Concentration Of Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances Research Articles

THE EFFECT OF NF-ΚB ON THE INTENSITY OF OXIDATIVE STRESS IN THE CEREBRAL CORTEX OF RATS UNDER THE COMBINED INFLUENCE OF THE LIGHT-DARK CYCLE, SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE, AND SODIUM GLUTAMATE ADMINISTRATION

To date, scientists have confirmed the link between the development of oxidative stress and disruptions in the light regime, as well as the systemic inflammatory response. The impact of monosodium glutamate on increasing oxidative damage to rat brain tissue has also been identified. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of the transcription factor NF-κB by examining the effect of its inhibitor, ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate, on the development of oxidative stress in the cerebral hemispheres of rats, in combination with acute desynchronosis, systemic inflammatory response, and monosodium glutamate administration. The study was conducted on 45 white Wistar rats weighing 150-200 g, divided into three groups: control (n=15), a group subjected to a combination of acute desynchronosis, systemic inflammatory response, and sodium glutamate administration (n=15), and a group exposed to the combination of acute desynchronosis, systemic inflammatory response, and received sodium glutamate and pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (n=15). To induce acute desynchronosis, the rats were initially kept under a regular light-dark cycle (12 hours of light, 12 hours of darkness) for 3 weeks, followed by a shift in the light-dark phases by 6 hours back over the next 3 days. The systemic inflammatory response was modeled through intraperitoneal administration of Salmonella typhi lipopolysaccharide. During the first week, lipopolysaccharide was administered three times at a dose of 0.4 μg per 1 kg of body weight, and during the following seven weeks, it was given once a week. Sodium glutamate, at a dose of 30 mg/kg, dissolved in 0.5 ml of distilled water, was administered intragastrically for 20 days. The NF-kB activation inhibitor ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (Sigma-Aldrich, Inc., USA) was administered at a dose of 76 mg/kg three times a week for 20 days. In a 10% homogenate of the cerebral hemispheres, the following were measured: the rate of superoxide anion radical production, the content of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), the increase in these parameters, as well as the activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase. Administration of pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate in combination with acute desynchronosis, systemic inflammatory response, and sodium glutamate reduced the rate of basic superoxide anion radical production by 10%, NADPH-induced production by 17.6%, NADH-induced production by 13%, reduced the concentration and growth of TBC-active products by 6.6% and 14.6%, respectively, increased the activity of superoxide dismutase by 35.2%, catalase by 10.5% compared to the group exposed to the combination of acute desynchronosis, systemic inflammatory response, and sodium glutamate administration. Conclusion. The administration of pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate in combination with a systemic inflammatory response, acute desynchronosis and the action of sodium glutamate reduces the production of the superoxide anion radical, the concentration and increase in TBC-active products, enhances antioxidant protection that indicates the possible influence of the nuclear factor NF-κB on the development of oxidative processes in the cerebral hemispheres of rats.

The impact of hyperbaric oxygen therapy on the redox balance of patients with diabetic foot syndrome

Diabetic foot wounds associated with oxidative stress are treated with hyperbaric oxygen (HBO), but that may also induce the stress itself; therefore, we studied the effect of HBO treatments on the oxidant–antioxidant balance in the venous blood of patients with diabetic foot syndrome. In addition, blood counts were also examined. 14 male patients (24–74 years), at risk of lower limb amputation were treated with 30 HBO procedures (60 min of the inhalation of pure oxygen at a pressure of 2.5 atm per day, 5 days a week). The control group consisted of 29 healthy male volunteers aged 25–69 years. No members of the group had been subjected to HBO therapy previously (ClinicalTrials.gov, no. NCT06401941). The analyzed redox parameters did not change during the experiment in the patients (p > 0.05). The concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in the plasma was higher in the patients before the first and after the thirtieth HBO treatments when compared to the control group. In contrast, the TBARS concentration in erythrocytes was lower in the patients after the first treatment vs. the controls. Moreover, the higher activity of catalase in the patients’ erythrocytes was noted before the therapy and after the first and last treatments compared to the controls. HBO therapy increased the percentage of monocytes and platelet volume, but it decreased the volume of platelets in the patients’ blood. HBO therapy does not affect the oxidant–antioxidant balance disturbed in diabetic foot patients.

Evaluation of <i>Saussurea lappa</i> on Oxidative Stress and Cognition in Aluminium-induced Alzheimer’s Disease Rats

Background: Oxidative stress and neurodegenerative illnesses, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), are closely associated. There has been a lot of thought put into finding medicinal plants with nootropic properties to slow the onset and course of AD. Objective: The study aimed to evaluate the methanolic extract of Saussurea lappa clarke (MESC) on oxidative stress and cognitive ability induced by aluminium exposure. Methods: Wistar albino rats were chosen for the study. About 30 animals were selected and grouped into 5 with 6 animals in each group. Group I served as control, group II served as disease induced (Aluminium-induced), group III, IV and V were administered with standard drug – Donepezil Hcl, and MESC at two doses – 200 and 400 mg/kg. The behavioural studies were examined by using certain apparatus like Passive Avoidance (PA) test, Elevated Plus Maze, Y- Maze and Actophotometer. Determination of anti-oxidant enzymes – Catalase (CAT) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) along with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) levels which was done in rat’s brain homogenate. Results: In the PA test, administration of MESC at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg significantly (**p< 0.01) lengthened step-through latency (STL) in rats on day 30 compared to the positive control group. Animals at MESC (200 & 400 mg/kg) showed noticeably higher memory retention (MR) rates as compared to the disease-control group. Additionally, administration of MESC (200 and 400 mg/kg) significantly (**p< 0.01) raised CAT and declined the concentration of TBARS. AChE concentration was significantly (**p< 0.01) reduced at the dose of MESC at 200 and 400 mg/kg as compared to the positive control group. Conclusion: The present study showed that MESC had a strong nootropic effect on brain antioxidant indicators and cognitive function in rats exposed to aluminium-induced oxidative stress and cognitive impairment. These findings may be investigated in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, including AD.

The effects of Selenium phytotoxicity on two wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars differing in Se tolerance and the role of antioxidant enzymes in the tolerance mechanism

Abstract Wheat seedlings were hydroponically grown in Hoagland solution containing various levels of Se. Tolerance response to Se toxicity was investigated by determining the level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), proline and chlorophyll content, the growth parameters, and the activity of antioxidant enzymes. The toxic level of Se treatment significantly retarded the seedling growth. A substantial amount of proline accumulation was also observed in response to toxic Se concentration, but it was more pronounced in putative-sensitive cultivars. Chlorophyll content significantly decreased in Se-intoxicated seedlings and increased at the lowest Se dose in both cultivars. Severe and mild chlorosis was observed in putative-sensitive and tolerant cultivars at the highest Se level. Alterations in the activities of glutathione reductase (GR, 1.6.4.2), glutathione S transferase (GST, 2.5.1.18), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX, 1.11.1.7), catalase (CAT, 1.11.1.6), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX, 1.11.1.11) and superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1) were determined. TBAR level did not significantly increase in putative tolerant cultivars as an indicator of membrane lipid peroxidation. However, a significant increase was observed in putative-sensitive cultivars in response to higher selenium concentrations. In higher Se treatment groups, CAT and GST activities significantly increased in putative Se tolerant cultivars. However, excluding SOD, the activity of all the studied enzymes was increased considerably in putative-sensitive cultivars in a dose-dependent manner. Higher antioxidant enzyme activities and a substantial amount of proline accumulation did not significantly contribute to overcoming Se phytotoxicity in wheat seedlings grown in media supplemented with toxic selenium levels.

Effects of Religious Fasting on Markers of Oxidative Status in Vitamin D-Deficient and Overweight Orthodox Nuns versus Implementation of Time-Restricted Eating in Lay Women from Central and Northern Greece

Background/Objectives: The Mediterranean diet has been widely suggested to exert significant beneficial effects on endothelial oxidative status and cardiometabolic health. Greek Orthodox monasteries, due to their specific nutritional and sartorial habits, comprise a population thatstrictly adheres to nutritional patterns with restricted eating and a plant-based subset of the Mediterranean diet, often accompanied by profound hypovitaminosis D. Time-restricted eating (TRE) is also adopted bya large part of the general lay Greek population for health-promoting reasons, without restrictions on animal product consumption, as imposed by Orthodox religious fasting. However, the comparative effects of these nutritional patterns on oxidative stress markers remain scarce. Methods: The present study attempted to evaluate the effects of Christian Orthodox fasting (COF) in a group of vitamin D-deficient and overweight Orthodox nuns from Central and Northern Greece compared to the implementation of TRE, a 16:8 dietary regimen (16 h of food abstinence and 8 h of feeding) in a cohort of adult women from the general population from the same region with regard to markers of endothelial oxidative status. A group of 50 women from two Orthodox monasteries in Northern Greece and one group of 50 healthy lay women were included. During the enrollment, a detailed recording of their dietary habits was performed, along with a scientific registry of their demographic and anthropometric characteristics (via bioimpedance). The Orthodox nuns followed a typical Orthodox fasting regimen [daily feeding window (8 a.m.–4 p.m.)], whereas the lay women followed a TRE 16:8 regimen with the same feeding time-window with a recommendation to follow a low-fat diet, without characteristics of the Mediterranean diet. We included a complete biochemical analysis, as well as calciotropic profiles [calcium—Ca, albumin, parathyroid hormone—PTH, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D—25(OH)D] and markers of TAC (total antioxidant capacity), GSH (glutathione),and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARSs) concentrations as markers of oxidative status. Results: All the groups were compared at the baseline regarding their calcium, PTH, and 25(OH)D concentrations, with no statistically significant differences between the groups apart from higher PTH levels in the nuns due to lower 25(OH)D levels. The Orthodox nuns manifested a lower median GSH compared to the controls (6.0 vs. 7.2, p 0.04) and a higher median TAC (0.92 vs. 0.77, p < 0.001). The TBARS comparisons showed no significant difference between the two groups. No significant associations of oxidative status with 25(OH)D, PTH, and the markers of glucose homeostasis were evident. Conclusions: The results of this small pilot study indicate that both dietary regimens have advantages over the oxidative markers compared to each other, with increased TAC in the group of Orthodox nuns after a 16-week period of COF compared to a 16:8 TRE and increased GSH concentrations in the lay women group. Future randomized trials are required to investigate the superiority or non-inferiority between these dietary patterns in the daily clinical setting.

Brazil nuts potential: effects on lipid peroxidation and heart health in nephrectomized rats.

To investigate the effects of a Brazil nut-enriched diet on the wall thickness and the left ventricular chamber diameter of the heart, and lipid peroxidation in a CKD-induced model. Male Wistar rats at 12weeks of age were divided into two groups (n=16/group): the Nx group, which underwent 5/6 nephrectomy, and the Sham group, as a control. After 5weeks, the groups were subdivided according to diet (n=8/group): the Nx and Sham groups received a control diet; the Nx5% and Sham5% groups received a diet enriched with 5 % Brazil nuts for 8weeks. The left ventricular thickening and chamber diameter were determined. Plasma biochemical parameters were evaluated. Analysis of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and antioxidant enzyme activity was performed in the plasma and the left ventricle (LV). LV mRNA expression of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) was evaluated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The Nx5% group showed a remodeled LV wall with decreased thickness compared to the Nx group (p=0.016). Furthermore, LV TBARS concentration was reduced in the Nx5% group (p=0.0064). In addition, the Nx5% group showed an increase in plasma GPx activity (p=0.0431). No significant results were found concerning the LV mRNA expression of NF-κB and Nrf2 genes. A Brazil nut-enriched diet decreased LV thickness and LV TBARS concentration and increased GPx activity in a 5/6 nephrectomy experimental model, making it a promising adjuvant therapy to improve antioxidant status and cardiovascular outcomes in chronic kidney disease.

Glutathione Levels and Lipid Oxidative Damage in Selected Organs of Obese Koletsky and Lean Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats.

Koletsky rats, the genetically obese strain of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHROB), are the well-accepted animal model of human metabolic syndrome. They are characterized by early onset obesity, spontaneous hypertension, hyperinsulinemia, hyperlipidemia, proteinuria and shortened life-span. One of the factors in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome is oxidative stress. The aim of the present study was to compare two parameters related to oxidative stress: the levels of the main intracellular antioxidant, reduced glutathione as well as the indirect indicator of lipid peroxidation damage, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) in heart, renal cortex and medulla and liver in male lean spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and obese Koletsky rats. We did not find any significant differences in these markers in heart and kidneys. However, we found significantly lower glutathione level in Koletsky rat liver compared with SHR (5.03+/-0.23 vs. 5.83+/-0.14 µmol/g tissue, respectively). On the contrary, we observed significantly higher TBARS levels in Koletsky rat liver compared with SHR (28.56+/-2.15 vs. 21.83+/-1.60 nmol/mg protein, respectively). We conclude that the liver is the most sensitive tissue to oxidative damage with the significantly decreased concentration of glutathione and the significantly increased concentration of TBARS in obese Koletsky rats in comparison with lean control SHR.

Effect of casein bioactive peptides on performance, nutrient digestibility, enzyme activity and intestinal microbial population in broiler chickens.

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of bioactive peptides derived from casein on performance, nutrient digestibility, enzyme activity and intestinal microbial population in broiler chickens. In this study, 350 1-day-old male Ross 308 broiler chicks were distributed among 35 pens in a completely randomized design with seven treatments, five replicates and 10 chicks in each replicate. The experimental treatments included: basal diet without any additives (control), basal diet + Avilamycin antibiotic, basal diet + 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 mg of peptides per kg of diet. Results showed no significant effects of the experimental treatments on weight gain and feed conversion ratio during the starter period, but there was a significant improvement in weight gain in grower, finisher and whole periods in chicks fed with diet containing 1000 mg/kg peptides (p < 0.05). Adding peptides improved intestinal morphology (in duodenum and ileum) (p < 0.05). Supplementation of casein peptides significantly reduced thiobarbituric acid reactive substances concentration in breast and thigh meat. The activity of amylase, lipase and protease enzymes improved in treatments containing 800 and 1000 mg peptides in comparison to the control treatment. The use of casein-peptides increased intestinal Lactobacillus and decreased Coliform populations.

CORRECTION OF PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN SALIVARY GLANDS OF ANIMALS WITH PACLITAXEL-INDUCED NEUROPATHY

Background. Paclitaxel is a highly effective chemotherapeutic agent used to treat breast, ovarian, and other cancers. At the same time, paclitaxel causes peripheral neuropathy as a side effect in 45%—70% of patients. Aim. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy on the development of pathological changes in the salivary glands of animals and to explore the possibility of correction of the identified changes with vitamin B/ATP complex. Materials and Methods. To simulate toxic neuropathy, animals were injected i/p with paclitaxel 2 mg/kg for 4 days. In order to correct the identified changes, rats were injected i/m with vitamin B/ATP complex (1 mg/ kg) for 9 days. In the homogenate of the submandibular salivary glands, α-amylase activity, total proteolytic activity, total antitryptic activity, the content of medium mass molecules, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), oxidatively modified proteins, and catalase activity were determined. Results. A significant increase in the content of oxidatively modified proteins, medium mass molecules, and the content of TBARS and significant decrease in the activity of catalase and amylase were determined in the salivary glands of animals with toxic neuropathy compared to these parameters in intact animals. Administration of vitamin B/ATP complex for 9 days against the background of paclitaxel-induced neuropathy led to normalization of antitryptic activity and amylase activity, a significant decrease in the content of oxidatively modified proteins, medium mass molecules, and TBARS along with a significant increase in catalase activity in the salivary glands of animals compared to the untreated rats with neuropathy. Conclusion. Paclitaxel-induced neuropathy caused the development of pathological changes in the salivary glands of rats, which was evidenced by a carbonyl- oxidative stress and impaired protein synthetic function. The correction with vitamin B/ATP complex restored the protein-synthetic function and the proteinase-inhibitor balance, suppressed the oxidative stress and normalized free radical processes in the salivary glands of rats.

Oxidative Stress Response of Honey Bee Colonies (Apis mellifera L.) during Long-Term Exposure at a Frequency of 900 MHz under Field Conditions.

In this study, oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in honey bee larvae, pupae and the midguts of adult bees were investigated during a one-year exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs) at a frequency of 900 MHz under field conditions. The experiment was carried out on honey bee colonies at three locations with electric field levels of 30 mV m-1, 70 mV m-1 and 1000 mV m-1. Antioxidant enzymes, glutathione-S-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) as indicators of lipid peroxidation were measured spectrophotometrically. The GST activity within the same developmental stage showed no significant differences regardless of electric field level or sampling time. The highest GST activity was found in the pupae, followed by activity in the larvae and midguts. Both CAT activity and TBARS concentration were the highest in the midguts, regardless of field level and sampling time. The larvae showed a significantly higher TBARS concentration at the location with an electric field level of 1000 mV m-1 compared to the locations with lower levels. Our results show that RF-EMFs at a frequency of 900 MHz can cause oxidative stress in honey bees, with the larval stage being more sensitive than the pupal stage, but there was no linear relationship between electric field level and effect in any of the developmental stages.

Oat Beta-Glucan as a Metabolic Regulator in Early Stage of Colorectal Cancer-A Model Study on Azoxymethane-Treated Rats.

Factors that reduce the risk of developing colorectal cancer include biologically active substances. In our previous research, we demonstrated the anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and antioxidant effects of oat beta-glucans in gastrointestinal disease models. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of an 8-week consumption of a diet supplemented with low-molar-mass oat beta-glucan in two doses on the antioxidant potential, inflammatory parameters, and colonic metabolomic profile in azoxymethane(AOM)-induced early-stage colorectal cancer in the large intestine wall of rats. The results showed a statistically significant effect of AOM leading to the development of neoplastic changes in the colon. Consumption of beta-glucans induced changes in colonic antioxidant potential parameters, including an increase in total antioxidant status, a decrease in the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and a reduction in thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) concentration. In addition, beta-glucans decreased the levels of pro-inflammatory interleukins (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-12) and C-reactive protein (CRP) while increasing the concentration of IL-10. Metabolomic studies confirmed the efficacy of oat beta-glucans in the AOM-induced early-stage colon cancer model by increasing the levels of metabolites involved in metabolic pathways, such as amino acids, purine, biotin, and folate. In conclusion, these results suggest a wide range of mechanisms involved in altering colonic metabolism during the early stage of carcinogenesis and a strong influence of low-molar-mass oat beta-glucan, administered as dietary supplement, in modulating these mechanisms.

Characterisation of chitosan coating incorporated with oleuropein and its effects on the quality of refrigerated chicken breasts

SummaryThe stability, microstructure and antioxidant capacity of the composite coating solution of chitosan (CS) and oleuropein (OLE, 0.08–0.32%, w/v) were estimated by zeta potential, rheological properties, scanning electron microscope and 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assays. Effects of the composite coating on refrigerated chicken breasts were evaluated by microbial, chemical and sensory assays. The results revealed that the coating solutions were stable, intact and exhibited good antioxidant activities. When chicken samples were stored at 4 °C for 12 days, the microbial population treated with CS + OLE decreased to 5.43–7.59 log CFU g−1 compared with the control (8.41 log CFU g−1). The increase in pH values, total volatile base nitrogen and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances contents, and drip loss rate of chicken samples had also been deferred. Overall, the results indicated that it was feasible to apply CS with OLE to extend the shelf life of chicken breasts.

Evaluation of different probiotics on growth, body composition, antioxidant capacity, and histoarchitecture of Mugil capito

We investigated the dietary effects of the single application of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, and their combination on growth, proximate composition of whole fish body, antioxidant defense, and histoarchitecture of hapa-reared Mugil capito. Healthy fish (Fish weighed = 10.30 ± 0.10 g at first) were randomly allocated into 4 equal groups, each with three replicates. These groups were designed as follows: (1) a group fed a basal diet without probiotics (control), (2) a group fed a diet containing S. cerevisiae (4 g/kg diet), (3) a group fed a diet containing L. bulgaricus (2 g/kg diet), and (4) the last group fed a diet containing a combination of both, all for a duration of 60 days. Probiotic-treated groups showed significantly better growth and nutrition utilization than the control group. Significant differences were observed in the crude fat and crude protein contents among the groups, with the combination group exhibiting the highest levels. However, there were no significant variations in ash content across all groups. The highest hepatic antioxidant capacity (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) enzyme activities) was observed in the combination group. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) concentrations were decreased significantly in all probiotic groups, suggesting improved oxidative stress resilience in these groups. The histomorphological analysis of the hepatopancreatic tissues revealed well-arranged parenchyma, increased glycogen storage, and melanomacrophage centers in probiotic-treated groups, particularly the combined probiotics group. Furthermore, the probiotic supplementation improved the histoarchitecture of the intestinal villi compared to the control group. To put it briefly, combined dietary administration of these probiotics improved growth, body composition, antioxidant defenses, and hepatic and intestinal health in hapa-reared M. capito, highlighting their promising role in promoting welfare and productivity.

The effects of using sheep tail fat and cooking time on carboxymethyl-lysine formation and some quality characteristics of heat-treated sucuk.

The study's aim was to determine the effect of using sheep tail fat (STF) on carboxymethyl-lysine (CML) content and other properties of heat-treated sucuk (HTS), a type of semi-dry fermented sausage. Three mixtures were prepared: 100% beef fat (BF), 50% BF + 50% STF, and 100% STF. After production (fermentation, heat treatment, and drying), the samples were cooked at 180°C for 0, 1, 3, and 5 min to determine the effect of cooking time on CML, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), total sulfhydryl, and carbonyl contents. The lowest pH value (5.50) was observed in the presence of STF. The most oleic acid (46.02%) was observed in the 100% STF group. The score of taste and general acceptability decreased with increasing STF. Using STF had no significant effect on TBARS, total sulfhydryl, carbonyl, or CML content. These parameters were affected by cooking time. The mean CML content increased from 55.77 to 72.90 μg/g after 5 min of cooking. CML correlated more strongly with TBARS than sulfhydryl or carbonyl.

The modulation effect of green tea and pumpkin oils on hyperlipidemia, oxidative stress, and hematological abnormalities in an experimental multiple sclerosis rat model

BackgroundMultiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory condition that can impair the body’s physiological functions. Although many diseases have been successfully treated with herbal treatments for a long time, the majority of the herbs utilized have unclear mechanisms. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the modulation effects of green tea oil (GTO) and pumpkin oil (PO) on hyperlipidemia, oxidative stress, and hematological abnormalities in an experimental multiple sclerosis rat model.MethodsForty albino male Wistar rats (weighing 120–140 g) were divided into four groups of six each: group 1, the control group; group 2, the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-injected group; and groups 3 and 4, the MOG-injected groups treated with GTO and PO at 5 mg/kg b.w., respectively. At the end of the experiments, animals were anesthetized with diethyl ether inhalation, and blood samples were collected from the jugular vein. A Beckman Coulter was then used to determine the differential complete blood counts. The obtained serum was rapidly collected and stored at 20 °C to assess the lipid profile and oxidative stress and antioxidant biomarkers.ResultsOur findings showed that GTO and PO treatment produced a significant reduction in total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), and very low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (VLDL-C) levels. Furthermore, GTO and PO treatment alleviated the elevated cardiovascular risk indices 1 and 2. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) concentration significantly decreased and glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) levels significantly increased in rats injected with MOG and treated with GTO and PO. Furthermore, after GTO and PO treatment, the reduced red blood cells (RBCs) count, hemoglobin content (Hb%), lymphocyte percentage, and hematocrit (HCT) of MOG-injected rats increased, while the elevated white blood cells (WBCs), platelet, and neutrophil percentage substantially declined.ConclusionCollectively, our research revealed that GTO and PO may be capable of modulating hyperlipidemia, oxidative stress, and hematological abnormalities in the MS rat model.

Cholesterol-Lowering and Antioxidant Effects of Pork-Liver Protein Hydrolysate in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty Rats.

In this study, we investigated the effects of a porcine liver protein hydrolysate (PLH) diet on lipid metabolism in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats, a model of type II diabetes. OLETF rats (20-wk-old males) were pair-fed with either a PLH diet containing 20% PLH or a casein diet for 14 wk. Dietary PLH significantly lowered serum cholesterol and phospholipid concentrations, mainly by decreasing low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein fractions. Fecal cholesterol was significantly increased in the PLH diet group; however, the total bile acid concentration in the feces was not significantly different between the groups. In addition, the PLH diet significantly decreased serum thiobarbituric acid reactive substance concentrations. These results suggest that dietary PLH exerts hyperlipidemic and antioxidant effects, indicating that it is a novel functional food ingredient.

The Protection of Quinoa Protein on the Quality of Pork Patties during Freeze-Thaw Cycles: Physicochemical Properties, Sensory Quality and Protein Oxidative.

The present study investigated the impact of quinoa protein (QP) on the physicochemical properties, sensory quality, and oxidative stability of myofibrillar protein (MP) in pork patties during five freeze-thaw (F-T) cycles. It was observed that repeated F-T cycles resulted in a deterioration of pork patty quality; however, the incorporation of QP effectively mitigated these changes. Throughout the F-T cycles, the sensory quality of the QP-treated group consistently surpassed that of the control group. After five F-T cycles, the thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) content in the control group was measured at 0.423 mg/kg, whereas it significantly decreased to 0.347 mg/kg in the QP-treated group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, QP inclusion led to a decrease in pH and an increase in water-holding capacity (WHC) within pork patties. Following five F-T cycles, Ca2+-ATPase activity exhibited a significant increase of 11.10% in the QP-treated group compared to controls (p < 0.05). Additionally, supplementation with QP resulted in elevated total sulfhydryl content and reduced carbonyl content, Schiff base content, and dityrosine content within myofibrillar proteins (MPs), indicating its inhibitory effect on MP oxidation. In particular, after five F-T cycles, total sulfhydryl content reached 58.66 nmol/mL for the QP-treated group significantly higher than that observed for controls at 43.65 nmol/mL (p < 0.05). While carbonyl content increased from 2.37 nmol/mL to 4.63 nmol/mL between the first and fifth F-T cycle for controls; it only rose from 2.15 nmol/mL to 3.47 nmol/mL in the QP-treated group. The endogenous fluorescence levels were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the QP-treated group compared to controls. In conclusion, the addition of QP enhanced the quality of pork patties and effectively inhibited the oxidative denaturation of MP during F-T cycles.

Sex differences in the susceptibility to valproic acid-associated liver injury in epileptic patients

Background Valproic acid has been widely used as an antiepileptic drug for several decades. Long-term valproic acid treatment is usually accompanied by liver injury. Although both men and women are susceptible to valproic acid-associated liver injury, hepatotoxicity differs between the sexes. However, the mechanisms underlying sex differences in valproic acid-associated liver injury remain unclear. Methods To explore potential risk factors for the susceptibility to valproic acid-associated liver injury, 231 pediatric patients with epilepsy (119 males, 112 females) were enrolled for laboratory and genetic analysis. Results Heterozygous genotype of catalase C-262T (P = 0.045) and the concentrations of glutathione (P = 0.002) and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (P = 0.011) were associated with the sex-specific susceptibility to valproic acid-associated liver injury. Meanwhile, logistic regression analysis revealed that carriers of heterozygous genotype of catalase C-262T (P = 0.010, odds ratio: 4.163; 95 percent confidence interval 1.400 − 7.378), glutathione concentration (P = 0.001, odds ratio: 2.421; 95 percent confidence interval 2.262 − 2.591) and male patients (P = 0.005, odds ratio: 1.344; 95% confidence interval 0.782 − 2.309) had a higher risk for valproic acid-associated liver injury. Discussion The mechanism underlying valproic acid-induced hepatotoxicity remains unclear. Additionally, factors that may contribute to the observed differences in the incidence of hepatotoxicity between males and females have yet to be defined. This study identifies several genetic factors that may predispose patients to valproic acid-associated hepatotoxicity. Limitations This relatively small sample size of children with one ethnicity some of whom were taking other antiepileptics that are potentially hepatotoxic. Conclusion Catalase C-262T genotype, glutathione concentration and gender (male) are potential risk factors for the susceptibility to valproic acid-associated liver injury.

Effect of Lupin Supplementation on the Growth, Carcass, and Meat Characteristics of Late-Fattening Hanwoo Steers.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of lupin flake supplementation on the growth, plasma parameters, carcass characteristics, and meat composition of late-fattening Hanwoo steers. The steers (n = 40) were randomly divided into the four groups with 10 steers each: LP0 (lupin flake 0%), LP3 (lupin flake 3%), LP6 (lupin flake 6%), and LP9 (lupin flake 9%). The total digestible nutriant intake increased as the concentration of lupin increased (linear and quadratic effects; p < 0.05). The thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance content in the strip loins decreased as lupin flake supplementation levels increased (linear and quadratic effects; p < 0.05), while carnosine levels increased linearly (p < 0.05). As the lupin flake supplementation level increased, anserine and creatinine contents increased linearly and quadratically (p < 0.05). Similarly, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) content increased with increasing lupin flake supplementation levels in linear and quadratic effects (p < 0.001). Palmitoleic acid content increased significantly with increasing lupin flake supplementation level (linear and quadratic effects; p < 0.05). The content of oleic acid in the strip loin was not significant, but the unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) (p < 0.05) and n-6/n-3 ratio (p < 0.05) increased. The results of this study indicated that although lupin flake supplementation did not markedly affect the growth, carcass characteristics, or meat composition of late-fattening Hanwoo steers, it exerted a positive effect on the flavor, taste profiles (anserine, creatinine, ATP, and AMP), hypotonicity (TBARS), and healthy meat production (UFA and n-6/n-3 ratio) related to beef.

Effects of high dose of long-term ethanol exposure on oxidative damage of spleen in experimental rat model

Background: Alcoholic beverages have been used in human societies at least since the beginning of recorded history. Research has demonstrated sufficiently to our understanding of the relation of drinking to specific disorders, and has shown that the relation between alcohol consumption and health outcomes is complex and multidimensional. Methods: In this study we had demonstrated the role of oxidative stress in long-term ethanol induced spleen damage in 16-18 week-old male albino rats of Wistar strain weighing 200- 220 g. Results: Ethanol exposure (1.6 g ethanol/ kg body wt/ day for 12 weeks) caused significant decrease in reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration and activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase; while significant increase in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) content and glutathione s-transferase activity in spleen homogenate. Conclusion: Our study revealed that higher doses of ethanol (1.6 g/ kg body weight/ day) for a long period caused significant oxidative stress in the spleen. Intermediates of oxygen reduction may be associated with the development of ethanol induced organ damage.