Concentration Of Sodium Hypochlorite Solution Research Articles

Self-perceived pain levels following irrigation with various concentrations ofsodium hypochlorite solution and gels: A systematic review of randomized clinical studies

Background:Sodium hypochlorite, a prevalent root canal irrigation solution, valued for its antibacterial properties and tissue-dissolving abilities, varies in concentration (0.5% to 8.25%). However, its efficacy across formulations awaits systematic evaluation.Aim:Toevaluate self-perceived post-operative pain levels in a 5.25% concentration of NaOCl in gel or solution form. Materials and Methods:An unrestricted search of indexed databases (PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane) and a manual search were performed up to April 2023. Three randomized controlled trials (RCTs) compared a solution form of 5.25% NaOCl to other solution concentrations, whereas 2 RCTs compared a gel form of 5.25% NaOCl concentration to 5.25 % NaOCl solution form. The risk of Bias (RoB) assessment was conducted using the Cochrane tool.Results: A total of 5 RCTs met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. Four RCTs used the visual analog scale (VAS), whereas 1 RCT used the numeric rating scale (NRS) to assess post-operative pain. Three RCTs had a moderate Risk of Bias (RoB), whereas 1 had a low and 1 had a high RoB.Conclusion:Based on the current evidence the concentration of NaOCl used during irrigation did not have any effect on the post-operative pain developed regardless of the use of a gel or solution forms. Future randomized studies with standardized protocols are needed to further investigate the efficacy of NaOCl concentration on postoperative pain in endodontic treatment

The Effects of Operating Variables on Efficancy of Water Disinfection by Sodium Hypochlorite Using Al-Wathba Wastewater

The aim of this investigation was to study the impact of various reaction parameters on wastewater taken from Al-Wathba water treatment plant on Tigris River in south of Baghdad, Iraq with sodium hypochlorite solution. The parameters studied were sodium hypochlorite dose, contact time, initial fecal coliform bacteria concentration, temperature, and pH. In a batch reactor, different concentrations of sodium hypochlorite solution were used to disinfect 1L of water. The amount of hypochlorite ions in disinfected water was measured using an Iodimetry test for different reaction times, whereas the Most Probable Number (MPN) test was used to determine the concentration of coliform bacteria. Total Plate Count (TPC) was utilized in this study to count the number of colonies of common bacteria. Reaction variables that were examined showed that the increase in temperature, pH, and reaction time caused the concentration of Coliform bacteria to decrease, which in turn caused an accumulation-related increase in OCl- concentration. The optimum values of temperature and reaction pH were determined to be 8 and 29o C respectively. The kinetics of the reaction was examined in this study, and the results showed that Selleck model's order of reaction is two, with rate constants of 1.3791x10-5, 3.0806x10-5, and 5.738x10-5 L/(mole min) at 20o, 29o, and 37o C, respectively.

Pengaruh Konsentrasi Larutan Natrium Hipoklorit terhadap Stabilitas Dimensi Cetakan Alginat

Alginate is one of the transmission media of cross infection, therefore disinfection is necessary before proceeding to the next step. One of the ways to disinfection alginate is by spraying sodium hypochlorite. The concentration of sodium hypochlorite solution that can be used as a disinfection solution according to the ADA are 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 5%, and 5.25%. The disinfection on alginate should not change dimensions. ADA states that impression materials should not change more that 0,5% from its original size. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of sodium hypochlorite concentration on changes in alginate dimensions. The method of this study was an experimental laboratory with post test only control group design with 24 samples. The alginate was sprayed with aquadest solution as a control, sodium hypochlorite solution with concentrations of 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 5%, 5.25% then filled with gypsum. The dimensional stability was measured using a digital caliper. Data were analyzed by One Way Anova and then followed by Post Hoc LSD Test. The result of this study showed that the largest change in dimensional stability occurred in 0.5% sodium hypochlorite solution, while the smallest was in the 5.25%. One Way Anova test showed that there was a significant difference (p<0.05) between spraying with 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 5%, 5.25% sodium hypochlorite solution. The conclusion of this study was there is an effect of the concentration of sodium hypochlorite solution on the dimensional stability of the alginate impression.

The characteristics of tabah bamboo (Giganthochloa nigrociliata) shoots fresh-cut in various immersing solution concentrations of sodium hypochlorite solution and the storage time at low temperature

The characteristics of tabah bamboo (Giganthochloa nigrociliata) shoots fresh-cut in various immersing solution concentrations of sodium hypochlorite solution and the storage time at low temperature

Difference between the Actual and Labeled Concentrations of Several Domestic Brands of Sodium Hypochlorite.

Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is extensively used in root canal treatment and its efficacy depends on the concentration of free available chlorine (FAC). This study aimed to assess the chlorine content of 10 domestically manufactured household bleach products available in the Iranian market and evaluate the effect of temperature, time and daily bottle uncapping on FAC concentration and pH of these products. One-liter bottles of 10 available brands of household bleach (n=4 of each brand) were collected and randomly divided into four groups (n=10). Two groups were refrigerated at 4°C while the remaining two were stored at room temperature. One group of refrigerated and one group of room temperature samples were subjected to daily bottle uncapping followed by agitation and recapping for 3 months (six times a week to simulate weekly office work). The remaining bottles remained untouched and served as controls. The concentration of FAC in each sample was measured using the iodometric titration assay, and the pH was measured using a calibrated pH-meter at baseline and 1, 2 and 3 months. The results were analyzed using the one-way ANOVA and t-test. The mean concentration of FAC in the solutions was 4.87±0.19% at baseline. The measured concentration of sodium hypochlorite was different from the labeled value. The concentration of FAC decreased over time in all samples; the greatest reduction occurred in room temperature samples subjected to daily uncapping while the smallest reduction occurred in refrigerated, capped bottles (19% and 1.9%, respectively). The pH of all products decreased over time. The mean reduction in pH was 1.1 for the samples stored at room temperature for 3 months and 0.8 for the refrigerated samples. This in vitro study showed that the expected concentration of sodium hypochlorite solution made of household bleach for endodontic purposes is different from its actual concentration.

Effect of a passive sonic irrigation system on elimination of Enterococcus faecalis from root canal systems of primary teeth, using different concentrations of sodium hypochlorite: An in vitro evaluation.

Background. This in vitro study aimed to compare the antibacterial effect of different concentrations of sodium hypochlorite on elimination of Enterococcus faecalis from root canal systems of primary teeth with or without a passive sonic irrigation system (EndoActivator). Methods. The root canals of 120 extracted single-rooted primary incisors were prepared using the crown-down technique. The teeth were autoclaved and inoculated with E. faecalis. The infected samples were then randomly divided into 6 experimental groups of 15 and positive and negative control groups as follows: group 1: 0.5% sodium hypochlorite solution; group 2: 2.5% sodium hypochlorite solution; group 3: 5% sodium hypochlorite solution; group 4: 0.5% sodium hypochlorite solution + sonic activation; group 5: 2.5% sodium hypochlorite solution + sonic activation; and group 6: 5% sodium hypochlorite solution + sonic activation. Microbiological samples were collected before and after disinfection procedures and the colony-forming units were counted. Statistical analyses were performed using the two-way ANOVA and post hoc Duncan's tests in cases of significant difference. Results. There were no significant differences between the groups in any of the variables (concentration of antiseptic or use of sonic irrigation system). Conclusion. Use of passive sonic irrigation systems in endodontic treatment of single-rooted primary teeth is of no benefit compared to regular needle irrigation. The results of this study also recommends use of lower concentrations of sodium hypochlorite solution (0.5%) for irrigation of the root canal system rather than higher concentrations given approximately equal efficacy.

Effects of Temperature and Hypochlorite Concentration on the Rate of Collagen Dissolution

IntroductionThe aim of this research was to quantify the effects of temperature on the rate of collagen dissolution in different concentrations of sodium hypochlorite solution. MethodsA customized laboratory apparatus was used to immerse 23 samples of reticulated collagen matrices and 20 samples of non-reticulated collagen matrices in a continuously agitated solution of 1%–5% (m/v) sodium hypochlorite at 20°C–35°C. The time needed for complete dissolution of each sample was used to generate mathematical equations that described the effects of temperature and hypochlorite concentration on the dissolution of collagen. ResultsBoth temperature and concentration of sodium hypochlorite were positively correlated with the rate of collagen dissolution. The same speed of dissolution was obtained for 5% sodium hypochlorite at 20°C, 4% solution at 20.8°C, 3% solution at 23.5°C, 2% solution at 26.9°C, and 1% solution at 36°C. ConclusionsTreatment protocols that involve sodium hypochlorite, which is the preferred root canal irrigant, should consider the important effects caused by variations in the use of different irrigant temperatures and concentrations. Further investigation is required to establish the optimal concentration and temperature of sodium hypochlorite solution for root canal irrigation.

折点氯化法处理含氨氮废水及工艺设计方案

本文根据湿法生产车间废水特点，研究了采用折点氯化法处理含氨氮工业废水的可行性，重点考察了废水中氨氮含量、次氯酸钠溶液浓度等对处理效果的影响，同时考察了次氯酸钠的用量。试验结果表明：折点氯化法处理废水中的氨氮工艺路线成熟，对不同浓度的氨氮废水都有效果，最佳条件为：进水氨氮浓度小于400 mg/L，次氯酸钠浓度大于8%，则吨水耗次氯酸钠40~60 L。最后，针对车间废水特点设计了可行的处理方案。 According to the characteristics of the wastewater in workshop of wet method, the feasibility of break point chlorination treating industrial wastewater containing ammonia nitrogen was studied. This paper focused on the content of ammonia nitrogen in wastewater; the effect of concentration of sodium hypochlorite solution on the treatment was studied, and at the same time, the dosage of sodium hypochlorite was investigated. The test results showed that: the process route of break point chlorination treatment of wastewater containing ammonia nitrogen is mature, having the effect on different concentrations of wastewater containing ammonia nitrogen. The optimum conditions are as follows: the influent concentration of ammonia nitrogen is less than 400 mg/L; the concentration of sodium hypochlorite is more than 8%, and then ton of water consumption of sodium hypochlorite is 40 - 60 L. Finally, aiming at the characteristics of wastewater, feasible treatment scheme is designed.

Effect of different energy levels of microwave on disinfection of dental stone casts.

Background and aims Current chemical methods may not efficiently disinfect dental stone casts. The aim of this study was to investigate if microwave irradiation is effective for disinfection of stone casts. Materials and methods In this laboratory study, three groups (n = 162) of prepared spherical stone beads as carriers with a diameter of 10 mm were inoculated by separately soaking in three broth culture media, each containing a study microorganism—Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus or Candida albicans. Six inoculated carriers were used for every test, including irradiation in a household microwave oven at 300, 450, 600 or 900 W energy level, or soaking in 0.03%, 0.06%, 0.12%, 0.25% or 0.50% concentration of sodium hypochlorite solution, at 1, 2, or 3-minute test times. Positive and negative control groups were considered for each test. All treated carriers were then individually transferred to nutrient broth culture medium and one milliliter from each tube was cultured in nutrient agar media over night. Colony forming unit per milliliter (CFU/mL) was counted, and multi-factor ANOVA was used to analyze data (α = 0.05). Results Microwave irradiation at 600 W resulted in high-level disinfection in 3 minutes. Immersion of the stone casts in hypochlorite solution at 0.06% concentration resulted in disinfection after 2 minutes. Conclusion According to the results, high level disinfection of the stone casts can be achieved by microwave irradiation at 600 W in 3 minutes, similar to a validated chemical method.

Rejuvenation of discarded RO membrane for new applications

Abstract The sensitivity of thin film composite RO membrane (TFCs) with chlorine has been widely reported. In the present paper, attempt has been made to modify the chemical structure of thin film composite RO membrane by exposing the membrane to free chlorine in order to evaluate potential of utilizing the discarded membrane after its useful life. The different variants of thin film composite RO membrane in terms of flux and rejection could be prepared by altering the exposure time and concentration of sodium hypochlorite solution. Tailoring the membrane for solute rejection offers advantages over the conventional process for instance: (1) It avoids re-mineralization and directly produces the water of required quality; (2) It enhances flux of membrane and thereby improves the productivity of the membrane; (3) Improved recovery leads to lower capacity pre-treatment and thereby improves the operational efficiency; (4) Number of membrane required for the given capacity will be less and the associated unit cost, e.g. pumping cost will also decrease. Successful attempt has been made to enhance permeability seven times that of the terminally fouled membrane by sequential hypochlorite treatment in controlled fashion, i.e. fouled seawater RO membrane with flow 3.36 l/min and solute rejection of 97.21% has been converted to the membrane with flow 24 l/min and solute rejection 82.37%.Moreover, the thin film composite RO membrane has been degraded totally till its solute rejection efficiency falls to approximately zero in order to convert it to microfiltration/ultra-filtration membrane, i.e. the membrane with pure water permeability 257 gfd @50 psig pressure has been made by exposing 3286 mg/l free chlorine for 96 h to TFC RO membrane. The characterization of this membrane was performed by measuring molecular weight cut off of the membrane and pure water permeability of the membrane to evaluate its performance as an ultra-filtration membrane. These membranes were also tested for micro-organism removal and found that their performance resembles the new ultra-filtration membrane. The hypochlorite treated membranes were also evaluated for their permeability after bio-film formation with different micro-organisms where it manifested higher permeability as compared to untreated membrane.

Evaluation of the CDC safe water-storage intervention to improve the microbiological quality of point-of-use drinking water in rural communities in South Africa

The use of different concentrations of sodium hypochlorite solutions (placebo; 1% and 3.5% sodium hypochlorite solutions) and 2 water-storage containers (traditional plastic container and the improved CDC safe water-storage container) as interventions in 2 rural communities using different water sources (improved vs. unimproved) was evaluated over a period of 4 months. Standard methods were used to determine the presence of indicator organisms (total coliforms, faecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, faecal enterococci, Clostridium perfringens, male-specific F-RNA and somatic coliphages) in the water samples. The results indicated that the 1% and the 3.5% sodium hypochlorite solutions effectively reduced the numbers of indicator microorganisms to undetectable counts in both types of water-storage containers. However, no statistical differences were seen between the 2 types of water-storage containers in the numbers of indicator microorganisms present in the stored water with the addition of a placebo sodium hypochlorite solution. Compliance of households with the use of the sodium hypochlorite intervention ranged between 60% and 100%. A household questionnaire survey indicated an urgent need for education concerning the risk of waterborne diseases, the proper use of safe household water-storage devices and water treatment processes and improvement of hygiene and sanitation practices in these rural households.

Biocidal Aramide Fabrics for Emergency Responders: Formation and Properties of Aramide Halamine

Poly- m-phenyleneisophthalamide fibers are widely used in production of inherently flame-retardant fabrics for firefighters' uniforms. These meta-aromatic polyamide fibers can be directly converted to biocidal halamine structures, which provide durable and rechargeable antimicrobial functions. Such a treatment on the fabrics was carefully evaluated to ensure no deleterious effects of bleaching on fabric performance. Results indicated that low crystallinity meta-aramids can undergo chlorination in high concentrations of sodium hypochlorite solutions without showing significant change in tensile strength, flammability, electrical static resisitivity, or radiant heat exposure values. These findings suggest that antimicrobial functions can be easily incorporated into fabrics containing this fiber without altering the expected short-term performance properties of the material.

Evaluation of Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate as a root canal irrigation solution; Cl-concentration, pH, Cytotoxicity and Antimicrobial effect in vitro

【The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical applications of the Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate effervescent tablet as a routine root canal irrigant by performing several in vitro tests such as $Cl^{-}$ content. cytotoxicity. antimicrobial effect as well as its pH level compared to the equivalent concentration of sodium hypochlorite solution. 1. Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate demonstrated lower level of $Cl^{-}$ concentration than each dilution of sodium hypochlorite solution. Both solution has increased level of $Cl^{-}$ as the concentration of each solution increased. There was no significant change of $Cl^{-}$ concentration in sodium hypochlorite as time goes by. However. $Cl^{-}$ concentration in Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate was increased. 2. The antimicrobial effects of both solutions were increased when their concentrations were increased. One day after dilution. antimicrobial effect of Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate was slightly higher than sodium hypochlorite. however. there was no difference in 1 week dilution solution. One month dilution solution of sodium hypochlorite still retain its activity. but antimicrobial effect of Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate was drastically decreased 1 month after dilution. 3. The cytotoxicity of Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate was rather higher than same concentration of sodium hypochlorite solution until 1 week after dilution. Then in 1 month. cytotoxicity of Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate was decreased than that of 1 week dilution solution. especially 4% Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate solution has almost no toxicity. However. 1% and 2% sodium hypochlorite solution has unchanged moderate degree of cytotoxicity after the dilution. Furthermore. 4% sodium hypochlorite solution showed high level of toxicity. 4. The pH level of Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate showed that the solution was weak acid (pH5). On the other hand. sodium hypochlorite was revealed as a strong alkaline solution (pH12). There was no change in pH following the dilution of each solution. As results. Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate solution fully satisfy the basic requirements as a root canal irrigation solution. However. we strongly recommend to use this solution clinically in low concentration and try to apply into the root canal within 1 week after dilution.】

Development of a Simple Culture Method for the Tissues Contaminated with Microorganisms and Application to Establishment of a Fish Cell line

Cell cultures are good in vitro model systems in place of using living animals. In the present study, we developed a simple culture method in which tissues were pretreated with a low concentration of sodium hypochlorite solution (NaClO) to prevent not only bacteria but also fungi. Scales removed from a goldfish (Carassius auratus) body were treated with 70% ethanol and then with 0.3% of sodium hypochlorite solution, and cultured in vitro in an atmosphere containing 0.5% CO2. The doubling time of the established cells (GAKS) was 24 hr. The GAKS cells contained alkaline phosphatase activity (8.3+/-1.1 nmol/min/mg protein) and secreted 0.32+/-0.07 pg/ml endothelin during a 3 day culture of a full monolayer sheet.

Stability and bactericidal activity of chlorine solutions.

To determine the stability of sodium hypochlorite (diluted household bleach) when stored for 30 days in various types of containers and to determine the efficacy of low concentrations of free available chlorine to inactivate test bacteria. Laboratory-based study. Solutions of standard household bleach were prepared using tap water or sterile distilled water at dilutions of 1:100, 1:50, and 1:5. Chlorine concentrations were measured, and then the solutions were placed into five polyethylene containers and left at room temperature (20 degrees C) under various conditions (translucent containers with light exposure and with or without air; brown opaque container without light or air exposure). Samples for chlorine and pH determinations were taken at time 0 and on days 7, 14, 21, 30, and 40. Bactericidal activity of chlorine solutions was assessed using the Association of Official Analytical Chemists Use-Dilution Method. Test bacteria included Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella choleraesuis. Chlorine concentrations at 30 days varied from the 40% to 50% range for 1:50 or 1:100 dilutions stored in containers other than closed brown containers to 83% to 85% for the 1:5 dilution stored in closed but non-opaque containers to 97% to 100% for 1:50 or 1:5 solutions stored in closed brown containers. The lowest concentration of sodium hypochlorite solution that reliably inactivated all the test organisms was 100 ppm. These data suggest that chlorine solutions do not need to be prepared fresh daily, as is recommended currently, and the lowest concentration of chlorine that reliably inactivates S aureus, S choleraesuis, and P aeruginosa is 100 ppm.

Stability and Bactericidal Activity of Chlorine Solutions

To determine the stability of sodium hypochlorite (diluted household bleach) when stored for 30 days in various types of containers and to determine the efficacy of low concentrations of free available chlorine to inactivate test bacteria.Laboratory-based study. Solutions of standard household bleach were prepared using tap water or sterile distilled water at dilutions of 1:100, 1:50, and 1:5. Chlorine concentrations were measured, and then the solutions were placed into five polyethylene containers and left at room temperature (20 degrees C) under various conditions (translucent containers with light exposure and with or without air; brown opaque container without light or air exposure). Samples for chlorine and pH determinations were taken at time 0 and on days 7, 14, 21, 30, and 40. Bactericidal activity of chlorine solutions was assessed using the Association of Official Analytical Chemists Use-Dilution Method. Test bacteria included Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella choleraesuis.Chlorine concentrations at 30 days varied from the 40% to 50% range for 1:50 or 1:100 dilutions stored in containers other than closed brown containers to 83% to 85% for the 1:5 dilution stored in closed but non-opaque containers to 97% to 100% for 1:50 or 1:5 solutions stored in closed brown containers. The lowest concentration of sodium hypochlorite solution that reliably inactivated all the test organisms was 100 ppm.These data suggest that chlorine solutions do not need to be prepared fresh daily, as is recommended currently, and the lowest concentration of chlorine that reliably inactivates S aureus, S choleraesuis, and P aeruginosa is 100 ppm.

The solvent action of sodium hypochlorite on bovine tendon collagen, bovine pulp, and bovine gingiva

The purpose of this study was to determine the optimum temperature and concentration of sodium hypochlorite solution required to dissolve bovine tendon collagen, pulp, and gingiva. The 10% concentration of sodium hypochlorite solution at 37° C was found to be most effective in dissolving bovine tendon collagen, pulp, and gingiva. Sodium hypochlorite solution was more effective in dissolving bovine pulp or tendon collagen than in dissolving bovine gingiva.

The efficacy of sodium hypochlorite as a denture cleanser

SUMMARYVarious concentrations of sodium hypochlorite solutions on stained dentures were evaluated. Cleansing effects of hypochlorite were compared with the cleansing effect of a series of proprietary cleansers available on the market. A 50% hypochlorite solution proved more effective than the proprietary cleansing agents evaluated.

The effects of temperature, concentration, and tissue type on the solvent ability of sodium hypochlorite

Fresh, fixed, and necrotic rat connective tissue specimens were treated with 2.6% or 5.25% concentrations of sodium hypochlorite. Each solution was heated to one of two temperatures, 73.2 F and 140F. The effectiveness of the concentration temperature combination was measured as to the speed and the completeness of tissue dissolution. The results showed that regardless of concentration, sodium hypochlorite solution heated to 140 F was more effective than the same solutions at 73.2 F. Furthermore, 5.25% concentrations of sodium hypochlorite solutions were more effective than those at 2.6% at either temperature. Fresh, fixed, and necrotic rat connective tissue specimens were treated with 2.6% or 5.25% concentrations of sodium hypochlorite. Each solution was heated to one of two temperatures, 73.2 F and 140F. The effectiveness of the concentration temperature combination was measured as to the speed and the completeness of tissue dissolution. The results showed that regardless of concentration, sodium hypochlorite solution heated to 140 F was more effective than the same solutions at 73.2 F. Furthermore, 5.25% concentrations of sodium hypochlorite solutions were more effective than those at 2.6% at either temperature.