Concentration Of Leaf Extract Research Articles

Potential of Mango Leaf Methanol Extract (Mangifera indica L.) as A Bioherbicide Against The Growth of Putri Malu Weed (Mimosa pudica L.)

Putri Malu (Mimosa pudica L.) is a weed that often found in various places, especially on agricultural land and plantations. Mangifera indica L. has potential as a bioherbicide because it contains aleochemical compounds, which inhibit the growth of other plants. This research aims to determine the potential and the best concentration of methanol extract of mango leaves (Mangifera indica L.) in inhibiting the growth of putrimalu weed (Mimosa pudica L.). This research was carried out for four months, in the Kasa House Laboratory, Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Tanjungpura University. The research used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five mango leaf extract concentration treatment levels, namely control (P0), 10% (P1), 20% (P2), 30% (P3), and 40% (P4). Each treatment was repeated five times to obtain 25 experimental units. The results showed that the methanol extract of mango leaves (Mangifera indica L.) had an effect on inhibiting the germination and growth of the M. pudica weed. The best concentration of methanol extract of mango leaves in inhibiting the germination and growth of putrimalu weed is a concentration of 20%.

Indigenous Ethiopian traditional medicinal plant leaf extract, Croton macrostachyus, loaded PCL electrospun nanofibrous mat as potential wound dressing: In vitro analysis

The main aim of this study was to investigate the potential application of an indiginous Ethiopian medicinal plant, Croton macrostachyus, into PCL nanofibers through electrospinning for the first time. Croton macrostachyus (CM) leaf has antibacterial and wound healing properties. Croton macrostachyus of 1%, 3%, 5%, and 7% (w/v) incorporated PCL nanofibrous mats were produced through electrospinning. The produced nanofibrous mats morphology observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was found to be continuous, bead-free, and interconnected. The average diameters of PCL, PCL-1%CM, PCL-3%CM, PCL-5%CM, and PCL-7%CM nanofibrous mat is 309 ± 114, 271 ± 66, 235 ± 56, 226 ± 65, and 216 ± 42 nm, respectively. According to the FTIR results, the CM leaf extract was successfully incorporated into the PCL nanofibers. The bacterial reduction percentage value of PCL-1%CM, PCL-3%CM, PCL-5%CM, and PCL-7%CM nanofiber mats against S. aureus is 77.00%, 99.88%, 99.91%, and 99.99%, and 35.00%, 78.00%, 90.00%, and 99.30% against E. coli. The in vitro release study showed that there was an immediate release of CM within 24 h and then a steady sustained release of 51.36, 53.92, 54.99, and 57.12% up to 72 h at 1%, 3%, 5%, and 7% concentration, respectively. The presence of CM leaf extract in the PCL nanofiber increased the hydrophilicity of the pure PCL nanofiber (100% hydrophilic at 7% leaf extract concentration). In general, the results of the in vitro study confirmed that the PCL nanofibrous mats loaded with CM leaf extract are suitable for use as an effective wound dressing with a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity and hydrophilic properties.

Chemical and sensory properties evaluations in sea salt fortified with Moringa oleifera leaf extract

As a natural ingredient containing many nutrients and beneficial to human health, Moringa oleifera leaf extract can be used as a food-fortification ingredient. Fortifying daily seasonings such as salt with M. oleifera leaf extract can help to fulfill human daily nutrition requirements and deliver health benefits. This research aimed to study the influence of fortifying sea salt with M. oleifera leaf extract on the product's chemical characteristics and sensory properties. M. oleifera leaf extract was added into fine salt with different concentrations of 20% and 40% (w/v) and heated at 55℃ for 10 mins. The chemical properties were analysed to evaluate the nutritional properties of the product, for instance, β-carotene, vitamin C, moisture and NaCl content. Subsequently, sensory properties are presented to assess product preference from panellists. The result showed that the β-carotene and vitamin C in 20% and 40% treatments were 12.641 to 27.922 μg/ kg and 5.06 to 7.392 mg/kg, respectively. The moisture content in control, 20%, and 40% treatments were all below 5%. NaCl content, as the major compound in the product, was affected by adding M. oleifera leaf extract into the product. Applying 40% M. oleifera leaf extract to the salt significantly decreased the NaCl content of the product compared with 20% treatment and control. All sensory properties attributes have decreased as an increase of M. oleifera leaf extract concentration. Compared with the 40% treatment, the 20% treatment showed a higher value of sensory properties. A preference for salt fortification was also shown at the 20% treatment in the neutral midpoint. Thus, an additional 20% of M. oleifera leaf extract provided higher nutritional content than the control and was more acceptable to consumers than the 40% treatment.

Phenol content, potential antioxidant and anti-urolithic effects of fruit and leaf extracts from Algerian Capparis spinosa L.

Background: Ethnobotanical studies have historically documented the traditional medicinal use of Caper (Capparis spinosa L.) in treating kidney stones and other chronic renal ailments. Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, and potential inhibitory effects of Capparis spinosa L. fruit and leaf extracts on calcium oxalate nucleation and aggregation. Material and Methods: Plant material was collected from the Tessala Mountains in Algeria. Total phenolic content was determined using the Folin-Cioclateu method, while in vitro antioxidant activity was assessed via the DPPH assay. In vitro anti-urolithic testing involved the use of turbidimetry in kinetic experiments to evaluate calcium oxalate nucleation and aggregation. Results: The IC50 values for antioxidant activity against DPPH were 8.67 mg/mL for fruit extracts and 0.57 mg/mL for leaf extracts. Furthermore, the investigated extracts exhibited a concentration-dependent inhibition of calcium oxalate crystal nucleation and aggregation. At the highest concentrations of leaf and fruit extracts, the corresponding inhibition rates were 74.47% and 66.06% for the nucleation test and 67.75% and 54.19% for the aggregation assay, respectively. Conclusions: These findings substantiate the traditional usage of Capparis spinosa L. in managing urinary lithiasis, suggesting its potential application as either a preventive measure or a therapeutic intervention for urinary stone formation. Keywords: Antioxidant, Calcium oxalate, Capparis spinosa L., Urolithiasis, Polyphenols.

Evaluation of Mediterranean Tree Leaves as Valuable Biomass of Digestive Enzymes and Bacterial Inhibitors in the Concept of Circular Bioeconomy

This study aspires to evaluate the antibacterial and inhibitory effects of carbohydrate digestive enzymes in tree leaves that are widely distributed in the Mediterranean region. Leaves were sequentially extracted with solvents of increasing polarity. The results demonstrated a wide range of phenolic (3.5–770.7 mg gallic acid equivalent g−1) and flavonoid (0.2–321.3 mg catechin equivalent g−1) contents in leaf extracts. The minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentration of leaf extracts was determined for six bacteria using the broth microdilution method. The polar extracts of carob, lentisk, and white mulberry leaves exerted strong antibacterial potency against Gram-positive bacteria, while the susceptibility of Escherichia coli on relative apolar extracts of carob, fig, and olive leaves was also observed. In parallel, the inhibitory effects of leaf extracts on carbohydrate digestive enzymes were evaluated. A robust inhibition of α-glucosidase was found for carob and lentisk leaf extracts, followed by extracts produced by white mulberry and olive leaves. Carob and lentisk leaves also act as a-amylase inhibitors at high concentrations. Overall, this study provides valuable data for the nutraceutical value of the “forgotten” treasure of Mediterranean tree leaves and assesses these plants as potential sources of antibacterial and carbohydrate digestive enzyme inhibitory agents for drug discovery.

Formulasi Sediaan Pomade Ekstrak Daun Meniran (Phyllanthus niruri L.) Sebagai Perangsang Penumbuh Rambut Pada Kelinci

Background: Meniran petroleum ether extract 2% which contains lignans and terpenoids can increase hair growth activity by inhibiting 5α-reductase. In addition, the ethanol extract of candlenut seeds from the same family as meniran Flavonoids and phenols can also stimulate hair growth. Previous studies have also shown that quercetin also has activity to increase hair growth. Meniran is also known to contain the flavonoids quercetin, nirurin, rutin, quercitrin, astragalin and galocatechin. So meniran ethanol extract was chosen for this study. Based on a literature search about this research, the researcher was interested in formulating meniran leaf extract pomade (Phyllanthus niruri L.) as a hair stimulant in rabbits (Oryclolagus cunucilus). Purpose: To determine the formulation of meniran leaf extract pmade (Phyllanthus niruri L.) which is good in stimulating hair growth in rabbits. Methods: The method used was an experimental study to test the characteristics of pomade preparations with meniran leaf extract concentrations of 5%, 7.5% and 10% with organoleptic, homogeneity, spreadability, pH, irritation and freeze-thaw parameters. Results: From the results of the research on the characteristic test of pomade preparations on formulations of formula I, formula II and formula III it was found that they fulfilled the characteristics of pomade while F0 did not meet the spreadability requirements. Conclusion: Among the three formulations, it was found that pomade with formula III had the effectiveness of a good hair growth stimulant and could compete with the positive control.

In Rodents, Methanol Extract from Ritchiea capparoides leaf has Analgesic, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antipyretic Properties

Background: Ritchiea capparoides leaves are traditionally used in Southern Nigeria to cure fever, snake bites, aches, and malaria. Consequently, the analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties of Ritchiea capparoides leaf ethanol extract were assessed in rodents in this work. Methods: Using acetic acid and tail immersion models in mice, the analgesic effect was investigated, and xylene, egg-albumen, brewer's yeast, and dinitrophenol models were used to investigate the anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties in mice and rats at doses of 125 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg, and 500 mg/kg of the methanol extract. The plant's leaf extract was also subjected to oral acute toxicity testing and phytochemical screening. Results: At p<0.05 and p<0.01, the methanol leaf extract and the common medication (aspirin) considerably reduced the amount of writhes brought on by acetic acid. The reaction times of the tested agent's standard and extract groups significantly increased. The extract significantly reduced oedema in the egg-albumin-induced paw oedema model, with dose-related inhibition of p<0.05 and p<0.01, similar to aspirin. When compared to dexamethasone, Ritchiea capparoides leaf extract likewise showed a significant p<0.05 and p<0.01 effect in the xylene-induced mouse ear oedema test. Rats with pyrexia caused by dinitrophenol and Brewer's yeast both showed a statistically significant decrease in rectal temperatures. Alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, and cardiac glycosides are all present in the methanol leaf extract. It was discovered that the oral acute toxicity testing were more than 5000 mg/kg. Conclusion: The findings supported the traditional use of R. capparoides as a medicine by demonstrating the plant's possible analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties at the tested concentrations of methanol leaf extract.

Antibacterial Test of Cherry Leaves Ethanol Extract (Muntingia calabura L.) Against Streptococcus mutans

Introduction: Streptococcus mutans is a bacteria that plays an important role in the occurrence of dental caries. Use of antibiotics to treat infections Streptococcus mutans often causes side effects. Cherry leaves (Muntingia calabura L.) contain active compounds that have the potential to have antibacterial effects. This research aims to determine the inhibitory power of cherry leaf ethanol extract against Streptococcus mutans in vitro. Methods: This research uses an experimental method with a post-test-only control group design. Cherry leaf ethanol extract was made by maceration method using 96% ethanol solvent for 5 days. The antibacterial test was carried out using the paper disc diffusion method with varying concentrations of cherry leaf extract, namely 20%, 40%, and 60% w/v dissolved in 10% DMSO. The positive control used was the amoxicillin antibiotic disc, while the negative control used 10% DMSO. Results: The results of the antibacterial test of the ethanol extract of cherry leaves in this study showed that at a concentration of 20% it had an average inhibitory power of 9.16 mm, the extract with a concentration of 40% had an inhibitory power of 11.33 mm, and at a concentration of 60% it had an inhibitory power of 12. 16mm. The positive control amoxicillin had an inhibitory power of 18.67 mm. Conclusion: Cherry leaf ethanol extract has potential as an alternative therapy to overcome Streptococcus mutans bacterial infections.

Biogenic and hydrothermal synthesis, characterization, antioxidant and anticancer activities of PdNPs using Abutilon indicum leaf extract

In this study, PdNPs are synthesized by using various concentrations of leaf extract of Abutilon indicum (AI), which acts as a reducing, capping, and stabilizing through a hydrothermal method. The synthesized AI leaf extract stabilized PdNPs (AI@PdNPs) were characterized by various analytical techniques such as UV–visible, Powder XRD, DLS, FTIR, and TEM analysis. The formation of PdNPs was primarily confirmed by UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy. The synthesized AI@ PdNPs was found to be FCC crystal structure, spherical, well dispersed, without any agglomeration. PdNPs are highly stable with an average particle size of 7 ± 4 nm by using powder XRD, DLS and TEM studies respectively. FTIR spectra supports the hypothesis that biomolecules presented in AI extract are effectively involved in the reduction, stabilization and capping of AI@ PdNPs. The AI@ PdNPs were assessed for antioxidant capacity using free radical scavenging activity by DPPH and found to be 76.02 % compared to standard ascorbic acid, which is 96.7 %. The cytotoxicity study was showed that AI@ PdNPs have shown marked cytotoxicity in MCF-7 cells with IC50 value of 157.5 μg/mL and did not show marked cytotoxicity in HEK-293 cells. The standard drug (Doxorubicin) was shown the IC50 value of 18.02 µM and 66.88 µM with a maximum inhibition up to 87.26 % and 72.48 % at the highest concentration tested at 100 µM for MCF-7 and HEK-293 cells, respectively. Therefore, AI@ PdNPs could be a potential candidate for future drug development as an anticancer agent.

The Antioxidant and Whitening Effect of Miracle Fruit (Synsepalum dulcificum) Seed and Leaf Methanol Extracts

The seed and leaf 70% methanol extracts of miracle fruit (Synsepalum dulcificum) were investigated for its whitening activity for application as a functional ingredient in cosmetic products. At the leaf extract concentration of 100 mg/ml, the DPPH radical scavenging activity was found to be 94.58%, the ABTS+ radical scavenging activity was 36.62%. The total polyphenolic content of seed and leaf extract was 18.76 mgGAE/g, 71.42 mgGAE/g, respectively. The seed and leaf extracts reduced both tyrosinase activity and L-DOPA oxidation in a concentration-dependent manner. In B16F10 mouse melanoma cells, leaf extract inhibited 30% of melanin synthesis at 100 mg/ml. Miracle fruit seed and leaf extracts also inhibited the expression of melanogenesis genes such as microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein (TRP)-1. Moreover, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction of the extract showed that the mRNA expression of MITF, tyrosinase, and TRP-1 was decreased. The data suggested a protective role for the Synsepalum dulcificum seed and leaf extracts against melanogenesis.

Improvement of Quality Characteristics and Shelf Life Extension of Raw Chicken Meat by Using Black Mulberry Leaf (Morus nigra L.) Extracts

The objective of this study was to examine the impact of different concentrations of black mulberry leaf extract (BMLE) on the microbial quality, lipid oxidation, biogenic amine content, color stability, and sensory attributes of raw chicken meat during a 12-day chilled storage period. The raw chicken meat was treated with 0.1% BHT (positive control), 0.1%, 0.3%, and 0.5% BMLE, and the outcomes were then compared to the results obtained from raw chicken meat with no additive (control). In comparison to the control group, the inclusion of BMLE resulted in a decrease (P<0.05) in pH and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), as well as an improvement in redness (a∗) (P<0.05). The addition of BMLE significantly extended the shelf life of raw chicken meats compared to the control, as it limited microbiological development and lipid oxidation during storage (P<0.05). Additionally, the BMLE exhibited the most potent inhibitory impact on the buildup of these four BAs (tyramine, cadaverine, histamine, and tyramine) in raw chicken samples at the 12-day storage period (P<0.05). Despite the 0.5% BMLE groups’ lowest results for microbial counts, TBARS, and biogenic amines, the concentration of 0.3% BMLE proved to be the most advantageous in terms of sensory acceptability. These findings suggested that BMLE, rather than artificial chemicals, could be utilized in raw chicken products as a promising natural antioxidant and antibacterial agent.

Biosynthesized copper oxide nanoparticles by Psidium guajava plants with antibacterial, antidiabetic, antioxidant, and photocatalytic capacity

AbstractWith an increasing focus on green technologies, this research aimed to synthesize copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) using leaf extracts from Allahabad Safeda and Hisar Safeda for environmental and health protection. A range of concentrations of leaf extracts were employed in the synthesis of nanoparticles, utilizing 1–9% extract from Allahabad Safeda and 3–11% extract from Hisar Safeda. The synthesized CuO-NPs were characterized by UV–visible spectrophotometry, Dynamic light scattering, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and Scanning electron microscope with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. CuO-NPs synthesized using 3% Allahabad Safeda extract and 5% Hisar Safeda extract exhibited a particle size of 15.88 nm and 14.05 nm, respectively. CuO-NPs synthesized with Allahabad Safeda extract exhibited superior antibacterial, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and photocatalytic properties. Their antibacterial tests demonstrated significant inhibition zones against Staphylococcus aureus (20.5 cm), Streptococcus latis (20.7 cm), Escherichia coli (19.5 cm), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (19.7 mm). Additionally, CuO-NPs from Allahabad Safeda extract (70 µg/mL) exhibited 68.23% of scavenging activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl. Moreover, the same CuO-NPs at 100 µg/mL concentration showed 67.32% α-amylase inhibition and 75.18% α-glucosidase inhibition, confirming their antidiabetic activities. Furthermore, these nanoparticles demonstrated high performance in photocatalytic degradation, by degrading 82.31% methylene blue and 88.54% crystal violet within 150 min of UV irradiation. Overall, the findings highlight the feasibility of CuO-NPs synthesis using Allahabad Safeda extract and their potential applications in antibacterial treatment, combating diabetes, antioxidation, and environmentally friendly dye photodegradation process. Graphical Abstract

Foliar Application of Sakurab (Allium Chinense G. Don) Extract on Tomato (Lycopersicon Esculentun) Production

The demand for tomatoes is constantly high all year round. They are one of the most popular crops among home gardeners and farmers worldwide. Not only are they delicious, but they are also easy to grow and could provide high returns for the space they occupy. However, tomatoes are highly sensitive to several biotic and abiotic stresses. This study aimed to evaluate two varieties of tomatoes and their interaction effects in response to the application of Sakurab leaf extract as organic foliar fertilizer and insect pest repellent. It utilized Split Plot Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) replicated three times with 30 plots comprising two main plots: Tomato variety (V1 – Braveheart and V2 – Diamante). Each main plot was divided into five equal sub-plots: Sakurab leaf extract concentration [ F1 – control (no foliar application), F2 – 2% foliar fertilizer (20 ml/ L of water), F3 – 5% foliar fertilizer (50 ml/ L of water), F4 – 10% foliar fertilizer (100 ml/ L of water), and F5 – 15% (150 ml/ L of water) levels of concentrations. In terms of growth parameters, results revealed that the varying levels of Sakurab leaf extract foliar application did not significantly affect the plant height, days to first flowering, days to fruiting, and the days to harvest. However, the marketable fruits per tomato plot, marketable fruits per plant, and the marketable yield of tomato plants per hectare were significantly (P < 0.05) affected by varying levels of Sakurab foliar application. Based on the findings, the Diamante variety applied with a 15% (150 ml/L of water) level of Sakurab leaf extract concentration which produced the most marketable fruits per plot and the yield per ton/ha is recommended. Further experiment using a higher level of concentration of Sakurab leaf extract such as 30%, 60%, and 90% within a controlled environment, including the assessment of pest and disease incidence is proposed.

UJI EFEKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK DAUN RAMANIA (Bouea Macrophylla Griff) TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN BAKTERI Streptococcus mitis

Background: The presence of cavities causes bacterial invasion and spread of infection to the pulp tissue. If left untreated, infection will lead to pulpal necrosis. Root canal treatment can prevent caries from developing into necrosis. The success of treatment is influenced by the preparation and irrigation stages. One of the bacteria that survived after the treatment was Streptococcus mitis. The irrigation solution used in treatment is a 2% chlorhexidine gluconate. Ethanol extract from Ramania leaves is known to contain flavonoids, phenols, alkaloids, steroids and terpenoids which proven to have antibacterial activity. Objective: To analyze the antibacterial effectiveness of Ramania leaf extract concentrations of 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% against the growth of Streptococcus mitis . Methods: The research conducted was a true experimental study with 6 treatment groups and 4 repetitions. This study used broth and agar dilution methods to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of ramania leaf extract against Streptococcus mitis. Results: The MIC was shown by 10% concentration with a decrease in absorbance value of 1.726. The MBC in this study were not found because there was still bacterial growth in the concentrations of 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30%. Conclusion: Ramania leaf extract concentrations of 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% can inhibit the growth of Streptococcus mitis with MIC value at a concentration of 10%. The MBC value was not found because the extract had not been able to kill the growth of Streptococcus mitis. Keywords : MBC, MIC, Ramania Leaf Extract, Streptococcus mitis

Evaluation of In vitro Anti-Cancer Activity of Methanolic Leaf Extract of Phoenix pusilla on Colon Cancer Cell Line

ABSTRACT Background: Cancer rates continue to climb, owing largely to the world population’s aging and growth, as well as economically developing countries, a surge in cancer-causing behavior, particularly smoking. The third or fourth most prevalent type of cancer is colon cancer. Cancer of the large intestine (colon) is one of the primary causes of death from cancer. Colorectal cancer prevention is mostly based on adenomatous disease screening approaches. The cytotoxic and pharmacological properties of Phoenix pusilla are widely documented. As a result, there is little recorded evidence of its cytotoxic activity against colon cancer cells. Therefore, we planned to study the efficacy of a methanolic leaf extract of Phoenix pusilla against in vitro colon cancer cells. Aim: To evaluate the anti-cancer effects of the methanolic leaf extract of Phoenix pusilla on colon cancer cell lines. Materials and Methods: In vitro screening and anti-cancer effects of the methanolic effect of Phoenix pusilla on colon cancer cell lines were assessed by cell viability assays and cell and nuclear morphological studies. For the in vitro cell culture study, different concentrations of Phoenix pusilla leaf extract (0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150 μg/ml) were used, and IC50 doses were calculated. Results: The results of the MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay revealed that the fraction of viability cells significantly decreased in treated cells when compared to untreated control groups, was expressed as 100%, and an inhibitory concentration of μg/ml was identified. A phase-contrast microscope was used to observe cell shrinkage and cytoplasmic membrane blebbing. A fluorescent microscope was used to examine the apoptotic nuclei (internally dyed nuclei, shattered nuclei, and condensed chromatin). Conclusion: In conclusion, the present study results showed that the leaf extracts of Phoenix pusilla had a strong cytotoxic effect and induced significant apoptosis in the colon cancer cell lines at a concentration of 75 μg/ml in the 24 h incubation period. More research is needed to investigate the extract’s active components as well as the molecular mechanisms underlying its anti-cancer properties.

Potential of Noni Leaf Extract (Morinda citrifolia L.) As Aedes aegypti Mosquito Repellent

Dengue fever is transmitted every year by the Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in Indonesia. One way to prevent this is by using repellents, such as the noni leaf extract (Morinda citrifolia L.). The objective of this study was to analyze the potential of the noni fruit (Morinda citrifolia L.) leaf extract as a repellent against Aedes aegypti. The study employed a post-test research design with only a control group, using concentrations of 12.5%, 25%, and 37.5%, and 25 mosquitoes with 6 repetitions. The technique for data collection involved counting mosquitoes that perched on hands. The study was conducted from November 2022 to May 2023. Data analysis was performed using SPSS Anova One Away Post Hoc and the power protection formula. The research on Aedes aegypti mosquitoes that perched for 6 hours showed that the noni leaf extract concentration of 37.5% had an average of 2.5 tails perched. The concentration of the noni leaf extract is 37.5%, according to the Pesticide Committee standard (1995). The average protection power for 6 hours is 90.86%. The study also suggests investigating the side effects of use and the addition of an HPMC gelling agent. However, for concentrations of 12.5% and 25%, the protective power is less than 90%. This study shows that concentrations of 37.5% are effective for repelling Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Further research can be conducted using old or yellowed leaves, as well as for repelling culex and Anopheles mosquitoes.

Synthesis of antioxidant liquid soap from pandan leaf extract (Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.) and cocamide-dea

Exposure to UV rays can form free radicals, which will cause progressive damage to the skin's cellular structure, resulting in accelerated aging. The antioxidants contained in pandan leaves can capture free radicals and reduce their adverse effects. This study aims to determine the correct formula for antioxidant liquid soap by adding pandan leaf extract. The antioxidant liquid soap formula was made using four variations of cocamide-DEA concentrations, namely 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8%, and three concentrations of pandan leaf extract (Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.), namely 20%, 30%, and 40%. The extract was made using the maceration method with 96% ethanol solvent. Soap formulations are tested using free alkali, fatty acid, and water content tests. The results of observations of the antioxidant liquid soap formula with pandan leaf extract and the addition of cocamide-DEA have good physical quality and stability and meet standards.

Identification of Metabolites from Catharanthus roseus Leaves and Stem Extract, and In Vitro and In Silico Antibacterial Activity against Food Pathogens.

The plant produced powerful secondary metabolites and showed strong antibacterial activities against food-spoiling bacterial pathogens. The present study aimed to evaluate antibacterial activities and to identify metabolites from the leaves and stems of Catharanthus roseus using NMR spectroscopy. The major metabolites likely to be observed in aqueous extraction were 2,3-butanediol, quinic acids, vindoline, chlorogenic acids, vindolinine, secologanin, and quercetin in the leaf and stem of the Catharanthus roseus. The aqueous extracts from the leaves and stems of this plant have been observed to be most effective against food spoilage bacterial strains, followed by methanol and hexane. However, leaf extract was observed to be most significant in terms of the content and potency of metabolites. The minimum inhibitory concentration (20 µg/mL) and bactericidal concentrations (35 g/mL) of leaf extract were observed to be significant as compared to the ampicillin. Molecular docking showed that chlorogenic acid and vindolinine strongly interacted with the bacterial penicillin-binding protein. The docking energies of chlorogenic acid and vindolinine also indicated that these could be used as food preservatives. Therefore, the observed metabolite could be utilized as a potent antibacterial compound for food preservation or to treat their illness, and further research is needed to perform.

Evaluation of antioxidant and bioactive phytochemical properties of Achyranthes aspera L.

Archeranthes aspera, a member of the Amaranthaceae family, is now widely distributed. This species has become invasive in Nigeria. Despite the natural antioxidant defense and repair mechanisms present in humans and other organisms, continuous exposure to free radicals inevitably causes biological harm that cannot be entirely mitigated. In a recent study, extracts of Achyranthes aspera were examined for their secondary metabolites, antioxidant properties, and antibacterial effects against several strains including Staphylococcus aureus (NCIB 8588), Bacillus cereus (NCIB 6349), Klebsiella pneumoniae (NCIB 418), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (NCIB). Phytochemical analysis of the plant leaf revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, general glycosides, and terpenoids. Quantitative analysis of secondary metabolites showed that the plant extract contained 7.0 ± 2.5 mg/100g alkaloids, 11.5 ± 2.0 mg/100g tannins, 15.0 ± 3.1 mg/100g general glycosides, and 14.0 ± 1.5 mg/100g terpenoids. The investigation revealed that the concentration of leaf extract enhanced DPPH scavenging activity, albeit to a lesser extent than ascorbic acid. At concentrations of 50 and 100µg/ml, ascorbic acid exhibited scavenging activities of 22.66 ± 2.34% and 40.55 ± 1.55%, respectively, whereas Achyranthes aspera leaf extract displayed activities of 6.33 ± 2.04% and 11.65 ± 6.18%. Furthermore, the study demonstrated that the plant extract inhibited the growth of bacteria, rendering them vulnerable. The minimum inhibitory concentration of Achyranthes aspera ethanol leaf extract was found to be lowest against S. aureus and highest against B. cereus. These findings suggest that the ingredients present in the plant leaf extract hold promise for potential use in chemotherapy.

Facile green synthesis of novel tantalum doped tungsten trioxide for photocatalytic degradation: Correlation with COMSOL simulation

The facilegreen synthesis techniqueis becoming more and more important, and it has been proposed as a potential substitute for chemical techniques. The current study describes a low-cost, environmentally friendly method for producing tungsten trioxide (WO3) and tantalum (Ta) doped WO3nanoparticles that uses 15 % (w/v) Azadirachta indica (Neem) leaf extract and different concentrations of Ta dopant (1 to 5 %) due to its well-matched ionic radius with WO3. Various techniques FESEM, TEM, EDX, BET, UV–Vis and PL, XRD, and FTIR were used to illustrate the morphological, elemental, optical, structural, and vibrational analysis of the synthesized nanoparticles respectively. Interestingly, the band gap was significantly reduced to 1.88 eV by the addition of a dopant element. For 3 % Ta/WO3, the average particle size was also reduced to 31.6 nm. The synthesized WO3nanoparticles employed in the current study have been used for photocatalytic activitypurposes. Methylene blue (MB), one of the principal water pollutants, was degraded more quickly by the synthesized Ta/WO3nanoparticles when exposed to UV radiation. Among them, 3 % Ta/WO3 gives significantly higher photodegradation 89 % attributed to the Burstein-Moss effect. The significant output of optimized nano-photocatalyst has been observed from the trapping experiment and reusability test. Furthermore, Zeta potential and TOC analysis have been taken to check the stability and mineralization performance. Additionally, the results of the simulation that was carried out using the finite element analysis approach in the RF module of COMSOL Multiphysics 5.3a are quite similar to the experimental findings. This simulation method made it easier for readers to understand the numerous aspects of the photocatalytic process that has been discussed here.