Concentrations Of Various Contaminants Research Articles

When Does Multiphase Chemistry Influence Indoor Chemical Fate?

Human chemical exposure often occurs indoors, where large variability in contaminant concentrations and indoor chemical dynamics make assessments of these exposures challenging. A major source of uncertainty lies in the rates of chemical transformations which, due to high surface-to-volume ratios and rapid air change rates relative to rates of gas-phase reactions indoors, are largely gas-surface multiphase processes. It remains unclear how important such chemistry is in controlling indoor chemical lifetimes and, therefore, human exposure to both parent compounds and transformation products. We present a multimedia steady-state fugacity-based model to assess the importance of multiphase chemistry relative to cleaning and mass transfer losses, examine how the physicochemical properties of compounds and features of the indoor environment affect these processes, and investigate uncertainties pertaining to indoor multiphase chemistry and chemical lifetimes. We find that multiphase reactions can play an important role in chemical fate indoors for reactive compounds with low volatility, i.e., octanol-air equilibrium partitioning ratios (Koa) above 108, with the impact of this chemistry dependent on chemical identity, oxidant type and concentration, and other parameters. This work highlights the need for further research into indoor chemical dynamics and multiphase chemistry to constrain human exposure to chemicals in the built environment.

Monitoring Canadian Arctic seabirds at the Prince Leopold Island Field Station, 1975–2023

The research station at Prince Leopold Island (PLI), initiated in 1975, was the first seabird monitoring site created in the Canadian Arctic. The island supports 150 000 breeding pairs of seabirds, principally thick-billed murres ( Uria lomvia Linnaeus 1758), black-legged kittiwakes ( Rissa tridactyla Linnaeus 1758) and northern fulmars ( Fulmarus glacialis Linnaeus 1761), along with ∼70 pairs of glaucous gulls ( Larus hyperboreus Gunnerus 1767) and several thousand black guillemots ( Cepphus grylle Linnaeus 1758). Baseline observations of seabird breeding biology were made during 1975–1977. Subsequent monitoring has taken place in 22 of the 47 seasons, with work during 2001–2003 replicating the original baseline studies. Population trends of breeding seabirds have shown kittiwakes (sharply) and murres (gradually) increasing, while gulls (definitely) and fulmars (likely) have declined. The most striking scientific findings from PLI were related to the effect of annual ice break-up on seabird phenology, clutch size, and reproductive success. For contaminant research, PLI has become one of the core monitoring sites in Canada and internationally, documenting dramatic changes in concentrations of various contaminants in the Arctic marine environment. Given the international impact of research and monitoring at PLI for almost five decades, the continuation of seabird research at PLI, the most important seabird colony in the Canadian Arctic, is essential.

Varying Diet Composition Causes Striking Differences in Legacy and Emerging Contaminant Concentrations in Killer Whales across the North Atlantic.

Lipophilic persistent organic pollutants (POPs) tend to biomagnify in food chains, resulting in higher concentrations in species such as killer whales (Orcinus orca) feeding on marine mammals compared to those consuming fish. Advancements in dietary studies include the use of quantitative fatty acid signature analysis (QFASA) and differentiation of feeding habits within and between populations of North Atlantic (NA) killer whales. This comprehensive study assessed the concentrations of legacy and emerging POPs in 162 killer whales from across the NA. We report significantly higher mean levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides, and flame retardants in Western NA killer whales compared to those of Eastern NA conspecifics. Mean ∑PCBs ranged from ∼100 mg/kg lipid weight (lw) in the Western NA (Canadian Arctic, Eastern Canada) to ∼50 mg/kg lw in the mid-NA (Greenland, Iceland) to ∼10 mg/kg lw in the Eastern NA (Norway, Faroe Islands). The observed variations in contaminant levels were strongly correlated with diet composition across locations (inferred from QFASA), emphasizing that diet and not environmental variation in contaminant concentrations among locations is crucial in assessing contaminant-associated health risks in killer whales. These findings highlight the urgency for implementing enhanced measures to safely dispose of POP-contaminated waste, prevent further environmental contamination, and mitigate the release of newer and potentially harmful contaminants.

Spatiotemporal Patterns of Ammonia Nitrogen and Chemical Oxygen Demand in the Huaihe River–Hongze Lake System (Eastern China)

Understanding variations in contaminant concentrations and exploring their driving factors are essential for pollution control and water environment improvement. The Huaihe River Basin, as an important region in the eastern region of China, has attracted much attention to its water environment issues in recent years. Therefore, an in-depth analysis of spatiotemporal patterns of water quality parameters was carried out on the Huaihe River–Hongze Lake system, for the period 1998–2018, using the Mann–Kendall test (MKT) and wavelet transforms (WTs). Significant decrease trends of ammonia nitrogen (AN) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentrations were detected in the Huaihe River (HR) before 2008 using the MKT. High concentration in the contaminant load was a result of the effect of increased construction and decreased forest on increasing input of pollutants during this period. The results of the WT showed how factors (e.g., streamflow and water temperature), except land use, affect the variations in AN and COD concentrations. The comparison of spatiotemporal patterns of AN and COD between the HR and Hongze Lake (HL) showed their differences in contaminant transport regimes. The contaminants were rapidly transported downstream along the HR with high streamflow during the wet season, while these in the HL were less responsive due to the long residence time of the water body. In addition, rebounds of contaminant concentrations occurred many times at the confluence between the HR and the HL due to strong river–lake interactions, especially in the flood season. These results have implications for future water environment management in the Huaihe River Basin and in similar settings worldwide.

A scoping review of indoor air quality assessment in refurbished buildings

PurposeExposure to poor indoor air in refurbished buildings is a matter of health concern due to the growing concentrations of various contaminants as a result of building airtightness without amendment of ventilation, or the use of building materials such as glue, paint, thinner and varnishes. Recent studies have been conducted to measure indoor air pollutants and assess the health risks affecting the quality of life, productivity and well-being of human beings. However, limited review studies have been recently conducted to provide an overview of the state of knowledge. This study aims to conduct a scoping review of indoor air quality (IAQ) in the context of refurbished or energy-retrofitted buildings.Design/methodology/approachA systematic screening process based on the PRISMA protocol was followed to extract relevant articles. Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar and PubMed were searched using customised search formulas. Among 276 potentially relevant records, 38 studies were included in the final review covering a period from 2015 to 2022.FindingsResearchers mapped out the measured compounds in the selected studies and found that carbon dioxide (CO2) (11%) and total volatile organic compounds (11%) were among the most commonly measured contaminants. Two trends of research were found including (1) the impact of ventilative properties on IAQ and (2) the impact of introducing building materials on IAQ.Originality/valueThe contribution of this study lies in summarising evidence on IAQ measurements in refurbished buildings, discussing recent advancements, revealing significant gaps and limitations, identifying the trends of research and drawing conclusions regarding future research directions on the topic.

Integrated probabilistic-fuzzy synthetic evaluation of drinking water quality in rural and remote communities

An integrated probabilistic-fuzzy synthetic evaluation (PFSE) approach was developed for assessing drinking water quality in rural and remote communities (RRCs) through the lens of health risks and aesthetic impacts. The probabilistic health risk assessment can handle aleatory uncertainty raised by the variation of contaminant concentrations, and fuzzy synthetic evaluation (FSE) can address vagueness and ambiguity in human perception of risks and aesthetic impacts. The PFSE approach was applied to five RRCs in British Columbia, Canada where different drinking water quality issues, including high metal(loids) concentrations, the presence of coliforms, and poor aesthetics were reported. Cancer, non-cancer, and microbial risks assessed, as well as both quantitative and qualitative aesthetic impact assessment outcomes, were aggregated into synthetic water quality indices for water quality ranking. The probabilistic health risk assessment results revealed significant health risks for a community with relatively high arsenic concentrations (mean value = 7.0 μg/L) in the water supply. The microbial risks were also found significant (disability-adjusted life years >1 × 10−6) for all communities because of the presence of coliforms in the water. The FSE results indicated that the drinking water quality of five RRCs was associated with high aggregated impacts, which concurred with the “poor” water quality ratings according to the Canadian Water Quality Index. The water quality of the five RRCs was ranked based on the synthetic water quality evaluation indices. The PFSE approach can help decision-makers prioritize RRCs in effective resource allocation for addressing drinking water quality issues.

Migration histories and perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAA) loads in an estuarine fish: A novel union of analyses to understand variation in contaminant concentrations.

Previous studies have shown that accumulation of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in the tissues of aquatic species is highly variable. Movement and migration patterns in these species represent an important consideration when evaluating contaminant accumulation in exposed biota, and may have a large influence on the risk profiles for migratory seafood species. In this study, relationships between PFAA concentrations in muscle and liver tissue, and recent fish migration history (inferred from metals profiles in fish otoliths, otherwise known as otolith chemistry) were evaluated in Sea Mullet (Mugil cephalus). A greater number of PFAAs, and higher concentrations, were found in liver compared to muscle tissue. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was present in highest concentrations in both muscle and liver tissues, and there was strong correlation in concentrations between these two tissues. PFOS was found to decrease and increase alongside recent strontium and barium concentrations (respectively) in the otolith, suggesting higher concentrations of PFAAs in fish recently exposed to comparatively lower salinity environments. This study highlights how otolith chemistry can be employed to examine links between contaminant concentrations in fish, and their recent migration history. This approach shows promise for studying contaminant residues in mobile seafood species within the natural environment.

Actual and Predictive Transport Modeling of Fluoride Contamination of the Sfax-Agareb Coastal Aquifer in the Mediterranean Basin

The Tunisian coast is suffering from several active or abandoned polluted sites, suspected to have released high concentrations of various contaminants infiltrating the environment and probably causing groundwater degradation. Within this scope, this study comes to assess and model the Sfax-Agareb aquifer contamination by fluoride released through phosphogypsum leachate percolation. For that, a spatial-temporal monitoring of fluoride contents was achieved for the period between October 2013 and October 2014. Observed data show that hazardous water contamination is occurring especially close to the phosphogypsum leachate collection basins. At this level, groundwater fluoride concentrations may reach up to 29 mg/L. Flow and transport modeling to evaluate fluoride contamination plume expansion in 2030 was achieved using MODFLOW and MT3DMS software packages based on a homogeneous and isotropic aquifer conceptual model. Flow and transport model calibrations were assessed by varying hydraulic conductivity, effective porosity, and dispersivity and then validated through observed data for two reference dates (October 2013 and October 2014). Based on the Tunisian NT 106-002 liquid discharge norms, fluoride contamination front was set at 3 mg/L. Numerical simulation shows that, in 2014, plume contamination by fluoride in the saturated zone extended over 250 m from the contamination source. In 2030, the spatial extent of this contamination will extend over a distance of 900 m towards the sea, following the aquifer flow direction. At the control piezometer, fluoride concentrations will increase from 29 mg/L in 2014 to 86 mg/L in 2030. This study, using numerical modeling, gives new insights for short- and medium-term prediction of eventual fluoride concentrations in the saturated zone of the Sfax-Agareb aquifer.

Metal contamination among endangered, threatened and protected marine vertebrates off south-eastern Australia

Abstract Ambient concentrations of many essential and non-essential trace elements in coastal waters off New South Wales (NSW), Australia are among the lowest reported anywhere in the Southern Hemisphere. Nevertheless, concentrations of various contaminants in regional and migratory marine biota have been recorded above existing, established thresholds, and with possible implications for various negative biological effects. We quantified the concentrations of 24 trace elements in 57 individuals from 13 species (dolphins, sharks, rays and teleosts) caught in bather-protection gillnets deployed off northern NSW at 29°S. While muscle concentrations of most elements were below detection limits, >50% of specimens (mostly larger sharks) had Hg at concentrations exceeding thresholds that might damage biomechanical processes, while several others had As and Cd concentrations elevated to within the ranges of values previously demonstrated to cause negative effects among other species, including deformities among eggs, embryos or larvae. Future research is warranted to quantify the broader extent of the observed contaminant loads and any physiological impacts on wild populations.

Refinement of dietary exposure assessment using origin-related scenarios

Global sourcing of food may lead to variability in concentrations of contaminants or pesticide residues. It would be important to incorporate origin influences in dietary exposure assessment. To characterise uncertainties, substance concentrations from GFM (German Food Monitoring), chosen based on the highest CV (coefficient of variation), and food consumption from NVS II (German National Nutrition Survey II) were combined in standard scenarios. Averages or higher percentiles of non-grouped concentrations were used. Additional origin-related scenarios used concentrations grouped by origin. For bromide in tomatoes the most conservative origin-related scenario for Italian tomatoes resulted in the highest exposure of 0.015 mg/d/kg BW. The impact of origin was not covered by the conservative standard scenario (0.006 mg/d/kg BW). For ethephon in pineapples and aluminium in kiwifruits, the highest intake estimates were obtained with the conservative standard scenario resulting in 0.895 μg/d/kg BW and 0.023 mg/week/kg BW, respectively. In these two cases, standard scenarios cover origin influences but the conservative origin-related scenario based on origins with higher concentrations identifies lower exposures of 0.835 μg/d/kg BW for ethephon from African pineapples and 0.014 mg/week/kg BW for aluminium from non-EU kiwifruits. Hence, the inclusion of origin information can refine exposure assessment.

BIOMARKERS AS A TOOL TO EVALUATE ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY OF AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS SUSCEPTIBLE TO PESTICIDE CONTAMINATION

Biomarkers or biological markers are measurable biological responses of living organisms which can indicate the presence of environmental pollutants and, eventually, contamination levels. Usage and development of new environmental contamination biomarkers are increasingly widespread in biological monitoring and water resource management programs in developed countries. Recent studies indicate poor quality of water bodies as a result of pollution from agricultural effluents has increased considerably. Current practices in food production often result in the use of an indiscriminate mixture of classes of pollutants such as organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates and pyrethroids, among others, which can produce serious impacts to the water environment. Some of these substances are bioaccumulative, that is, they tend to increase in concentration in upper trophic levels. Studies using multiple environmental contamination biomarkers are increasingly relevant. The present work aims to discuss and compare the use of chemical, biochemical and cellular environmental contamination biomarkers in continental freshwater fish species exposed to sublethal concentrations of various contaminants. Among the results, we can highlight a significant increase in the total concentration of CYP450 in carps (Cyprinus carpio) sublethally exposed to the endosulfan, and increased levels of EROD activity in armored catfish (Ancistrus multispinis) exposed to sublethal concentrations of deltamethrin.

Air quality in indoor go-kart facilities in Germany

Indoor go-kart driving and viewing is enjoyed by people of all ages. However, it may pose health hazards, especially for children, pregnant women, cardiovascular patients, and elderly individuals. Depending on the race length, for example, high concentrations of various contaminants may result in severe health problems. Therefore, this project investigated the Indoor Air Quality of eight indoor go-kart facilities. In general, karts that used regular fuel produced the highest concentrations of CO, benzene, TVOC, and BaP, with maximum levels up to 150mg/m3 , 170μg/m3 , 2690μg/m3 , and 8.7ng/m3 , respectively. As expected, the maximum CO concentrations at go-kart facilities that used liquid gas and electric karts (20 and <6mg/m3 , respectively) were significantly lower than those at other facilities. The highest 95th percentile values for NO (2680μg/m3 ) and NO2 (280μg/m3 ) were measured for karts with liquid gas. The alkane, alkene, and cycloalkane groups, as well as benzene and the alkyl benzenes, were the predominant components of the measured TVOCs. Overall, owners of indoor go-kart tracks should ensure that the ventilation with regard to combustion products is optimally adapted in any case to reduce the levels of critical air pollutants.

A Risk Assessment Approach for Evaluating the Impact of Toxic Contaminants Released Indoors by Considering Various Emergency Ventilation and Evacuation Strategies.

The release of toxic airborne contaminants resulting from terrorist attacks on buildings can lead to disastrous consequences. To evaluate and reduce the effects of these emergencies, various methods and models have been developed in the past few years. Such work has provided effective tools for the building management system to do risk assessment of the contaminated areas. Although risk analysis methods to describe the contaminant dispersion scenarios made significant progress, these approaches did not generally consider the releasing scenario occurring in the ventilation system and the effect of human behavior during the developing process of an emergency event. Emergency strategies chosen by the decisionmaker are not always associated with the early-warning system, such as the sensor monitoring network and the source identification system inside the building. This study aims to provide a risk assessment model considering both the variation of contaminant concentration and occupant distribution after the release of toxic agents to obtain the exposure risk for people indoors. The contaminant dispersion is simulated using computational fluid dynamics. The evacuation process for people is modeled using Pathfinder, and the exposure risk for occupants under various emergency strategies is calculated using the efficiency factor of the contaminant source. The results of the exposure risk for 40 basic cases are discussed, and the optimal ventilation mode for these specific cases is recommended. Next, the impact of the variation of human behavior, contaminant detection time needed by sensors, and source identification time needed by inverse modeling on the exposure risk for people indoor is studied. The uncertainty and reproducibility of the numerical simulationsare emphatically discussed in the Supporting Information.

Statistical Exposé of a Multiple-Compartment Anaerobic Reactor Treating Domestic Wastewater.

Mainstream anaerobic treatment of domestic wastewater is a promising energy-generating treatment strategy; however, such reactors operated in colder regions are not well characterized. Performance data from a pilot-scale, multiple-compartment anaerobic reactor taken over 786 days were subjected to comprehensive statistical analyses. Results suggest that chemical oxygen demand (COD) was a poor proxy for organics in anaerobic systems as oxygen demand from dissolved inorganic material, dissolved methane, and colloidal material influence dissolved and particulate COD measurements. Additionally, univariate and functional boxplots were useful in visualizing variability in contaminant concentrations and identifying statistical outliers. Further, significantly different dissolved organic removal and methane production was observed between operational years, suggesting that anaerobic reactor systems may not achieve steady-state performance within one year. Last, modeling multiple-compartment reactor systems will require data collected over at least two years to capture seasonal variations of the major anaerobic microbial functions occurring within each reactor compartment.

Spatial and Temporal Variation of Water Quality in the Bertam Catchment, Cameron Highlands, Malaysia.

The spatio-temporal variability of water quality associated with anthropogenic activities was studied for the Bertam River and its main tributaries within the Bertam Catchment, Cameron Highlands, Malaysia. A number of physico-chemical parameters of collected samples were analyzed to evaluate their spatio-temporal variability. Nonparametric statistical analysis showed significant temporal and spatial differences (p < 0.05) in most of the parameters across the catchment. Parameters except dissolved oxygen and chemical oxygen demand displayed higher values in rainy season. The higher concentration of total suspended solids was caused by massive soil erosion and sedimentation. Seasonal variations in contaminant concentrations are largely affected by precipitation and anthropogenic influences. Untreated domestic wastewater discharge as well as agricultural runoff significantly influenced the water quality. Poor agricultural practices and development activities at slope areas also affected the water quality within the catchment. The analytical results provided a basis for protection of river environments and ecological restoration in mountainous Bertam Catchment.

Variation in organochlorine and mercury levels in first and replacement eggs of a single-egg clutch breeder, the thick-billed murre, at a breeding colony in the Canadian Arctic

Contaminant concentrations may vary among sequentially-laid eggs in multi-egg clutches, and this variation has implications for the interpretation of contaminant concentrations in monitoring programs. The thick-billed murre (Uria lomvia) is a key species for monitoring contaminants in the Canadian Arctic and lays only a single egg per year. Therefore, the potential issue of intra-clutch variation in contaminant concentrations is avoided. However, if the egg is removed or lost early in the incubation stage, the adult female murre will relay. In this study, we examined contaminant concentrations and patterns in first-laid and replacement eggs of thick-billed murres breeding in northern Hudson Bay in order to determine whether or not these eggs could be sampled interchangeably. Concentrations of the major legacy organochlorines (e.g. PCBs, DDT, chlordanes) were generally higher, and total mercury concentrations lower, in the replacement eggs compared with the first-laid eggs. The organochlorine profile was comprised primarily of ΣDDT and Σ70PCB, and Σ70PCB was comprised primarily of hexa-hepta PCBs in both first-laid and replacement eggs. As both concentrations and organochlorine patterns showed differences between first-laid and replacement eggs, we recommend that randomly selected first-laid eggs of thick-billed murres be consistently sampled for contaminant monitoring in the Canadian Arctic.

Integrating Geophysics and Soil Sampling for Site Characterization: A Kernel Approach

Reconstructing the variation of contaminant concentration with a limited number of soil samples is more or less the norm, even though it fails more often than not for problems of even moderate complexity. To overcome the limits inherent to discrete measurements, we propose to integrate soil sampling with continuous surface geophysical measurements in a geostatistical framework. We present this integrated analysis for a PAH contaminated site in France. For the study site, two 3D surveys were acquired: an electrical resistivity tomography survey and a seismic travel time tomography survey. Those two surveys permitted us to infer two spatially continuous physical properties on the whole volume, namely the electrical resistivity and P-wave velocity. The probability density function relating the velocity-resistivity pairs with each of the 75 lab measurements of PAH concentration was modeled using a Gaussian kernel. This probability density function combined with the 3D volumes of resistivity and P-wave velocity provided a means to translate the latter into a 3D map of PAH concentration. This 3D map of concentration was then used as a secondary variable in a cokriging simulation of the 75 lab samples, thus reintroducing the spatial correlation of the initial dataset. Comparing this final 3D PAH concentration model with the simple kriging of the PAH samples, the geophysical integrated model reproduce much better the distribution of measured concentration, shows a much more realistic spatial pattern of the contamination, and lowers the estimated contaminated volume.

Contamination patterns and molluscan and polychaete assemblages in two Persian (Arabian) Gulf oilfields

AbstractThis study examined two shallow‐water, offshore oil facilities and their surroundings in the Umm Al Dalkh and Zakum oilfields [United Arab Emirates, Persian (Arabian) Gulf]. The focus was on sediment contamination levels and the detection of disturbance based on two representative invertebrate components of the benthos: molluscs and polychaetes. We tested the hypothesis that significant disturbance to the community has occurred, by examining whether distance from the platform or variation in contaminants explains among‐site variation in the composition of benthic communities. Moreover, we also tested the hypothesis that organic enrichment because of oil input has modified the feeding guild structure by examining whether the relative abundances of filter‐feeders, deposit‐feeders and omnivores are correlated with distance from the platform or with contamination by hydrocarbons. The contamination levels and their spatial distribution in the sediments differed significantly between the two fields, as did their mollusc and polychaete communities. The within‐field variability, however, was much lower: no clear structuring of contamination values and species composition and abundance was detectable in relation to distance from the oil platform. Contamination levels were low, often below detection levels or international guideline values. Variation in contaminant concentrations did not explain variation in taxonomic composition and abundance. The relative abundance of the above‐mentioned feeding guilds did not correlate with either distance from the platform or with contaminant concentrations. These patterns may reflect the long time that has elapsed since drilling (15–20 years), which appears to have allowed contaminants to disperse and degrade and assemblages to recover from the impact, if indeed such a disturbance ever occurred. In contrast to low values of barium and total petroleum hydrocarbons, associated with well drilling, some metals were at their highest concentrations beneath the central platforms. This suggests that production‐related activities (including platform cleaning and maintenance) are currently a more relevant contamination source.

Biomarker-enhanced assessment of reproductive disorders in Monoporeia affinis exposed to contaminated sediment in the Baltic Sea

Introducing biomarkers into monitoring programs requires understanding of their responses in relation to higher-level biological effects as well as modulating effects of confounding environmental factors. We evaluated relationships between the general toxicity biomarkers (acetylcholinesterase [AChE], lysosomal membrane stability [LMS], oxygen radical absorbance capacity [ORAC]) and reproductive performance (fecundity and embryo aberrations) in the amphipod Monoporeia affinis in the Baltic Sea. To further link biomarker response to contaminant (PCBs, PAHs and metals) levels in the surrounding sediments as well as environmental factors (salinity, bottom depth and total organic carbon in sediments [TOC]), correlation and partial least square regression (PLSR) analyses were applied. The observed contaminants levels were frequently elevated for heavy metals and PAHs, but not PCBs. In the amphipod populations, female ORAC values were positively related to the occurrence of females carrying malformed or membrane-damaged embryos and to the percentage of such embryos in their broods, but also to the fecundity. Female AChE activity was negatively related to the frequency of the membrane-damaged embryos, and positively to the frequency of embryos with arrested development in the broods. Moreover, higher AChE activity and ORAC values in the females occurred at elevated concentrations of metals and PAHs, while there was a negative correlation between embryo ORAC and some PCB congeners. The PLSR models explained over 80% of the variation in the female ORAC and AChE values by variation in contaminant concentrations in combination with environmental variables. Specifically, CB180 and PAM4,9 were identified as negative predictors for ORAC, whereas many PAHs and some metals were positive predictors. The AChE activity was positively related to some metals and negatively to PCBs. In the PLSR models, environmental factors had significant modulating effects, with positive effect of salinity on female ORAC and AChE, and negative effect of TOC on the AChE. The LMS data were less informative, with no apparent relation to any of the contaminants. Linking subcellular responses to the reproduction effects facilitates environmental stress assessment and understanding of the response mechanisms, but also calls for more experimental and field data providing a mechanistic understanding to these linkages.

THE IMPACT OF SANITATION ON GROUNDWATER NITRATE LEVEL IN BANTUL DISTRICT, BANTUL REGENCY, YOGYAKARTA SPECIAL PROVINCE, INDONESIA

Bantul is one district of Yogyakarta Special Province which residents mostly use on-site sanitation. On-site sanitation is well-known for hot-spot system of nitrate groundwater contamination. It is because the wide-practice of failure of on-site sanitation systems. Besides, the failure of on-site sanitation system, it will depend on the age of settlement, population density, sanitation arrangement and sanitation behavior including water use patterns. Because of this, nitrate has leaked to groundwater and polluted many supply wells surrounding the septic systems.&#x0D; &#x0D; Since the repeated intake of nitrate could cause various acute and chronic effects to human health, especially the infant’s health under 3 months (blue baby syndrome), it is crucial to undertake the study of impact of sanitation on groundwater nitrate level in Bantul district to acquire a better understanding of the effect of settlement age, population density, sanitation arrangement and sanitation behavior on the concentration of nitrate in groundwater. In order to recognize or achieve the understanding of this issue, a methodology is conducted by observation directly to the field, including the measuring of groundwater table and the distance of septic tank to well, and also make the questionnaires for the mentioned parameters.&#x0D; &#x0D; Finally, the result of each factors (Sanitation arrangement, Settlement age, House density) are shown a low relationship with nitrate concentration, although water use patterns does not. However, the combination of these three factors can show up to find out a better correlation than one factor with this nitrate concentration. Although it has a good relationship with nitrate concentration (average), the variation of nitrate concentration from high to low shows a low relationship. Therefore, the importance of groundwater vulnerability cannot be overlooked in explaining the variation in contaminant concentrations because the nitrate concentration in the groundwater does not only depend on contaminant loading but also groundwater vulnerability.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: Groundwater, on-site sanitation, nitrate concentration, contaminant loading