Ga Content Research Articles

High-Cd sphalerite in the Pangxidong Pb-Zn-Ag deposit (Yunkai Domian, South China): Insight for physicochemical condition of orogenic-type deposit

The Pangxidong Pb-Zn-Ag-(Au) deposit is one of the representative orogenic-type Au-bearing polymetallic deposits in the Yunkai Domian, Cathaysia Block, South China, and both its vein- and altered rocks-type orebodies are controlled by the regional NE-trending Bobai-Cenxi Fault and its subordinate faults. Metallogenic potential of critical metals, such as Cd, In, Ga and Ge, hosted in these orogenic-type polymetallic deposits, have never been evaluated. We, therefore, selected the Pangxidong to conduct a series of field survey, microscopic observation, electron probe micro-analyzer (EPMA) and laser ablation inductively coupled plasm mass spectrometer (LA-ICP-MS) investigation. We identified two generations of sphalerite with different mineral assemblages and mineralogical features, and both sphalerite generations have the relatively higher Cd, Cu, Ag and Au contents, against the lower Ga, Ge, In and Sn contents. Notably, an extremely elevated Cd content was detected in the earlier SpA (4869–47194 ppm, mean = 15976 ppm), against those in the later SpB (5629–9980 ppm, mean = 7224 ppm). Further temperature evaluation using GGIMFis geothermometer indicates that the earlier SpA (229–367 ℃, mean = 239 ℃) have a slightly higher crystallization temperature than the later SpB (228–240 ℃, mean = 233 ℃). Collectively, we highlight that the Pangxidong sphalerite have different minor and trace element associations and concentrations against most other Zn-Pb deposit styles such as MVT and skarn system, and therefore represents a novel sphalerite type from the orogenic-type deposit.

Biomimetic MOF‐Based Nano‐Immunoactivator via Disruption of Ion Homeostasis for Strengthened Tumor Microwave‐Immunotherapy

AbstractImmunogenic cell death (ICD) is a promising strategy for anticancer immunity by inducing antigen‐presenting cell maturation. However, the traditional ICD inducers, such as chemotherapeutic agents, have largely hampered their application by severe side effects and low tumor selectivity. The changes intra/extracellular ion concentrations affect the growth and metastasis of tumor cells. Interference with ion homeostasis can induce tumor cell death and elicit immune responses. Here, a biomimetic Ga‐based metal–organic framework (MOF) coated with red blood cell–platelet fusion membrane (RPM), that is, 5‐fluorouracil@GaMOF@RPM (5‐FUGR) nano‐immunoactivator, is reported as a highly efficient ICD inducer for enhanced microwave (MW)‐immunotherapy. Following intravenous administration, 5‐FUGR accumulates to tumor site via RPM biomimetic modification‐mediated long circulation and active targeting. The structure of 5‐FUGR undergoes degradation and releases Ga3+. MW combined with high concentrations of Ga3+ disrupts intracellular ion homeostasis, which leads to severe oxidative stress and intracellular Ca2+ retention to promote apoptosis of tumor cells. More importantly, 5‐FUGR combined with MW not only completely eradicates 4T1 primary tumors, but also induces efficient ICD, immune initiation, and memory effects to inhibit metastatic and recurrence of the tumor. Thus, 5‐FUGR, as a strong ICD inducer, provides new insights into achieving tumor immunity in combination with other therapies.

GlPRMT5 inhibits GlPP2C1 via symmetric dimethylation and regulates the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in Ganoderma lucidum

PRMT5, a type II arginine methyltransferase, is involved in transcriptional regulation, RNA processing and other biological processes and signal transduction. Secondary metabolites are vital pharmacological compounds in Ganoderma lucidum, and their content is an important indicator for evaluating the quality of G. lucidum. Here, we found that GlPRMT5 negatively regulates the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. In further in-depth research, GlPP2C1 (a type 2C protein phosphatase) was identified out as an interacting protein of GlPRMT5 by immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry (IP-MS). Further mass spectrometry detection revealed that GlPRMT5 symmetrically dimethylates the arginine 99 (R99) and arginine 493 (R493) residues of GlPP2C1 to weaken its activity. The symmetrical dimethylation modification of the R99 residue is the key to affecting GlPP2C1 activity. Symmetrical demethylation-modified GlPP2C1 does not affect the interaction with GlPRMT5. In addition, silencing GlPP2C1 clearly reduced GA content, indicating that GlPP2C1 positively regulates the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in G. lucidum. In summary, this study reveals the molecular mechanism by which GlPRMT5 regulates secondary metabolites, and these studies provide further insights into the target proteins of GlPRMT5 and symmetric dimethylation sites. Furthermore, these studies provide a basis for the mutual regulation between different epigenetic modifications.

Multifunctional polyvinyl alcohol/gallic acid functionalized chitosan hydrogels prepared by freeze-thaw method for potential application as wound dressings

The design of multifunctional hydrogel dressings to effectively promote wound healing is highly desirable in clinical trauma and surgery. Inspired by excellent mechanical properties of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and strong adhesion of polyphenols, gallic acid was grafted onto chitosan molecular chain (CS-GA) by free radical polymerization in this study, and PVA/CS-GA hydrogels were successfully prepared by repeated freeze-thaw method, without introducing toxic crosslinking agents. The prepared PVA/CS-GA hydrogels could adhere to various substrates, which confirmed excellent universal adhesion properties. The red blood cells adhesion ratio was 67.1%, indicating its potential for promoting wound coagulation. Meanwhile, the mechanical strength of PVA/CS-GA hydrogel was significantly enhanced, exhibiting approximately twice tensile strength and failure stretch compared with PVA hydrogel. Furthermore, attributing to GA molecule, PVA/CS-GA hydrogels not only showed favorable antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), but also could scavenge free radicals, showing effective antioxidant activity. The hydrogels also had good biocompatibility, met the basic requirements of biomedical materials and may promote wound repair. It should be noted that the content of GA had significant impact on cytotoxicity. Therefore, multifunctional PVA/CS-GA hydrogels with excellent mechanical, adhesion, antioxidant, antibacterial and biocompatible properties show promising potential applications in the biomedicine field, especially as functional wound dressings.

Bio-efficacy and Phytotoxicity of Gibberellic Acid (GA3) Technical 90% for Improving Yield and Quality in Grapes (Vitis vinifera L.)

The experiment was conducted on Thompson Seedless grapevines grafted on dog ridge rootstock to study its response towards the application of gibberellic acid (GA3) Tech. 90% at different time intervals. The experiment was designed in a randomized block design (RBD) having five treatments with four replications were carried out at Maharashtra Rajya Draksha Bagaitdar Sangh, Pune during 2020-2021 & 2021 - 2022. Significant differences were observed with the applications of GA3 at different developmental stages (pre-bloom and fruit set) resulted in to increased bunch weight, berry weight, berry length, berry size, pedicel thickness, rachis length, and quality parameters viz. total soluble solids along with the highest yield per vine exogenous application of different concentrations of GA3 at different time interval schedules was beneficial for the quality and yield of Thompson Seedless grapevines.

First Ex Situ In Vitro Propagation Protocol of Coronilla viminalis Salisb., An Endangered Fodder Species Adapted to Drought and Salinity

Coronilla viminalis Salisb. is a fodder leguminous plant from the Canary Islands and Northwestern Africa with adaptation to drought. Its conservation status is critical. Its low germination capacity and intense loss of viability of the seeds over time complicate its conservation, limiting its long-term maintenance in germplasm banks and hampering its potential use as a resilient fodder crop. Therefore, in this work, two alternative propagation methods have been addressed. The first was based on facilitating seed germination under aseptic conditions, supplementing the media with gibberellic acid (GA3). The latter consisted of creating a micropropagation method from nodal segments and testing different media and pretreatments with indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). The quantity and quality of the roots were assessed, and the plant acclimation rate was measured. The results showed that the optimum concentration of GA3 for germination, up to 98%, was 250 PPM. The experiments showed that using IAA in the micropropagation media is critical for in vitro rooting in this species. A hormonal pretreatment with IAA significantly improved the rooting efficiency compared to supplementing it into the culture media. One hundred percent of acclimated plants survived the process. These new protocols will help conserve the species and explore its possibilities as fodder crops.

Investigation of the structure, rheology and 3D printing characteristics of corn starch regulated by glycyrrhizic acid

This study aimed to construct a novel corn starch-glycyrrhizic acid (CS-GA) ink and systematically investigate the effects of GA on the water distribution, microstructure, rheology and 3D printing properties of CS hydrogels. The results showed that the CS chains could form strong hydrogen bonds with GA molecules, inhibit the formation of short-range ordered structure of CS and reduce the content of B-type starch. The low-field nuclear magnetic results showed that the introduction of GA could increase bound water content in CS-GA hydrogels. With the increase of GA content, the CS-GA hydrogel changed from CS-dominated to a GA-dominated gel network system. Rheological results showed that all samples exhibited typical shear thinning behavior. High GA concentration was beneficial to increasing the self-supporting properties and thixotropic recovery of CS-GA hydrogels. Compared with the pure CS hydrogel, the 3D printing characteristics of CS-GA hydrogels were significantly enhanced due to the increased bound water content and the enhancement of rheological properties. At 40 % GA content, CS-GA hydrogel showed the highest printing accuracy of 96.4 % ± 0.30 %. The printed product could perfectly replicate the preset model. Therefore, this study provided a theoretical basis for regulating starch's rheology and 3D printing characteristics and developing novel food-grade 3D printing inks.

Aplikasi Konsentrasi ZPT GA3 yang Berbeda untuk Peningkatan Kuantitas dan Kualitas Buah Jambu Air Madu Deli Hijau (Syzygium aqueum)

This study aims to determine the best concentration of ZPT GA3 to increase the quantity and quality of green deli honey water guava fruit. This research was carried out in Pancakarya Village, Ajung District, Jember Regency which was carried out from December 2021 to February 2022, with an altitude of 50 m above sea level. This study used a non-factorial randomized block design (RAK), with 5 different spraying treatments, repeated 5 times, a total of 25 research objects. The treatment studied was the concentration of GA3 (P) namely: P0 = Control, P1 = Concentration of 5 ppm , P2 = Concentration of 10 ppm, P3 = Concentration of 15 ppm, P4 = Concentration of 20 ppm. The data collected was analyzed by variance (Anova), if it was significantly different, it was continued with the BNT test at the 5% level using SPSS 20 For Windows. In determining the fruit to be sprayed using a random system. The results showed that the concentration of ZPT GA3 in the P4 treatment (concentration 20 ppm) gave optimal results for the sugar content of the fruit. GA3 concentration treatment gave results that were not significantly different for the parameters of fruit length, fruit diameter, number of perdompol fruit, fruit perdompol weight and unit weight of fruit.

Hormonal Regulation and Transcriptomic Insights into Flower Development in Hydrangea paniculata 'Vanilla Strawberry'.

Understanding the molecular mechanisms that regulate flower growth, development, and opening is of paramount importance, yet these processes remain less explored at the genetic level. Flower development in Hydrangea paniculata 'Vanilla Strawberry' is finely tuned through hormonal signals, yet the genetic underpinnings are not well defined. This study addresses the gap by examining the influence of gibberellic acid (GA3), salicylic acid (SA), and ethylene (ETH) on the flowering traits and underlying molecular responses. Treatment with 100 mg/L SA significantly improved chlorophyll content and bolstered the accumulation of soluble sugars and proteins, advancing the flowering onset by 6 days and lengthening the flowering period by 11 days. Concurrently, this treatment enhanced inflorescence dimensions, increasing length, width, and petal area by 22.76%, 26.74%, and 27.45%, respectively. Contrastingly, 100 mg/L GA3 expanded inflorescence size but postponed flowering initiation and decreased inflorescence count. Higher concentrations of SA and GA3, as well as any concentration of ETH, resulted in delayed flowering and inferior inflorescence attributes. A physiological analysis over 50 days revealed that these regulators variably affected sugar and protein levels and modified antioxidant enzyme activities. An RNA-seq analysis during floral development highlighted significant transcriptomic reprogramming, with SA treatment downregulating Myb transcription factors, implicating them in the modulation of flowering timing and stress adaptation. These findings illuminate the complex interplay between hormonal treatments, gene expression, and flowering phenotypes in Hydrangea paniculata, offering valuable perspectives for ornamental horticulture optimization.

Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of DWARF53 Gene in Response to GA and SL Related to Plant Height in Banana

Dwarfing is one of the common phenotypic variations in asexually reproduced progeny of banana, and dwarfed banana is not only windproof and anti-fallout but also effective in increasing acreage yield. As a key gene in the strigolactone signalling pathway, DWARF53 (D53) plays an important role in the regulation of the height of plants. In order to gain insight into the function of the banana D53 gene, this study conducted genome-wide identification of banana D53 gene based on the M. acuminata, M. balbisiana and M. itinerans genome database. Analysis of MaD53 gene expression under high temperature, low temperature and osmotic stress based on transcriptome data and RT-qPCR was used to analyse MaD53 gene expression in different tissues as well as in different concentrations of GA and SL treatments. In this study, we identified three MaD53, three MbD53 and two MiD53 genes in banana. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that D53 Musa are equally related to D53 Asparagales and Poales. Both high and low-temperature stresses substantially reduced the expression of the MaD53 gene, but osmotic stress treatments had less effect on the expression of the MaD53 gene. GR24 treatment did not significantly promote the height of the banana, but the expression of the MaD53 gene was significantly reduced in roots and leaves. GA treatment at 100 mg/L significantly promoted the expression of the MaD53 gene in roots, but the expression of this gene was significantly reduced in leaves. In this study, we concluded that MaD53 responds to GA and SL treatments, but “Yinniaijiao” dwarf banana may not be sensitive to GA and SL.

Enhancing the regeneration of TIS-derived somatic embryos of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) with CaCl2 and GA3

Micropropagation of oil palm through somatic embryogenesis (SE) technique provides clonal and uniform seedlings as high-quality planting materials for plantation. However, a problem associated with oil palm SE is the low regeneration rate of the somatic embryos. It was revealed that nutrient balance played a vital role in the success of SE regeneration. Therefore, a study was conducted to determine the balance between a macronutrient, calcium, and the germination-inducing hormone, Gibberellin (GA3) in enhancing the regeneration of the oil palm somatic embryos derived from the Temporary Immersion System (TIS). Treatments consist of various concentrations of CaCl2 (440, 880, or 1320 mg L-1) and enrichment of GA3 (2 or 4 mg L-1) applied into SE regeneration media, followed by the observation of regeneration rate and shoot tip necrosis after five weeks of culture. The study revealed that CaCl2 in the concentration of 880 mg L-1 was the best in stimulating oil palm TIS-derived SE regeneration. A higher concentration of GA3 (4 mg L-1) was needed in the first transition of SE from TIS into SE regeneration media in solid culture, while further SE-derived shoots development needed a lower concentration of GA3.

Cooperative Exploration Model of Coal–Gallium Deposit: A Case Study of the Heidaigou Coal–Gallium Deposit in the Jungar Coalfield, Inner Mongolia, China

Gallium (Ga) is a typical scattered trace element that is irreplaceable in strategic sectors such as national defense, wireless communications, new materials, renewable energy, and healthcare. The coal–Ga deposit is an important complement to traditional Ga resources and has become a significant focus for Ga mineral resource exploration. Therefore, there is an urgent need to research the coal–Ga cooperative exploration model from both technical and economic perspectives. Taking the Heidaigou coal–Ga deposit as an example, the enrichment zone of coal–Ga is predominantly situated in the northern part of the exploration area, adjacent to the fault zone. The Ga concentration demonstrates a gradual decline from the north–central region towards the northeast and southeast. Similar vertical Ga distribution patterns are observed in adjacent drillings, with notably higher concentrations in the roof, floor, and parting layers. The cooperative exploration model for coal–Ga deposits is proposed based on the above features. The model employs a comprehensive set of cooperative technical methods, such as remote sensing, geological mapping, seismic exploration, drilling, petrogeochemistry, and well logging. The layout of exploration engineering and the concentration of Ga provide the basis for the estimation of Ga resources. Additionally, the model provides an important scientific basis for the improvement of the strategic coordination ability of Ga mineral resources.

Effects of Different Expansion Temperatures on the Non-Volatile Qualities of Tea Stems

Tea stems are a type of tea by-product, and a considerable amount of them is discarded during picking, with their value often being overlooked. To enhance the utilization of tea stems, we investigated the effects of different expansion temperatures on the non-volatile compounds of tea stems. The results showed that the contents of EC, EGC, EGCG, tea polyphenols, and amino acids all decreased with the expansion temperature, while the contents of GA and C increased. The best effect was observed at 220 °C for 20 s. Additionally, as the temperature increased, the umami and aftertaste of astringency values of tea stems decreased, and the value of bitterness increased. Meanwhile, the value of sweetness decreased first and then increased. EGC was identified as the key differential compound of tea stems at different temperatures. In this investigation, determining the optimum expansion temperature was deemed advantageous for enhancing the flavor quality of tea stems, consequently elevating the utilization efficacy of tea stems and tea by-products.

Pengaruh Intensitas dan Konsentrasi GA3 untuk Peningkatan Kualitas Buah Jeruk Siam (Citrus nobilis) Jember

This study aims to determine the best intensity and concentration of ZPT GA3 to improve the quality of Siamese oranges. This research was conducted from November 2022 to April 2023, in Pancakarya Village, Ajung District, Jember Regency, East Java Province. This study used a randomized block design (RBD) with a factorial pattern, the first factor was 3 concentration treatments (K) and the second factor 3 intensity treatments (I), repeated 3 times. So that the total experiment is 27 plants. The treatment used was I1 = 1 spraying; I2 = 2 times spraying; I3 = 3 sprays and K1 = 20 ppm concentration; K2 = Concentration 40 ppm; K3 = Concentration 60 ppm. The test was carried out with the F-test with analysis of variance (ANOVA), if there is a significant difference (F-count value > F-table) then proceed with the 5% DMRT test. The results showed that the combination of using intensity 1 time per 2 weeks (I1) with a concentration of 40 ppm GA3 (K2) showed a significant interaction on fruit volume parameters. However, the difference was not significant in fruit weight.

OsJAZ4 Fine-Tunes Rice Blast Resistance and Yield Traits

JAZ proteins function as transcriptional regulators that form a jasmonic acid–isoleucine (JA-Ile) receptor complex with coronatine insensitive 1 (COI1) and regulate plant growth and development. These proteins also act as key mediators in signal transduction pathways that activate the defense-related genes. Herein, the role of OsJAZ4 in rice blast resistance, a severe disease, was examined. The mutation of OsJAZ4 revealed its significance in Magnaporthe oryzae (M. oryzae) resistance and the seed setting rate in rice. In addition, weaker M. oryzae-induced ROS production and expression of the defense genes OsO4g10010, OsWRKY45, OsNAC4, and OsPR3 was observed in osjaz4 compared to Nipponbare (NPB); also, the jasmonic acid (JA) and gibberellin4 (GA4) content was significantly lower in osjaz4 than in NPB. Moreover, osjaz4 exhibited a phenotype featuring a reduced seed setting rate. These observations highlight the involvement of OsJAZ4 in the regulation of JA and GA4 content, playing a positive role in regulating the rice blast resistance and seed setting rate.

Effects of exogenous GABA on physiological characteristics of licorice seedlings under saline-alkali stress

Licorice is widespread in arid and semi-arid areas, but high soil salinity has always been a limiting factor for vegetation growth in these areas. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a signaling molecule that can regulate tolerance in plant. However, the mechanism by which exogenous GABA regulates the response of licorice to saline-alkali stress is not yet clear. In this study, we investigated the effects of exogenous GABA on growth parameters, oxidative damage, hormone levels and photosynthetic indices of licorice seedlings under different combinations of saline and alkali stress conditions. The experiment involved eight treatments: CK, distilled water (control); CK + GABA, 0.1 mM GABA; salt stress (SS), 150 mM NaCl; SS + GABA, 150 mM NaCl + 0.1 mM GABA; alkali stress (AS), 10 mM Na2CO3; AS + GABA, 10 mM Na2CO3 + 0.1 mM GABA; mixed saline-alkali stress (MAS), 150 mM NaCl + 10 mM Na2CO3; MAS + GABA, 150 mM NaCl + 10 mM Na2CO3 + 0.1 mM GABA. Our results showed that the inhibitory effects of SS and MAS on the seedling height, root length and root-shoot ratio were significantly alleviated by exogenous GABA. Although soluble sugars, chlorophyll a, total chlorophyll, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were lower in the leaves of the seedlings in the SS treatment compared with the control, these physiological parameters increased significantly after GABA application. Exogenous GABA improved glutathione (GSH) activity in both the leaves and roots of the seedlings during the AS treatment. Additionally, take advantage of GABA led to an increase in ABA, GA and IAA contents in leaves under SS, AS and MAS treatments. Furthermore, the photosynthetic parameters, including Pn, gs, Tr, ETR and qP, significantly increased following the utilization of GABA in both the SS and MAS treatments. Therefore, the application of exogenous GABA can reduce the accumulation of harmful substances, preserve cell morphology, and enhance cell function under saline, alkali, and saline-alkali stress. This enhances the resistance of licorice seedlings to stress conditions and reduces physiological damage.

Physiological Mechanisms Underlying Tassel Symptom Formation in Maize Infected with Sporisorium reilianum.

Head smut is a soil-borne fungal disease caused by Sporisorium reilianum that infects maize tassels and ears. This disease poses a tremendous threat to global maize production. A previous study found markedly different and stably heritable tassel symptoms in some maize inbred lines with Sipingtou blood after infection with S. reilianum. In the present study, 55 maize inbred lines with Sipingtou blood were inoculated with S. reilianum and classified into three tassel symptom types (A, B, and C). Three maize inbred lines representing these classes (Huangzao4, Jing7, and Chang7-2, respectively) were used as test materials to investigate the physiological mechanisms of tassel formation in infected plants. Changes in enzyme activity, hormone content, and protein expression were analyzed in all three lines after infection and in control plants. The activities of peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and phenylalanine-ammonia-lyase (PAL) were increased in the three typical inbred lines after inoculation. POD and SOD activities showed similar trends between lines, with the increase percentage peaking at the V12 stage (POD: 57.06%, 63.19%, and 70.28% increases in Huangzao4, Jing7, and Chang7-2, respectively; SOD: 27.01%, 29.62%, and 47.07% in Huangzao4, Jing7, and Chang7-2, respectively. These were all higher than in the disease-resistant inbred line Mo17 at the same growth stage); this stage was found to be key in tassel symptom formation. Levels of gibberellic acid (GA3), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and abscisic acid (ABA) were also altered in the three typical maize inbred lines after inoculation, with changes in GA3 and IAA contents tightly correlated with tassel symptoms after S. reilianum infection. The differentially expressed proteins A5H8G4, P09233, and Q8VXG7 were associated with changes in enzyme activity, whereas P49353, P13689, and P10979 were associated with changes in hormone contents. Fungal infection caused reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) bursts in the three typical inbred lines. This ROS accumulation caused biofilm disruption and altered host signaling pathways, whereas NO signaling triggered strong secondary metabolic responses in the host and altered the activities of defense-related enzymes. These factors together resulted in the formation of varying tassel symptoms. Thus, interactions between S. reilianum and susceptible maize materials were influenced by a variety of signals, enzymes, hormones, and metabolic cycles, encompassing a very complex regulatory network. This study preliminarily identified the physiological mechanisms leading to differences in tassel symptoms, deepening our understanding of S. reilianum-maize interactions.

Abscisic acid-induced transcription factor PsMYB306 negatively regulates tree peony bud dormancy release.

Bud dormancy is a crucial strategy for perennial plants to withstand adverse winter conditions. However, the regulatory mechanism of bud dormancy in tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa) remains largely unknown. Here, we observed dramatically reduced and increased accumulation of abscisic acid (ABA) and bioactive gibberellins (GAs) GA1 and GA3, respectively, during bud endodormancy release of tree peony under prolonged chilling treatment. An Illumina RNA sequencing study was performed to identify potential genes involved in the bud endodormancy regulation in tree peony. Correlation matrix, principal component, and interaction network analyses identified a downregulated MYB transcription factor gene, PsMYB306, the expression of which positively correlated with 9-CIS-EPOXYCAROTENOID DIOXYGENASE 3 (PsNCED3) expression. Protein modeling analysis revealed 4 residues within the R2R3 domain of PsMYB306 to possess DNA binding capability. Transcription of PsMYB306 was increased by ABA treatment. Overexpression of PsMYB306 in petunia (Petunia hybrida) inhibited seed germination and plant growth, concomitant with elevated ABA and decreased GA contents. Silencing of PsMYB306 accelerated cold-triggered tree peony bud burst and influenced the production of ABA and GAs and the expression of their biosynthetic genes. ABA application reduced bud dormancy release and transcription of ENT-KAURENOIC ACID OXIDASE 1 (PsKAO1), GA20-OXIDASE 1 (PsGA20ox1), and GA3-OXIDASE 1 (PsGA3ox1) associated with GA biosynthesis in PsMYB306-silenced buds. In vivo and in vitro binding assays confirmed that PsMYB306 specifically transactivated the promoter of PsNCED3. Silencing of PsNCED3 also promoted bud break and growth. Altogether, our findings suggest that PsMYB306 negatively modulates cold-induced bud endodormancy release by regulating ABA production.

Highly-Efficient Gallium-Interference Tumor Therapy Mediated by Gallium-Enriched Prussian Blue Nanomedicine.

Prussian blue (PB)-based nanomedicines constructed from metal ion coordination remain restricted due to their limited therapeutic properties, and their manifold evaluation complexity still needs to be unraveled. Owing to the high similarities of its ionic form to iron (Fe) and the resulting cellular homeostasis disruption performance, physiologically unstable and low-toxicity gallium (Ga) has garnered considerable attention clinically as an anti-carcinogen. Herein, Ga-based nanoparticles (NPs) with diverse Ga contents are fabricated in one step using PB with abundant Fe sites as a substrate for Ga substitution, which aims to overcome the deficiencies of both and develop an effective nanomedicine. A systematic comparison of their physicochemical properties effectively reveals the saturated Ga introduction state during the synthesis process, further identifying the most Ga-enriched PB NPs with a substitution content of >50% as a nanomedicine for subsequent exploration. It is verified that the Ga interference mechanisms mediated by the most Ga-enriched PB NPs are implicated in metabolic disorders, ionic homeostasis disruption, cellular structure dysfunction, apoptosis, autophagy, and target activation of the mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. This study provides significant guidance on exploiting clinically approved agents for Ga interference and lays the foundation for the next generation of PB-based theranostic agents.

Determination of Gallium Concentration in Silicon from Low‐Temperature Photoluminescence Analysis

Increasing the understanding of the electronic properties of gallium (Ga) in silicon (Si) used nowadays to manufacture p‐type Si solar cells is of key technological importance. In this contribution, the results of the effect of Ga concentration on the low‐temperature photoluminescence (PL) spectra in crystalline Si are reported. The Ga‐doped Si samples studied have negligible boron concentrations, which can complicate spectral analysis of the bound exciton (BE) lines. The split Ga BE ground state at T = 10 K is analyzed and the PL intensity ratios for the BE to free exciton peaks are compared. By comparing these to known Ga concentrations, derived from capacitance–voltage measurements, an all‐optical (PL) calibration curve for the quantification of Ga concentration in Si is established. The effects of both temperature and excitation power on the PL intensity ratios are also studied. By combining the temperature‐induced changes in the PL intensity ratios with the calibration curve at 10 K, a calibration function has been determined. It is found that the decay rates of the PL intensity ratios as a function of excitation power are independent of the chosen (split) BE peak. The major benefits of this method and its limitations are discussed.