Concentrations Of Heavy Elements Research Articles

The Content of Heavy Metals and Trace Elements in Different Soils Used under the Conditions of Homestead Plots and Field Agricultural Lands of Ukraine

The Content of Heavy Metals and Trace Elements in Different Soils Used under the Conditions of Homestead Plots and Field Agricultural Lands of Ukraine

Insight Study of Trace Elements in PM2.5 During Nine Years in Delhi, India: Seasonal Variation, Source Apportionment, and Health Risks Assessment.

This study investigated the concentrations, seasonal variations, sources, and human health risks associated with exposure to heavy elements (As, Al, Pb, Cr, Mn, Cu, Zn, and Ni) of PM2.5 at an urban location of Delhi (28° 38' N, 77° 10' E; 218m amsl), India, from January 2013 to December 2021. The average mass concentration of PM2.5 throughout the study period was estimated as 127 ± 77µgm-3, which is exceeding the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) limit (annual: 40µgm-3; 24h: 60µgm-3). The seasonal mass concentrations of PM2.5 exhibited at the order of post-monsoon (192 ± 110 µgm-3) > winter (158 ± 70 µgm-3) > summer (92 ± 44 µgm-3) and> monsoon (67 ± 32 µgm-3). The heavy elements, Al (1.19µgm-3), Zn (0.49µgm-3), Pb (0.43µgm-3), Cr (0.21µgm-3), Cu (0.21µgm-3), Mn (0.07µgm-3), and Ni (0.14µgm-3) exhibited varying concentrations in PM2.5, with the highest levels observed in the post-monsoon season, followed by winter, summer, and monsoon seasons. Six primary sources throughout the study period, contributing to PM2.5 were identified by positive matrix factorization (PMF), such as dust (paved/crustal/soil dust: 29.9%), vehicular emissions (17.2%), biomass burning (15.4%), combustion (14%), industrial emissions (14.2%), and Br-rich sources (9.2%). Health risk assessments, including hazard quotient(HQ), hazard index(HI), and carcinogenic risk(CR), were computed based on heavy elements concentrations in PM2.5. Elevated HQvalues for Cr and Mn linked with adverse health impacts in both adults and children. High carcinogenic risk values were observed for Cr in both adults and children during the winter and post-monsoon seasons, as well as in adults during the summer and monsoon seasons. The combined HIvalue exceeding one suggests appreciable non-carcinogenic risks associated with the examined elements. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the behaviour and risk mitigation of heavy elements in PM2.5, contributing to the understanding of air quality and public health in the urban environment of Delhi.

Assessment of Heavy Metals and Trace Elements in the Human Milk of Women Living in Latvia and an Evaluation of Influencing Factors

During lactation, heavy metals and trace elements can be mobilised from the maternal body stores and excreted via human milk. A total of 66 mature human milk samples were collected from lactating women in Latvia between 2016 and 2017 to analyse the content of As, Cd, Pb, Al, Sn, and Ni. Additionally, 50 mature human milk samples were collected between 2022 and 2023 to analyse the content of Cd and Pb. The content of heavy metals and trace elements in human milk was determined using ICP-MS. Only two individual human milk samples contained heavy metals above the method’s detection limit—one with an arsenic content of 0.009 mg kg−1 and one with a lead content of 0.047 mg kg−1. The preliminary data show that human milk among lactating women in Latvia contains only insignificant amounts of heavy metals and trace elements. Concern over such content should not be a reason to choose formula feeding over breastfeeding. Nevertheless, heavy metals, trace elements and other pollutants in human milk should be continuously monitored.

The analytical assessment of metal contamination in industrial soils of Saudi Arabia using the inductively coupled plasma technology

Abstract In response to significant demand for evaluating the presence of heavy elements in diverse industrial areas of Saudi Arabia, the study sought to analyze the concentration ratios of 16 elements across 11 different artificial soil types in the industrial zones situated in Riyadh, Sudair, and Al-Ahsa. To achieve this objective, the research utilized the wet digestion technique and employed an ICPE-9000 spectrophotometer for quantifying element concentrations. The study had a dual focus: initially, it sought to gauge the pollution attributed to heavy metals arising from enrichment processes, and second, it evaluated the geographical accumulation of pollutants in the soil. The results revealed varying concentration levels of heavy metals across the industrial areas under study. Specifically, the soil in the Yanbu region exhibited the highest concentration values for iron, manganese, zinc, chromium, nickel, copper, cobalt, cadmium, and beryllium. In contrast, the soil in the industrial area of Riyadh had the highest concentration values for lead, mercury (Hg), molybdenum (Mo), selenium (Se), and arsenic (As). Furthermore, the highest concentration of Cd was recorded in the soil of the Jubail region. Conversely, the soil in the Al-Ahsa region displayed the lowest concentration levels for these heavy metals. The conductivity of the synthetic soil ranged from 0.47 to 6.07 μS·cm−1, accompanied by a pH range of 6.6–8.6. The results emphasized the fluctuations in element concentrations, indicating significant implications for both environmental and human health. Notably, around 20% of the gathered samples showed concentrations of heavy elements like Mo, As, Hg, and Se that surpassed the allowable limits.

Water Quality and Environmental Health of Lakes in Coimbatore, India: A Comprehensive Study of the Physicochemical Characteristics

The deterioration of lake water quality is a major national issue, particularly in regions with industrial activity. This study assesses the water quality of five lakes in Coimbatore, India: Krishnampathi, Ukkadam, Kurichi, Sulur, and Singanallur, between December 2016 and April 2017. Twenty physicochemical parameters were analysed following standard procedures outlined by the American Public Health Association. Twelve heavy metal elements concentration in the lakes was analysed using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy. The results of this study revealed that the values of 17 physicochemical parameters fell beyond the WHO recommended pollution levels in all the study sites, except Sodium, Nitrate, and Sulphate. While, the concentration of 10 heavy metal elements determined were within acceptable limits of WHO-recommended standards for drinking water across all lakes, except Fe and Pb. F-test revealed that the concentration of all the physicochemical parameters varied significantly across all the study sites, except for pH (P = .749). Statistical analysis such as principal component analysis was adopted, and the results were discussed on the multivariate relationships of the physiochemical parameters and heavy metal concentrations of the five study sites. Overall, the findings highlight the urgent need for continuous monitoring and comprehensive management strategies to mitigate the deteriorating water quality in the lakes of Coimbatore district, emphasizing the critical importance of addressing the multitude of factors contributing to this environmental challenge.

Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Soils of a City in Guangdong Province Based on Source Oriented and Monte Carlo Models

Taking a city in Guangdong Province as the research area, the concentration and spatial distribution characteristics of heavy metals in the surface soil were studied to clarify the situation of soil heavy metal pollution and priority control factors, providing basic data for the prevention and control of soil heavy metal pollution in the city. The content characteristics of heavy metals in 221 soil samples in the city were analyzed, and the potential health risk assessment and source analysis were carried out through the Monte Carlo model, the potential health risk assessment (HRA) model, and the PMF receptor model. It was found that heavy metals ω(As), ω(Hg), ω(Cd), ω(Pb), ω(Cr), ω(Cu), ω(Ni), and ω(Zn) in the soil of the city were 18.16, 0.43, 1.46, 68.57, 98.34, 64.19, 26.53, and 257.32 mg·kg-1, respectively, with a moderate to high degree of variation. Except for Ni concentration, the soil concentrations of other heavy metal elements exceeded the background values of soil in Guangdong Province to a certain extent, and the concentrations of Cd and Zn exceeded the national secondary standards, resulting in severe heavy metal pollution; the main sources of heavy metals were industrial sources, and natural parent materials, lead battery manufacturing, transportation, artificial cultivation, and pesticide and fertilizer inputs also had an undeniable impact on the accumulation of heavy metals in the soil. Heavy metals in the soil had a certain degree of tolerable carcinogenic health risk for both children and adults, whereas non-carcinogenic risks could be ignored. The potential health risk of children was greater than that of adults, and the main exposure route was through oral intake. The input sources of pesticides and fertilizers and As should be the main controlling factors for the health risks of heavy metals in the city's soil, followed by mixed sources and Cr. There were differences in the spatial distribution characteristics and relative pollution levels of heavy metals, and it is necessary to deepen zoning monitoring and control, strengthen soil pollution prevention and control, and reduce human input of heavy metals in soil.

Chemometric assessment of electronic cigarettes based on the ICP-MS determination of multiple heavy metal concentrations

To elucidate the concentrations of heavy metal elements in commercially available electronic cigarettes and improve quality assessment. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) coupled to chemometrics was used to determine the concentrations of Cr, Ni, As, Cd, Sn, Sb, Hg, and Pb in the e-liquids and aerosols derived from 32 electronic cigarettes sold commercially under six brand names. The e-liquids contained: 4.858 to 274.658 (Cr), 17.292 to 3068.375 (Ni), 3.217 to 29.867 (As), 0.225 to 24.717 (Cd), 0.783 to 17.042 (Sn), 0.658 to 36.033 (Sb), 0.658 to 187.592 (Hg), and 2.458 to 17.417 (Pb) ng·g−1. The aerosol samples contained: 276.075 to 3333.175 (Cr), 72.908 to 1150.183 (Ni), 4.567 to 86.958 (As), 0.400 to 12.842 (Cd), 1.092 to 32.142 (Sn), 0.976 to 10.633 (Sb), 3.483 to 234.708 (Hg), 27.833 to 849.100 (Pb) ng·100 puffs−1. The recovery of heavy metals ranged from 99.1% to 112.4% in the e-liquids and from 87.3% to 116.6% in the aerosols, with RSD values below 10%. Hierarchical cluster analysis grouped the e-liquids into eight clusters, and the aerosols into five, indicating differences between products within brands and between different brands. Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis coupled with variable importance in projection (VIP > 1) identified As and Sb as the primary heavy metals causing differences between the e-liquids, while differences between the aerosols were caused by Hg, As, Pb, Cd, and Cr. The use of chemometric methods yields a greater depth of information that will support improvements to the quality control of e-cigarette products and the assessment of their potential risk to human health.

Evaluating the qualitative characteristics and heavy elements of hospital water and their relationship with bioresistance in P. aeruginosa.

ABSTRACT: Bacteria use the elements present in the environment to develop their vital defenses, trying to acquire genes from other strains or absorb heavy metals in order to adapt to them and increase their tolerance against high concentrations of heavy elements. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic bacterial pathogen that causes infections in hospitals and communities, including in humans and animals. P. aeruginosa's adaptability and endurance in therapeutic settings are cause for concern. Emerging pathogenic strains pose a global threat and cause significant concern. Biocides are commonly used to control the spread of resistant strains of P. aeruginosa. However, tolerance to these biocides has been reported, which hinders their effectiveness in clinical settings. This study focused on the factors contributing to the persistence of hospital-acquired P. aeruginosa, including its resistance to antibiotics and biocides and the role of heavy metals in the development of increased bacterial resistance to antimicrobials.

Spatial distribution characteristics and pollution evaluation of soil heavy metals in Wulongdong National Forest Park

To scrutinize the spatial distribution attributes of soil heavy metal content and discern its pollution status within the expanse of Wulongdong National Forest Park, a meticulous investigation is imperative. Three altitude gradients of 900, 1000, and 1069 m were selected on the shady and sunny slopes of Wulongdong National Forest Park, and a total of 300 soil sample points were collected. Soil samples were collected in layers, and the contents of seven soil heavy metal elements, Cr, Cd, Hg, Ni, Se, As, and Pb, were measured. With regard to the national soil element background values, the single factor index method, Nemerow index method, and pollution load index were employed to undertake a thorough assessment of soil heavy metal pollution. (1) The contents of heavy metal elements Cr, Se, As, and Pb in the 0–20 cm soil layer of Wulongdong National Forest Park are lower than the national soil element background value and the Henan soil element background value; the Cd and Hg contents exceed the national soil element background value. The value and Henan soil element background value are 2.2 times and 2.92 times the national soil element background value, and 2.75 times and 9.5 times the Henan soil element background value respectively; Ni content is lower than the Henan soil element background value, but higher than the national soil element background value. The background value is 1.03 times its content. The coefficients of variation of the contents of seven heavy metal elements are all greater than 50%, among which Hg shows extreme variation, and the remaining six are highly variable. (2) In the same soil layer, the Cr and As contents are lower on sunny slopes than on shady slopes, and the contents of Pb, Ni, and Hg are generally higher on sunny slopes than on shady slopes. On sunny slopes, the contents of As, Cd, and Hg decrease with increasing altitude, and the Se content increases with increasing altitude; while on shady slopes, the contents of Cr, Se, and As decrease with increasing altitude, and Pb and Hg content increase with the increase of altitude; the content of heavy metal element As increases with the deepening of the soil layer on shady slopes, and the Hg content decreases with the deepening of the soil layer on sunny slopes. The contents of other heavy metal elements have no obvious regularity among different slope directions, altitudes and soil layers. (3) The single factor index evaluation results show that in the 0 ~ 20c soil layer and on the sunny slope, Hg is heavily polluted, Cd is moderately polluted, Ni is lightly polluted, and Cr, Se, As, and Pb are all non-polluted; On the shady slope, Cd and Hg are moderately polluted, and the other five heavy metal elements are in a non-polluting state. (4) The Nemerow index method evaluation results show that in the 0 ~ 20 cm soil layer, the soil on sunny slopes is significantly more polluted by heavy metals than on shady slopes, and the main pollutants are Ni, Cd and Hg. (5) In the 0 ~ 20 cm soil layer of Wulongdong National Forest Park, the three heavy metal elements Ni, Cd and Hg have reached pollution levels, of which Ni is slightly polluted, Cd and Hg are moderately or above polluted; the sunny slope soil is slightly polluted. Heavy metal pollution, no heavy metal pollution on shady slopes.

Heavy Metal Accumulation and Phytochemical Profiling of Brassicaceae and Amaranthaceae for Phytoremediation and Medicinal Applications

Background: Human activities contribute significantly to the release of heavy metals into the environment, raising concerns about ecosystem health. Phytoremediation, utilizing plants to detoxify soils, emerges as a sustainable solution. Understanding heavy metal accumulation in different plant species and their secondary metabolites is crucial for environmental management and remediation efforts. Method: Plant samples were collected from western Iraq, and heavy element concentrations were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. Qualitative assays were conducted to identify active compounds in alcoholic leaf extracts. Results: Iron accumulation varied among species, with S. irio and B. deflexa showing high accumulation. Brassica deflexa showed low accumulations of zinc, cadmium, and copper, with concentrations of 2.0, 0.04, and 2.2 mg/g, respectively, whereas Capsella bursa-pastoris exhibited high levels of all four metals. Copper accumulation patterns highlighted species-specific roles in environmental copper dynamics. Cadmium accumulation ranged from low to exceptional, with implications for phytoremediation. Zinc accumulation varied among species, with potential applications in bioremediation and biofortification. Conclusions: The study demonstrated significant differences in heavy metal accumulation and chemical profiles among plant species in western Iraq, highlighting their potential for phytoremediation and medicinal applications.

Using neutron activation to assess heavy metal pollution in water and sediment along Savannah River.

A comprehensive study was conducted to assess heavy elemental pollution in the Savannah River, which flows through diverse landscapes encompassing agricultural, industrial, and commercial zones in South Carolina and Georgia. The investigation focused on the impacts of various anthropogenic activities on the river, potentially harming human health and aquatic ecosystems. Thirty samples, collected from the beginning of the Savannah River at Lake Hartwell to the Savannah River estuary near the Atlantic Ocean, were analyzed using Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis. In regions of intense industrial activities, water samples exhibited elevated concentrations of elements such as Al (0.04-1.99 mg/L), Mg (0.4-5.5 mg/L), Ba (0.08-2.8 mg/L), Zn (0.017-0.9 mg/L), Cr (0.005-1.5 mg/L), and Fe (2.8-110.13 mg/L). Similarly, sediment samples near industrial areas also exhibited enhanced concentrations of heavy elements like Cr, Zr, Rb, Co, Zn, Mg, Mn, and Al. The outcome of this study has identified a spatial trend along the Savannah River, revealing major elements responsible for pollution that could disrupt the ecological environment and potentially impact human health.

Estimating the Heavy Metal Contents in Entisols from a Mining Area Based on Improved Spectral Indices and Catboost.

In the study of the inversion of soil multi-species heavy metal element concentrations using hyperspectral techniques, the selection of feature bands is very important. However, interactions among soil elements can lead to redundancy and instability of spectral features. In this study, heavy metal elements (Pb, Zn, Mn, and As) in entisols around a mining area in Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China, were studied. To optimise the combination of spectral indices and their weights, radar plots of characteristic-band Pearson coefficients (RCBP) were used to screen three-band spectral index combinations of Pb, Zn, Mn, and As elements, while the Catboost algorithm was used to invert the concentrations of each element. The correlations of Fe with the four heavy metals were analysed from both concentration and characteristic band perspectives, while the effect of spectral inversion was further evaluated via spatial analysis. It was found that the regression model for the inversion of the Zn elemental concentration based on the optimised spectral index combinations had the best fit, with R2 = 0.8786 for the test set, followed by Mn (R2 = 0.8576), As (R2 = 0.7916), and Pb (R2 = 0.6022). As far as the characteristic bands are concerned, the best correlations of Fe with the Pb, Zn, Mn and As elements were 0.837, 0.711, 0.542 and 0.303, respectively. The spatial distribution and correlation of the spectral inversion concentrations of the As and Mn elements with the measured concentrations were consistent, and there were some differences in the results for Zn and Pb. Therefore, hyperspectral techniques and analysis of Fe elements have potential applications in the inversion of entisols heavy metal concentrations and can improve the quality monitoring efficiency of these soils.

Exposure to heavy metals and trace elements among pregnant women with twins: levels and association with twin growth discordance.

Twin growth discordance is one of the leading causes of perinatal mortality in twin pregnancies. Whether prenatal exposure to heavy metals and trace elements is associated with twin growth discordance has not been studied yet. To evaluate the prenatal level of heavy metals and trace elements in twin pregnancy and its relationship with twin growth discordance. This study involving 60 twin pairs and their mothers was conducted in Zhejiang Province, China, in 2020-2021. The concentration of heavy metals and trace elements in maternal blood, umbilical cord, and placenta were collected at delivery and measured by inductively coupled plasma tandem mass spectrometer. The association of prenatal level with twin growth discordance was evaluated using conditional logistic regression. High levels of heavy metal elements (thallium in maternal blood and umbilical cord blood of larger twins, vanadium in the placenta of larger twins) and trace elements (iodine in the placenta of larger twins) during pregnancy, as well as low levels of heavy metal elements (strontium in the umbilical cord blood of larger twins, strontium and chromium in the umbilical cord blood of smaller twins, strontium in the placenta of larger twins, molybdenum and lead in the placenta of smaller twins and difference of molybdenum in the placenta of twins), are associated with intertwin birthweight discordance. Univariate regression analyses showed a significant effect of gestational age at delivery and eleven trace element data on intertwin birthweight discordance. Multivariable logistic regression analysis with transformed variables as dichotomous risk factors combined with baseline demographic characteristics showed Tl in maternal blood as an independent risk factor. The model constructed by combining Tl in maternal blood (OR = 54.833, 95% CI, 3.839-83.156) with the gestational week (OR = 0.618, 95% CI, 0.463-0.824) had good predictive power for intertwin birthweight discordance (AUC = 0.871). The sensitivity analysis results indicate that the effect of maternal blood thallium on intertwin birthweight discordance is stable and reliable. To our knowledge, ours is the first case-control study to investigate the association between elevated maternal thallium levels before delivery and twin growth discordance.

Discussion of the W-Sn-REE Metallogenic Background in the Nanling Region of South China: Evidence from Satellite Gravity and Magnetic Data

The Nanling region is located at the intersection of the Yangtze Block and Cathaysia Block and is characterized by complex geological and tectonic processes, as well as distinct W-Sn-REE mineralization. Despite extensive research on the mineralization of W-Sn and REE deposits in the Nanling region, the factors impacting the distribution pattern of eastern tungsten and western tin deposits, as well as the mechanism of REE enrichment in the parent rocks, remain uncertain. Deep structural and tectonic variability plays a crucial role in the formation of mineral deposits in the upper crust. Information on deep structural and tectonic variability is contained in the Moho depth, Curie depth, effective elastic thickness, lithospheric density, and thermal structure derived from the processing and inversion of satellite gravity and magnetic data. In this paper, we comprehensively analyse satellite gravity and magnetic data from the Nanling region, integrating the processing and inversion results with the tectonic evolution of this region and relevant geological information. It is hypothesized that the Chenzhou–Linwu fault serves as a channel for mineral and thermal transfer in the Sn ore aggregation zone, facilitating the material transport from the deep mantle to the surface and ultimately leading to the formation of Sn-enriched granite. The collection area of tungsten ore is more weakly associated with the Chenzhou–Linwu fault, and through deep heat transfer, tungsten components are primarily concentrated in the Earth’s crust to produce W-enriched granite. The primary source of REE enrichment in the parent rocks associated with REE mineralization is predominantly derived from the felsic crust, and the rapid intrusion of deep magma resulting from the subduction and retraction of the Palaeo-Pacific Plate is a contributing factor to the contrasting enrichment of light and heavy rare-earth elements. Mineral crystalline differentiation is relatively high, leading to the formation of ore-forming parent rocks with high heavy rare-earth element contents.

Occurrence, spatial distribution, risk assessment, and management of environmental estrogens in surface waters of the Taihu basin

Environmental context Environmental estrogens can disrupt the normal functioning of endocrine systems, and their occurrence in drinking water sources could cause potential health risk. We investigated concentrations of four estrogens in the lakes from the Taihu Basin, and found that BPA and EE2 were elevated in some sites. However, concentrations of all four environmental estrogens were below the national standards, and caused no health threat to local population. Rationale The Taihu Basin is a critical freshwater ecosystem susceptible to contamination from various anthropogenic activities. Environmental estrogens (also known as endocrine disrupting chemicals, EDCs) are exogenous substances that can disrupt the normal functioning of endocrine systems. The contamination of water by EDCs is primarily caused by effluents from sewage treatment plants and livestock poultry farms. In this study, we assessed the spatial distribution and potential risks of environmental estrogens in surface water in the Taihu basin. Various statistical evaluations were employed to establish connections between measured concentration of heavy elements, estrogens and physicochemical parameters, to identify potential sources of these contaminants. Methodology Water samples from 44 sampling points in five lakes in Suzhou were taken for evaluation of environmental estrogens. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry was used for identification of concentrations of estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), ethinyl estradiol (EE2) and bisphenol A (BPA). Inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry was employed to identify heavy element concentrations in water samples. Results Environmental estrogen concentrations were detected ranging from 0.001 to 209 ng L–1, with the highest attributed to BPA, whereas E1, E2 and EE2 were comparatively lower. Correlation evaluation between environmental estrogens, physicochemical parameters and heavy element contents revealed a positive correlation (P < 0.05) between the total chromium and environmental estrogen contents. Consequently, the risk entropy value of Shanghu Lake exceeded 0.5, indicating a potentially high risk of estrogenic activity. Discussion The widespread distribution and high concentrations of BPA in freshwater raise urgent concerns, highlighting the need for frequent monitoring of environmental estrogens in surface waters throughout the year to mitigate potential risks in the future. Our results suggest that a potential estrogen risk exists in the Shanghu Lake in the Taihu basin. Potential treatment methods for endocrine disruptors have been proposed, which could provide actionable plans for stakeholders.

Bioaccumulation of total petroleum hydrocarbons and measuring the concentrations of some heavy metals in the water and two species of Gastropoda Melanopsis costata and Melanopsis nodosa in Al-Diwaniyah River, central Iraq

The current study aimed to detect the level of pollution of the Diwaniyah River water and two species of gastropods ( Melanopsis costata and Melanopsis nodosa with total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) and some heavy elements. Three stations were chosen to collect water samples and snails. The first station is located at the entrance to the city, the second in the city center far 12 km2 and the third at the exit far 10km2. chemical tests were conducted on the samples and snails to detect the level of pollution. The total levels of hydrocarbons in the water of the Diwaniyah River, were 2.4, 3.3 and 4.0 μg/g in the month of September for the three stations under study (S1,S2 and S3) respectively, while it was 2.5,3.1 and 4.3 μg/g for the month of October, respectively, for the three stations under study. The THPs in snails in the first station were the lowest 0.23 μg/g for M. costata and 0.31 μg/g for M. nodosa, followed by the second station, which was the most polluted, then the third station was the most polluted, with a rate for the snails 0.84 μg/g and 0.81 μg/g for above snails respectively. Regarding heavy metals in water , high levels of ( Fe) were recorded in station three, reaching 4.1 and 4. 66 ppm for the months of September and October, respectively, while (Cu) concentrations were recorded at 0.05 and 0.04 ppm for the above two months, respectively.
 Heavy metals in snails were as follow: Station No. 3 was the highest contamination compared to other stations, where the concentration of heavy elements was high for (Cr) , it was the highest concentration, where M. costata was 0.05 and 0.04 mg/g for September and November, respectively, and for M. nodosa 0.75 and 0.79 mg/g respectively, while (Fe) concentrations were 0.71, 0.69, 0.66 and 0.70 mg/g for the same station, species and months, respectively.

Bioaccumulation of total petroleum hydrocarbons and measuring the concentrations of some heavy metals in the water and two species of Gastropoda Melanopsis costata and Melanopsis nodosa in Al-Diwaniyah River, central Iraq

The current study aimed to detect the level of pollution of the Diwaniyah River water and two species of gastropods ( Melanopsis costata and Melanopsis nodosa with total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) and some heavy elements. Three stations were chosen to collect water samples and snails. The first station is located at the entrance to the city, the second in the city center far 12 km2 and the third at the exit far 10km2. chemical tests were conducted on the samples and snails to detect the level of pollution. The total levels of hydrocarbons in the water of the Diwaniyah River, were 2.4, 3.3 and 4.0 μg/g in the month of September for the three stations under study (S1,S2 and S3) respectively, while it was 2.5,3.1 and 4.3 μg/g for the month of October, respectively, for the three stations under study. The THPs in snails in the first station were the lowest 0.23 μg/g for M. costata and 0.31 μg/g for M. nodosa, followed by the second station, which was the most polluted, then the third station was the most polluted, with a rate for the snails 0.84 μg/g and 0.81 μg/g for above snails respectively. Regarding heavy metals in water , high levels of ( Fe) were recorded in station three, reaching 4.1 and 4. 66 ppm for the months of September and October, respectively, while (Cu) concentrations were recorded at 0.05 and 0.04 ppm for the above two months, respectively.
 Heavy metals in snails were as follow: Station No. 3 was the highest contamination compared to other stations, where the concentration of heavy elements was high for (Cr) , it was the highest concentration, where M. costata was 0.05 and 0.04 mg/g for September and November, respectively, and for M. nodosa 0.75 and 0.79 mg/g respectively, while (Fe) concentrations were 0.71, 0.69, 0.66 and 0.70 mg/g for the same station, species and months, respectively.

Evaluation and Study of Pollution in The Elements in The Baiji Refinery After the Recent Terrorist Operations

The research is about the evaluation and study of heavy metal pollution in Baiji refinery after the recent terrorist operations. The samples were examined with an atomic absorption spectrometer (Atomic Absorption Spectrometer) model Shimadzu (AA6200) working with acetylene gas - in the laboratory of mechanical analysis - chemical engineering - Tikrit University, where the concentrations of heavy elements ranged (cadmium ≥ 4 mg/kg), nickel (16.8) - (4 mg/kg), copper (1.4-268.1) (mg/kg), zinc (21.6-554.8 mg/kg) and lead. (165.2 -2 mg/kg) (cobalt is less than (2 mg/kg), where the values ​​of the pollution coefficient showed the presence of a low pollution coefficient in most areas and most of the elements, while there was (a very high pollution coefficient of zinc in the area of ​​​​the loading arms, pumping and storage of fats Hydrogenation of fats, and less pollution of zinc (i.e., a significant pollution coefficient of zinc in the dewaxing division area), while the lead element was there (a very high pollution coefficient in the desalination of gases and northern refining), while for the copper element, there was significant pollution in the hydrogenation of fats. The results of laboratory tests have indicated that the values ​​of some of the heavy elements taken within this study were outside the permissible limits when compared with the approved determinants for zinc, copper, cobalt, and lead.

A preliminary study on heavy metal monitoring in soil and guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) biomass amended with sewage sludge.

Applying sewage sludge in agricultural soils is an interesting source of organic matter. This study aimed to monitor concentrations of heavy elements in soil and guar plants, which can pose a risk to the health of humans and animals if they enter the food chain through the soil-plant system. The experiment revealed that applying sludge increased the amount of organic matter, total nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus in the soil. Additionally, the concentration of heavy metals such as Pb, Co, Cr, Ni, Cu, and Zn in all treatments remained below the permissible limits for soil. The highest plant height and plant dry weight were recorded in the sludge and sludge + fertilizer treatments. The dry weight of the guar varied from 629 g m-1 in the control treatment to 1050 g m-1 in the sludge + fertilizer plots. The use of sludge increased the accumulation of heavy metals in the above-ground parts of the guar plant compared to the control. However, the level of heavy metal remained within the normal range and below the toxic concentration. Our results also showed that the application of sludge along with fertilizer improved the quality of the guar forage by increasing the levels of crude protein, digestible dry matter and water-soluble carbohydrates. Overall, the results indicated that using sludge as organic fertilizer can improve soil properties, reduce the use of inorganic fertilizers, and decrease the harmful effects of heavy metals on the environment and health in the research area.

Sulfur dioxide in the mid-infrared transmission spectrum of WASP-39b.

The recent inference of sulfur dioxide (SO2) in the atmosphere of the hot (approximately 1,100 K), Saturn-mass exoplanet WASP-39b from near-infrared JWST observations1-3 suggests that photochemistry is a key process in high-temperature exoplanet atmospheres4. This is because of the low (<1 ppb) abundance of SO2 under thermochemical equilibrium compared with that produced from the photochemistry of H2O and H2S (1-10 ppm)4-9. However, the SO2 inference was made from a single, small molecular feature in the transmission spectrum of WASP-39b at 4.05 μm and, therefore, the detection of other SO2 absorption bands at different wavelengths is needed to better constrain the SO2 abundance. Here we report the detection of SO2 spectral features at 7.7 and 8.5 μm in the 5-12-μm transmission spectrum of WASP-39b measured by the JWST Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) Low Resolution Spectrometer (LRS)10. Our observations suggest an abundance of SO2 of 0.5-25 ppm (1σ range), consistent with previous findings4. As well as SO2, we find broad water-vapour absorption features, as well as an unexplained decrease in the transit depth at wavelengths longer than 10 μm. Fitting the spectrum with a grid of atmospheric forward models, we derive an atmospheric heavy-element content (metallicity) for WASP-39b of approximately 7.1-8.0 times solar and demonstrate that photochemistry shapes the spectra of WASP-39b across a broad wavelength range.