proposed method based on T-Geo-I succeeded in reducing the noise average and MSE by up to 60% and 67%, respectively, compared with methods based on Geo-I, while maintaining a prespecified level of privacy. These findings indicate that the proposed method can improve the usefulness of data while maintaining a prespecified degree of privacy protection.

EXPLORING HOW U.S. K-12 EDUCATION ADDRESSES PRIVACY LITERACY

As children grow up immersed in digital environments, scholars and policymakers emphasize the importance of helping children learn how to navigate privacy online. Prior work has found that educators recognize this need for privacy lessons but do not always feel equipped to teach them. Indeed, the term “privacy” has many meanings and the concept of privacy does not easily fit in a specific subject, intersecting with social studies, computer science, media literacy, digital literacy, and digital citizenship. Scholars have begun developing frameworks for privacy education, but such efforts will have a higher chance of success if they can be integrated into existing educational standards. Thus, in this study we are analyzing U.S. K-12 educational standards to understand whether and how they address privacy literacy. Our initial analysis has found that 44 of the 50 U.S. states have implemented educational standards related to privacy, largely as part of library, computer science, or social studies. The main privacy-related topics in state standards include being careful about posting information online and managing passwords. These preliminary findings suggest that while privacy is part of many state education standards, there are opportunities to help educators bring a more nuanced approach to privacy into their classrooms.