Compact City Concept Research Articles

Surat’s sustainable future: analyzing compact urban development and population density trends

Rapid urbanization is a challenge for the cities of developing countries like India. The share of an urban area is rapidly increasing in dynamically growing cities. Due to this, the land use is altered, causing sprawl and unplanned development. The consumption of resources is greater, and the impact on the surroundings is negative. The compact city concept is always more efficient and cost effective compared to unplanned organic growth. The compact city optimizes available land resources with its maximum possible capacity in accordance with other available natural resources. The primary study objective is to assess the growth trend of Surat city using satellite images, geographic information system techniques, and census data for the last few years. The analysis considers population density for different city wards from 1991 to 2020. Based on the land use land cover change carried out using the maximum likelihood method from the satellite images, the rate of spreading out, its direction, and causes are also found. In this study, population density is a crucial attribute of the compact city concept. The study shows that wardwise density is increasing in a specific direction and making that portion of the city a dense, compact development. This is observed in ward numbers 48, 42, and 35 in the east, north, and southeast directions from Central Business District, respectively. The average population density in persons per sq. km is continuously increasing from 5006 to 20329 at city level which also shows the compact city development for Surat. The governing authorities must incorporate the compact city concept into the planning policy for sustainable urban development. By this, policymakers can understand housing needs to promote affordable housing, invest in infrastructure development and public services, and identify areas where sustainable transportation options, such as public transit, walking, or cycling, need improvement.

Compact City: What Is the Extent of Our Exploration for Its Meanings? A Systematic Review

The compact city has garnered significant attention from researchers in academia, particularly in recent years, due to its relevance to various global challenges, such as climate change, COVID-19, economic crises, and urbanization. Given the vast knowledge represented in the compact city literature and its diverse perspectives, this study aims is a comprehensive literature review through bibliometric analysis. Following the PRISMA protocol, a total of 570 articles from the Scopus database published in English between 1973 and 2022 underwent screening at two main levels of bibliometric analysis: performance analysis and science mapping. The findings of this study reveal a substantial increase in scientific production related to the compact city over the years. Furthermore, the concept of the compact city encompasses multiple dimensions, with a significant emphasis on the urban dimension. Remarkably, Asian countries (regions), particularly mainland China and China-Hong Kong, demonstrate a notable interest in the compact city concept. In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights into the scientific production of compact city literature, highlighting its growth, multidimensionality, and geographic focus, which can inform future research and policymaking efforts.

Sustainable Compact City as an Urban Sprawl Arrangement Concept in Penatih Dangin Puri, Denpasar

The population growth in Denpasar City is happening very rapidly due to several factors and aspects of population. The growing number of people living in urban areas with aspects of life that take place continuously causes the city to no longer be able to accommodate all aspects of population activities. Therefore, there has been development in suburban areas such as Penatih Dangin Puri Village, which has become a location for filling space for an increasing population with various positive and negative impacts, one of which is the urban sprawl. To reduce the negative impact that occurs due to urban sprawl, the concept of sustainable compact city is the solution. The concept of Sustainable Compact City aims to reduce the use of conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural land, reduce dependence on private transportation, empower public transportation, increase green open space, and make it easier for people to enjoy other public facilities. This concept is then expected to be able to produce the right strategy in accommodating all changes and indirectly control growth and be able to control the problems that arise due to the existence of this Urban Sprawl. Seeing these problems, the concept of Sustainable Compact City can be a concept for dealing with Urban Sprawl in the Penatih Dangin Puri village area, Denpasar City, which cannot be prevented from growing until now.
 Keywords: Urban Sprawl, Sustainable, Compact City, suburban area, structuring, land conversion.

THE TOWNSCAPE MOVEMENT AND THE EVOLUTION OF THE COMPACT CITY CONCEPT

The search for sustainable cities has seen the Compact City as a better way to structure urban areas. This statement is corroborated by the fact that, among the guidelines proposed by the United Nations on the last Habitat Conference, there are several compact city principles. Given the importance of this model, this article presented an overview of its development, its main thinkers, the most relevant publications and the context in which the Compact City concept was developed, focusing on the importance of the thought and activity of the Townscape movement in the consolidation of the model since the end of the 1940’s. From the publications analyzed, one can recognize two phases in the concept’s evolution: a formative period (1940-1970), characterized by the search for an alternative to the postwar urban models; and a second moment (since the 1980’s), when the concept took its current form and started to be proposed as an answer to environmental problems and, secondarily, to other challenges of contemporary urbanization.

Linking research, education and citizen codesign: compact cities as social intensification

Both research and policy argue for more compact cities, but there is little clarity regarding which urban qualities must be made more compact to achieve the purported benefits. This paper discusses an example of how to conduct immersive and localised studies by connecting research and education to community outreach. Three potential positive outcomes of linking are examined: (a) linking may improve research activities, (b) linking may have a positive impact on student learning, and (c) better valorisation of research results may be achieved. Within a master’s course, architectural students used codesign methods to investigate how the compact city concept can be understood and applied at the neighbourhood level; this assignment was formulated within a research project. The researchers performed observations and feedback tutorials, and the students applied mixed methods, including a literature review, meetings with researchers and stakeholders, site analysis, interviews and a pop-up workshop with residents, strategy development, design proposals, and feedback meetings with critics and local stakeholders. The results show that this linking may contribute significantly to research activities, as the results of a collaborative process between students and local residents were noteworthy. Rather than focusing on the physical environment, the residents argued that the starting point for urban development should be the social aspects. The residents helped the students understand what social aspects to focus on and how to think about certain locations. In terms of education, the collaboration gave students access to the latest research. Better valorisation of research results was achieved with actors at the local level. However, higher up in the municipal hierarchy, valorisation remained a challenge. Linking research and education to community outreach is not particularly common, even if linking all three activities has the potential to lead to systemic change.

The green infrastructure within the framework of a compact city concept (by example of Kyiv)


 
 
 The goal of the study is to determine the actual areas and the geographical distri- bution of Urban Green Spaces (UGS) in Kyiv; compile and analyse the ratings of the city administrative districts by key UGS indicators and substantiate the level of comfortable living in each district according to the concept of a green compact city. The goal stems from the announcement of an official strategy of transforming Kyiv into a comfortable compact city with an attractive green infrastructure. To achieve this goal, we have calculated a number of major indicators of the modern green infrastructure of Kyiv in all ten city districts. According to the method we developed, we analysed the drawings of the urban development master plan and regulatory documents, and conducted a field survey of significant UGS sites in Kyiv. The data obtained were used to make a UGS map of Kyiv and other thematic maps. For the most accurate calculation of key UGS indicators, we processed several thousand contours in Kyiv’s cartographic base. The sizes of Urban Protected Areas (UPA) were found separately, and their share in the total city territory and of each district (Conservation Coefficients) was determined. In so doing, UPA distribution was found to be very irregular, with a total area of 174.9 km2, or about 21.2% of that of Ukraine’s capital. We analysed the ratio of the city population and the areas of green spaces in each Kyiv district. To identify districts with a different UGS coverage, we calculated the Greenness Coefficients (GC) and compiled a rating of Kyiv districts by their level of greenness, using the Greenness Coefficients Index. Significant GC variations in different city districts were substantiated. In contrast to previous studies, we calculated the provision of Kyiv residents with green zones of not merely common usage, but also with those of all other kinds, including UPA. We also calculated the Green space provision per person and compiled ratings of Kyiv districts by the Green Space Provision Index. The results were presented on a relevant map. Based on calculating the share of protected areas in the total UGS area, we found the ratings of Kyiv districts by the Green space legally protected Index. Wherein, we found significant variations among the districts by the ratio of protected areas and green spaces deprived of any legal protection. This increases their vulnerability to projected development attempts. We calculated the Integral Green Space Index (GSI) based on processing all significant UGS indicators of Kyiv. GSI allows for an integral assessment of the condition of the Urban Green Infrastructure (UGI) in Kyiv, and it is the key criterion of its compliance with modern requirements to an ideal compact city. Holosiivskyi District received the highest GSI rating. It is uniformly replete with UGS, which are provided for quality recreation and, at the same time, are protected by environmental legislation. Solomianskyi District received the lowest rating, and almost all the elements of its existing UGI require a cardinal optimisation. As a whole, the indicators we calculated can create an illusion of adequate provision of Kyiv with UGS. Actually, they are distributed very irregularly in the majority of districts. The results of our study are indicative of the presence of many challenging locations that require an extension of existing UGS and the development of new ones pursuant to the principles of compact city planning. Since UGI planning depends on the implementation of the Urban Development Master Plan, it makes sense to include the Green Space Index to the key indicators of the Kyiv Development Strategy. The draft new City General Plan should also be refined with account of the above-mentioned problems.
 
 

Towards a systemic understanding of compact city qualities

ABSTRACT The compact city concept remains a key policy response to multiple societal challenges. Based on theoretical and empirical research, this article seeks to a) develop a systemic understanding of compact city qualities; b) map alleged compact city qualities from the literature onto this framework; c) map qualities mentioned by stakeholders in two European cities onto the same framework; and d) apply the developed framework to analyse how compounded compact city qualities relate to policy challenges, such as carbon neutrality, poverty alleviation, neighbourhood revitalization, or community engagement. It is based on literature reviews and interviews with stakeholders in Barcelona and Rotterdam.

Estimating the Impact of Urban Planning Concepts on Reducing the Urban Sprawl of Ulaanbaatar City Using Certain Spatial Indicators

The urban sprawl process of Ulaanbaatar has changed dramatically due to population growth. Ulaanbaatar city land management master plan defined the settlement zone area suitable for living as 33,698 ha. However, due to unrestricted urban sprawl caused by the exponential growth of the city’s population, the settlement zone area reached 39,235 ha, which exceeds the limit by 5537 ha. In order to tackle this issue, several urban planning concepts were developed to be implemented within Ulaanbaatar city urban planning framework. It is, in any case, problematic to choose a single planning concept due to the fact that neither measurements nor analyses are being made of the respective spatial indicators in urban planning assumptions that are taking urban form into consideration. One of the prerequisites for identifying an optimal concept in urban planning is an assessment of urban form, and measuring the impacts against its spatial data. This study uses 1990–2020 satellite image data to investigate the urban form of Ulaanbaatar with a future action plan. Using remote sensing and GIS technology, Ulaanbaatar city sprawl was analyzed for defining urban form, and consequent results were obtained by comparatively measuring the impacts of monocentric, polycentric, and compact city concepts on city sprawl by applying spatial indicators that have been used in the world’s major cities. The study results show that the compact city concept is the optimal solution to reduce uncontrolled city sprawl based on a technical point of view. This will lower Ulaanbaatar’s sprawl threefold and compress the urban settlement area down from 39,235 ha to 12,479 ha.

충청북도 농촌중심지활성화사업에 적용된 거점강화전략과 계획의 특성

Due to population decline and aging, many rural towns have become increasingly declining, and the government has been carrying out the rural town regeneration project to activate central area with the concept of compact city. The purpose of this study is to analyze the strategies and plans promoted in the rural town regeneration projects for the six towns in Chungcheongbuk-do and to identify their characteristics. The main subjects of the study are hardware plans such as the public facility plans and streetscape plans, which were carried out by local governments to revitalize the centre. In particular, the contents of each detailed plan, the location of each facility, detailed budget, and relationship between public facilities and commercial street in the six cases were analyzed by distribution map, relationship map and data comparison. Through this, the characteristics of the new application methods of each project to strengthen the central area were analyzed and classified into five types. The results of the study are to provide useful basic research to determine the direction of the project and select the contents of the plan in the rural town regeneration projects.

Application of the compact city concept in Caturtunggal Educational Area

The existence of university can be a new growth center area that causes affect to increased carrying capacity areas such as residential area and trigger development of commercial and service areas to support educational activities. Development uncontrolled area will give problems to the surrounding area. In the Kaliurang km.5 street corridor, precisely in Caturtunggal Village, Yogyakarta experienced regional development that is because there are two campuses such as Gadjah Mada University and Yogyakarta State University which have high student attractiveness. This causes a problem impact to traffic in main street, land use change in green open space, and high building density. The concept of a compact city is a concept sustainable development one of the carious sustainable development approaches to solve this problem by considering environmental, economic, and environment aspects. This study aims to examine the characteristics of compact cities in the region Kaliurang km.5 street, as well as providing direction for regional development in realizing it sustainable areas with qualitative descriptive analysis technique.

Impacts of Built Environment on Urban Vitality: Regression Analyses of Beijing and Chengdu, China

The loss of urban vitality is an important problem in the development of urban central areas. Analyzing the correlation between urban built environment and urban vitality supports urban planning and design. However, current research excludes the study of how consistent built environment factors affect urban vitality of cities with different development situations. Therefore, using social media check-in data, this paper measures neighborhood vibrancy in urban central areas in Beijing and Chengdu, China. Four levels of spatial information were used to measure the built environment: regulatory planning management unit (RPMU), land use, road network, and building. Regression model is used to quantify the correlation between urban vitality and the built environment of these two cities. The study found a strong correlation between built environment factors and urban vitality. Among the built environment factors, points of interest (POI) diversity and public transport accessibility indicators were strongly positively correlated with neighborhood vibrancy. However, the density indicators had totally different effects on urban vitality of cities with different development situations, which is excluded in existing studies. This research strengthens the practical understanding of the compact city concept, and can support the design and planning of urban built environment.

Хот төлөвлөлтийн үзэл баримтлалуудын хотын тэлэлтийг багасгахад үзүүлэх нөлөөллийг орон зайн зарим үзүүлэлтүүдийг ашиглан тооцох нь

One of the most serious problems in the 21st century is urban sprawl. Due to that, many cities in the world today are facing the problem of chaotic settlement, traffic congestion, inadequate buildings and air pollution apart from that it has created settlement on floods, swamps, landslide and hazardous zone. Although the general land use planning of Ulaanbaatar city, is estimated to be 33698 hectares, which is suitable for the population of the settlement area, because of population increase the urban sprawl, it has reached to 39235 hectares as of today, exceeding 5,537 hectares. Although many urban development concepts are suggested to use in Ulaanbaatar, it is difficult to choose urban concept due to the lack of measurement and analysis of the city as a whole for each of the spatial indicators in the current situation and planning. In a specific urban setting, the most important step in performing this task is to evaluate current situation and compare planning results. In this study, the urban sprawl of Ulaanbaatar started in the 1990s, was determined by using geographic information system based on the satellite data of 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005 Landsat TM- 5, 2010 Quickbird, 2015 World View, and the March 2020 Sentinel2. This study measures the urban sprawl of Ulaanbaatar with spatial indicators and compares the urban development concepts with land use efficiency and land use form, and researches the issue of reducing urban sprawl by increasing the city's internal density. According to the study, the implementation of compact city concept of land readjustment on 4604 hectares will allow to improve the land use form by reducing the sprawl of the settlement threefold, and increase the efficiency of land use by allocating the settlements in 12479 hectares.

Toward Sustainable Compact City: (Study in Convert Traditional Najaf City to Sustainable Compact City)

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Spatially organized «vertical city» as a synthesis of tall buildings and airships

The paper explores the compact city concept based on the «spatial» urban development principles and describes the prerequisites and possible methods to move from «horizontal» planning to «vertical» urban environments. It highlights the close connection between urban space, high-rise city landscape and conveyance options and sets out the ideas for upgrading the existing architectural and urban planning principles. It also conceptualizes the use of airships to create additional spatial connections between urban structure elements and high-rise buildings. Functional changes are considered in creating both urban environment and internal space of tall buildings, and the environmental aspects of the new spatial model are brought to light. The paper delineates the prospects for making a truly «spatial» multidimensional city space.

Integrisani tržni centar kao komponenta kompaktnog grada

In this paper we will present compact city planning and design concept, which compared to other concepts of the sustainable urban form, most fully incorporates all relevant topics and urban policies, such as increasing the density of development, ensuring a mix of uses, containing urban 'sprawl' and achieving social and economic diversity and vitality. We will examine integrated shopping centre as a component of the compact city, and establish its relationship with the concept of the compact city and its characteristics. The shopping centre concept in historical city core areas is not originally a sustainable concept. Instead, the concept of adaptive reuse of old industrial buildings located in the vicinity of city centre into retail functions is considered more sustainable and can be considered as a component of the compact city planning. The aim of this study is to examine the importance of integrated pedestrian environment for urban realm within the framework of the compact city concept. In order to determine the level of compatibility between the principles of sustainable urban form and the integrated shopping centre (ISC) principles of design, we will examine several case studies of shopping malls in the Czech Republic and Poland which are designed with the ISC principles in mind.

The selection of compact city policy instruments and their effects on energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in the transportation sector: The case of South Korea

This paper uses the South Korean case to directly identify the factors that affect local governments’ policy instrument choices for achieving the compact city concept and test whether these policy tools lead to low energy consumption and environmentally friendly urban areas. The results of binary logistic regressions show that local governments’ socio-economic characteristics and their locations influence the implementation of compact city-related urban policy instruments. The results of hierarchical linear models suggest that there are strong positive associations between greater urbanization and both transport-related energy consumption and transportation-sector greenhouse gas emissions. These results indicate that urban planning for optimal city size, significant compact city characteristics and effective policies with sufficient financing can help reduce transport-related energy consumption and air pollution. Therefore, we need innovative urban planning policies and policy implementation processes to achieve energy efficiency and air quality improvements in the urban context.

Pengaruh Urban Compactness terhadap Tingkat Ketersediaan Ruang Terbuka Hijau di Kawasan Solo Baru

<p><em>The development of city at this time tend to increase rapidly with the growing of built-up area as happened in Solo Baru Region. Then, appears compact city concept, The concept focuses on centralizing development in an area which is able to maximize the available land in the form of intensification of land use in a way that diverse land use in order to protect the environment (nature) vicinity of the possibility turned into urban areas. Meanwhile, urban compactness is a method for measuring how compact the region. This research was conducted by the administrative border of villages in Solo Baru Region. </em><em>The problem in this research how was </em><em>the influence of urban compactness toward the level of green space availability </em><em>in Solo Baru Region? </em><em>The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of urban compactness toward the level of green space availability. Methods for determining urban compactness with assessing of three variables, namely the density, mixed-use and public transportation. While the level of availability of green space views based on availability to the population and territory. The method used the descriptive-quantitative analysis using scoring and descriptive-spasial. The results showed there is an influence on the level of urban compactness towards green space availability. The level of urban compactness influence on the green space availability was high in 2002 and also high in 2016. This research recommendations in the planning area is the availability of green space should be increased in prone compaction areas.</em><em></em></p><p align="left"><strong><em>Keywords</em></strong><strong><em>: </em></strong><em>compact city, urban compactness, </em><em>level of green space availibility</em></p>

Explore Energy Consumption Feature of Urban Spatial Pattern and Open Green Space

Compact city has received worldwide attention of controlling urban sprawl and achieving sustainable, especially in Asia for highly dense population. However, an unforeseen consequence such as overcrowded neighborhoods, health problems resulting from high density, and the destruction of green areas has motivated a self-examination of the compact city concept. In many instances, a high population density attracts more inhabitants, rendering the existing urban green spaces insufficient for use as a living environment. Urban green spaces improve livability in built environment and many other more benefits, especially for urban ecological system. This article attempts to discuss if there is any non-stationary exists between urban green space and compact city by applying ordinary least squares regression (OLS) and geographically weighted regression (GWR). The results exhibited a better performance of GWR as compared with ordinary least squares regression (OLS).

Coupling spatialised models to evaluate the effects of urban densification on air quality in the Paris metropolitan area

Compact city concept has been widely debated and analysed in scientific literature. Many methodologies have been established, in which the air quality issue was more or less studied. In this article, we propose a methodological perspective that identifies the impact of territorial policies, socio-economic parameters, energy consumption constraints and urban shape on the structure of anthropogenic emissions, and thus on urban and suburban air quality on the case of the Paris metropolitan area (France). To do so, we use a spatialised modelling chain designed to explore the interactions between urban shape and pollutant concentrations in the atmosphere.

Coupling spatialised models to evaluate the effects of urban densification on air quality in the Paris metropolitan area

Compact city concept has been widely debated and analysed in scientific literature. Many methodologies have been established, in which the air quality issue was more or less studied. In this article, we propose a methodological perspective that identifies the impact of territorial policies, socio-economic parameters, energy consumption constraints and urban shape on the structure of anthropogenic emissions, and thus on urban and suburban air quality on the case of the Paris metropolitan area (France). To do so, we use a spatialised modelling chain designed to explore the interactions between urban shape and pollutant concentrations in the atmosphere.