Fructose Content Research Articles

A Comparative Study of Physicochemical, Aroma, and Color Profiles Affecting the Sensory Properties of Grape Juice from Four Chinese Vitis vinifera × Vitis labrusca and Vitis vinifera Grapes

In order to compare the grape juice sensory properties of four common seedless grape varieties (Kyoho, Summer Black, Moldovan, and Sweet Sapphire) in China, a thorough comparison of these grape varieties was conducted. Physicochemical indicators, aroma, and color characteristics were analyzed and compared to a commercially available not-from-concentrate Concord grape juice. The contents of fructose, glucose, and seven organic acids were evaluated. Kyoho and Sweet Sapphire possessed optimal Brix–acid ratio in the range around 35–40. In terms of aroma, 60 volatiles were identified by GC-MS, including 16 alcohols, 9 terpenes, 6 aldehydes, and 4 ketones. Kyoho demonstrated the highest aroma intensity with superior floral and fruity notes, while Sweet Sapphire showed the lowest aroma intensity with a grassy scent. Additionally, grape pigment profiles were investigated by HPLC-PDA-MS. Summer Black grapes featured a vibrant color, and 52.5% of their anthocyanins were acylated, which helps provide good stability in follow-up processing. Concord juice showed the best overall properties, with the most saturated color and delightful aroma. It was suggested that blending Summer Black with Kyoho could be a promising way to achieve balanced color, taste, and aroma of grape juice. This study provides a feasible and promising combination of Chinese local grapes for making all-round high-quality juice products.

Exogenous GABA improves tomato fruit quality by contributing to regulation of the metabolism of amino acids, organic acids and sugars

To better explore the impact of exogenous GABA on tomato fruit quality, we explored the effects of GABA (20 mM) on tomato fruits at different developmental stages. The results showed that spraying GABA 3 days before harvest improved the quality of fruits, primarily in terms of amino acid, organic acid, and soluble sugar content. Transcriptome and metabolome data indicated that exogenous GABA enters cells and mitochondria through GABA transporters, thereby simulating endogenous GABA metabolism and enhancing the activity of genes related to amino acids and organic acids metabolism, and elevating the levels of amino acids and organic acids. Moreover, the application of exogenous GABA promoted the contents of glucose, fructose, and sucrose by affecting the expression of genes related to sugar metabolism. It was found that the mechanism of exogenous GABA in increasing fruit sugar content involved promoting sucrose synthesis, partially inhibiting glycolysis, and increasing the content of trehalose 6-phosphate. This study also provides a new model for the mechanism through which exogenous GABA affects tomato quality.

Enhancing ‘Mirlo Rojo’ Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) Quality Through Regulated Deficit Irrigation: Effects on Antioxidant Activity, Fatty Acid Profile, and Volatile Compounds

Water scarcity is a significant global risk affecting health, food security, economic development, social stability, environmental sustainability, and climate change adaptation. Implementing deficit irrigation strategies can improve water efficiency and agricultural resilience. Spain, particularly the Region of Murcia, has pioneered apricot cultivation, with the ‘Mirlo Rojo’ variety known for its high productivity, Sharka virus resistance, and exceptional organoleptic qualities. This study evaluates the effects of regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) on the quality, antioxidant activity, fatty acid profile, and volatile compounds of ‘Mirlo Rojo’ apricots. Four irrigation treatments (100% ETc, 60% ETc, 33% ETc, and 0% ETc) were tested during the final growth stages in May 2023. Results showed no adverse effects on the evaluated parameters. RDI treatments increased total soluble solids, glucose, and fructose content, improving maturity and sweetness indices. RDI also enhanced phenolic content and antioxidant activity, optimizing water use without compromising fruit quality and bioactive compounds.

Differential AMF-mediated biochemical responses in sorghum and oat plants under environmental impacts of neodymium nanoparticles

This study investigates the impact of neodymium (Nd) nanoparticle (NdNP) toxicity on the physiological and biochemical responses of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and oat (Avena sativa) plants and evaluates the potential mitigating effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Sorghum and oat plants were grown under controlled conditions with and without AMF inoculation, and subjected to NdNPs (500 mg Nd kg−1 soil). Results revealed that Nd nanoparticles significantly reduced biomass in both species, with a 50% decrease in sorghum and a 59% decrease in oats. However, AMF treatment ameliorated these effects, increasing biomass by 69% in oats under Nd nanoparticles toxicity compared to untreated contaminated plants. Soluble sugar metabolism was notably affected; AMF treatment led to significant increases in fructose and sucrose contents in both sorghum (+31% and +23%, respectively) and oat (+25% and +37%, respectively) plants under NdNPs toxicity. Improved sugar metabolism via enhanced activities of sucrose phosphate synthase (+29–54%) and invertase (+39–54%) enzymes resulted in higher proline (+21–81%) and polyamines (+49–52%) levels in AMF-treated plants under NdNPs toxicity, along with alterations in the biosynthesis pathways of amino acids and fatty acids, resulting in better osmoprotection and stress tolerance. Moreover, citrate (+29–55%) and oxalate (+177–312%) levels increased in both plants in response to NdNPs toxicity, which was accompanied by a positive response of isobutyric acid to AMF treatment in stressed plants, which potentially might serve as mechanisms for plants to mitigate NdNPs toxicity. These findings suggest that AMF can significantly mitigate Nd-induced damage and improve plant resilience through enhanced metabolic adjustments, highlighting a potential strategy for managing rare earth element (REE) nanoparticle toxicity in agricultural soils.

Rapid, Non-Destructive Prediction of Ripeness of Pink Lady Apples by Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopic Methods to Monitor Firmness, Sugar Content, Juiciness and Acidity

Apples are one of the most widely consumed fruits in the world and are available year- round. In France, Pink Lady production has increased despite stable global production in recent years. To meet consumer expectations in terms of quality, apples must be at optimum ripeness. Traditional destructive methods are currently used to measure physicochemical parameters. To avoid such destructive measurements, it has been shown in the literature that near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy can predict fructose and glucose content in apple juice, as well as firmness, titratable acidity and sugar content in Fuji. The present study demonstrates the relevance of the MicroNIR spectrometer to address agricultural sustainability concerns. This compact device is easy to use in the field and allows non-destructive monitoring of the physicochemical characteristics of Pink Lady. The device acquires NIR spectra from different areas of apples, followed by standard analyses to assess these characteristics. Results indicate no impact on measurements across different quarters of the apple, though there is a slight impact between the median zone and the poles. Firmness is predictable with a 77 N threshold (using partial least square regression), and juiciness prediction is reliable, though a larger database could improve the model. Predictions for sugar content and acidity still need improvement, which would confirm the MicroNIR device’s potential for assessing Pink Lady apple ripeness in the field.

Chitosan induced cold tolerance in Kobresia pygmaea by regulating photosynthesis, antioxidant performance, and chloroplast ultrastructure.

Cold stress is the primary factor that limits the growth and development of Kobresia pygmaea in the Tibetan Plateau, China. Chitosan (CTS) has been recognized for its ability to enhance agricultural production and tolerance to stress. This study examined the effect of treating seedlings under cold stress with chitosan. The results demonstrated that cold stress inhibited the growth of seedlings and adversely affected the photosynthetic capacity [net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr), maximum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm), quantum yield of photosystem II (φ PSII ), electron transport rate (ETR), and non-light-induced non-photochemical fluorescence quenching Y(NPQ)] and destroyed PSII and the chloroplast structure. Under regular temperatures, low concentrations of CTS (0.005% and 0.01%) inhibited the soluble protein content, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco, EC 4.1.1.39) activity, and photosynthetic capacity. However, the application of 0.015% CTS increased the levels of soluble sugar, fructose, and protein, as well as those of the levels of ions, such as iron and magnesium, chlorophyll, photosynthetic capacity, and the activities of Rubisco, superoxide dismutase, and phenylalanine amino-lyase (PAL). Under cold stress, treatment with CTS decreased the contents of starch and sucrose; improved the contents of fructose, soluble protein, and antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid and glutathione; and enhanced the photosynthesis capacity and the activities of Rubisco, chitinase, and PAL. Exogenous CTS accelerated the development of the vascular bundle, mitigated the damage to chloroplast structure induced by cold, and promoted the formation of well-organized thylakoids and grana lamellae. Additionally, CTS upregulated the expression of genes related to cold tolerance in K. pygmaea, such as KpBSK2/KpERF/KpDRE326. These findings indicate that CTS enhances the cold tolerance in K. pygmaea by improving development of the vascular bundle, increasing the accumulation of solutes and antioxidants, regulating the transformation of carbohydrates, repairing the chloroplast structure, and maintaining the photosynthetic capacity and Rubisco activity.

Evaluating the Influence of Different Artificial Diets on Apis mellifera L. Using Health Biomarkers and Performance Metrics.

The diet of Apis mellifera L. is a crucial factor for managing its colonies particularly during dearth periods. Numerous diets have been developed; however, their global implementation faces challenges due to diverse climatic conditions and some other factors. To address this issue, three previously evaluated diets (selected from seven) were tested to assess their effects on A. mellifera using key health biomarkers (immune function, stress response) and performance metrics (foraging activity, honey quality, and social interactions). The experiment was conducted using 12 colonies, including three replications, in The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan, from June to September 2023. The results revealed that all the tested parameters were significantly affected by diets. Highest phenol-oxidase activity was recorded in T1 (28.7 U/mg). Heat shock protein (HSP) bands showed that T1 had the fewest (Hsp70), while T0 had more bands (Hsp40, Hsp60, and Hsp70), indicating stress differences. In foraging activity, average number of outgoing bees were highest in T1 (81.8) and lowest in T0 (31.2) and similar trend was followed for returning bees, i.e., T1 (81.8) and T0 (31.2). For pollen-carrying bees, the highest bees were counted in T1 (34.9), and the lowest in T0 (4.10). Honey quality was also significantly affected by diets, pH was highest in T1 (3.85), while moisture was highest in T0 (19.44%). Diastase activity, ash content, and electrical conductivity were best in T1 (13.74 units/g, 0.17%, 0.94 mS/cm, respectively). Mineral content was highest in T1 (406.54 mg/kg), and fructose content also peaked in T1 (396.21 mg/kg). Antioxidant contents, total phenolic content, flavonoid content, and ORAC value were highest in T1 (60.50 mg GAE/100 g, 44.41 mg QE/100 g, 10,237.30 µmol TE/g), while T0 consistently showed the lowest values across all parameters. In social interaction experiments, trophallaxis events were most frequent in T1 (7.38), and T1 also exhibited the longest trophallaxis time (5.51 s). The number of bees per trophallaxis event and antennation frequency followed a similar trend, with the highest recorded in T1 (5.16 bees/event, 10.1 antennation frequency) and the lowest in T0 (2.94 bees/event, 4.18 antennation frequency). Therefore, diet-1 (Watermelon juice 20 mL + Fenugreek powder 2 g + Chickpea flour 20 g + Lupin flour 20 g + Mung bean flour 20 g + Yeast 10 g + Powdered sugar 40 g + vegetable oil 10 mL) is recommended as a suitable substitute for managing A. mellifera colonies during dearth periods.

Метаболічний синдром: механізми розвитку та експериментальні моделі

Metabolic syndrome is a condition characterized by the presence of insulin resis­tance and the presence of two of the following risk factors: obesity, hyperlipidemia (hypertriglyceridemia, decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol), hypertension, or microalbuminuria. The multifactorial nature of metabolic syndrome makes it difficult to create an adequate experimental model that would best represent the entire spectrum of the pathophysiology of this condition. This review aims to summarize current literature data on the pathophysiological mechanisms of metabolic syndrome in the context of the development of insulin resistance, obesity, dyslipidemia, impaired glucose tolerance, and inflammation. The article also summarizes modern approaches to the induction of metabolic syndrome in rodents, among which dietary manipulation, genetic modifications, and the use of pharmaceuticals are the most common. As genetic models of metabolic syndrome, rodents with leptin or leptin receptor deficiency are most often used, in particular leptin-deficient mice (ob/ob), leptin receptor-deficient mice (db/db), Zucker obese rats (ZF), diabetic rats lines Zucker with obesity (ZDF) and others. Pharmaceutical drugs that can be used to induce metabolic syndrome include endogenous glucocorticoids and antipsychotic drugs. Several dietary manipulations are used to induce metabolic syndrome in laboratory animals. In particular, one type of diet or a combination of diets can be used, such as diets high in fructose, sucrose and fat, or a diet characterized by a high content of both fructose and fat or sucrose and fat. Manipulations with the composition of products consumed by experimental animals make it possible to simulate the development of metabolic syndrome, since the diet affects the metabolism of the entire body, and has a regulatory effect on hormones, glucose and lipid metabolism pathways.

Characteristics and in vitro properties of potential probiotic strain Fructobacillus tropaeoli KKP 3032 isolated from orange juice.

Fructobacillus, a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, facultative anaerobic bacterium, belongs to the fructophilic lactic acid bacteria (FLAB) group. The group's name originates from fructose, the favored carbon source for its members. Fructobacillus spp. are noteworthy for their distinctive traits, captivating the interest of scientists. However, there have been relatively few publications regarding the isolation and potential utilization of these microorganisms in the industry. In recent years, F. tropaeoli has garnered interest for its promising role in the food and pharmaceutical sectors, although the availability of isolates is rather limited. A more comprehensive understanding of Fructobacillus is imperative to evaluate their functionality in the industry, given their unique and exceptional properties. Our in vitro study on Fructobacillus tropaeoli KKP 3032 confirmed its fructophilic nature and high osmotolerance. This strain thrives in a 30% sugar concentration, shows resistance to low pH and bile salts, and exhibits robust autoaggregation. Additionally, it displays significant antimicrobial activity against foodborne pathogens. Evaluating its probiotic potential, it aligns with EFSA recommendations in antibiotic resistance, except for kanamycin, to which it is resistant. Further research is necessary, but preliminary analyses confirm the high probiotic potential of F. tropaeoli KKP 3032 and its ability to thrive in the presence of high concentrations of fructose. The results indicate that the isolate F. tropaeoli KKP 3032 could potentially be used in the future as a fructophilic probiotic, protective culture, and/or active ingredient in fructose-rich food.

Releasing a sugar brake generates sweeter tomato without yield penalty

In tomato, sugar content is highly correlated with consumer preferences, with most consumers preferring sweeter fruit1–4. However, the sugar content of commercial varieties is generally low, as it is inversely correlated with fruit size, and growers prioritize yield over flavour quality5–7. Here we identified two genes, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) calcium-dependent protein kinase 27 (SlCDPK27; also known as SlCPK27) and its paralogue SlCDPK26, that control fruit sugar content. They act as sugar brakes by phosphorylating a sucrose synthase, which promotes degradation of the sucrose synthase. Gene-edited SlCDPK27 and SlCDPK26 knockouts increased glucose and fructose contents by up to 30%, enhancing perceived sweetness without fruit weight or yield penalty. Although there are fewer, lighter seeds in the mutants, they exhibit normal germination. Together, these findings provide insight into the regulatory mechanisms controlling fruit sugar accumulation in tomato and offer opportunities to increase sugar content in large-fruited cultivars without sacrificing size and yield.

Characterization of a salt-tolerated exo-fructanase from Microbacterium sp. XL1 and its application for high fructose syrup preparation from inulin

Exo-fructanase enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of β-2,6 and β-2,1 linkages in levan and inulin fructans, respectively, yielding fructose. In this study, we identified a multidomain exo-fructanase, Mle3A, from Microbacterium sp. XL1. Mle3A is a 124.2 kDa protein comprising a GH32 N-terminal five-bladed β-propeller structure, a GH32 C-terminal β-sandwich module, and a fibronectin type 3 domain. The recombinant enzyme rMle3A exhibited peak activity at temperatures of 50–55 °C and a pH of 5.5, demonstrating hydrolytic capabilities towards levan, inulin, sucrose, and raffinose. The activity of rMle3A on inulin was enhanced in the presence of Mn2+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Sr2+, Co2+, and Mg2+ ions. Notably, 5 mM Mn2+ increased the inulin hydrolytic activity of rMle3A by over 187 %, and the enzyme's activity was unaffected by NaCl concentrations ranging from 0 to 3 M. Purified rMle3A was effectively utilized to produce high fructose syrup from inulin, achieving a maximum fructose concentration of 26.98 g/L and 71.9 % inulin hydrolysis under optimal conditions (85 rpm, 50 °C, pH 5.5) within 2.5 h. This study introduces a new salt-tolerant, multi-ion facilitated fructanase, rMle3A, for the conversion of inulin biomass into high fructose syrup and other high-value chemicals.

Overexpression of Cassava MeSTP7 Promotes Arabidopsis Seedling Development.

The sugar transporter (STP) gene family is a key regulator of plant development, which is crucial for the efficient transport and utilization of sugars during plant growth and development. In this study, we identified the MeSTP7 gene, which is highly expressed in cassava fibrous roots, early storage roots, and under hormonal treatment, including IAA, MeJA, ABA, and GA3, and abiotic stressors, such as mannitol and NaCl. A strong response was observed with exoqenous IAA. Transfecting MeSTP7 into Arabidopsis promoted early seedling growth, particularly in lateral root development. The content of endogenous hormones (IAA and MeJA) as well as soluble sugars (sucrose, fructose, and glucose) was elevated in transgenic Arabidopsis. Hormone treatments with IAA, MeJA, GA3, and ABA on transgenic Arabidopsis revealed that transgenic Arabidopsis responded positively to added 20 μM IAA. They also exhibited co-induced regulation of lateral root formation by GA3, MeJA, and ABA. qRT-PCR analysis showed that overexpression of MeSTP7 upregulated the expression of IAA14, ARF7, and ARF19 in Arabidopsis. Under IAA treatment, the expression of these genes was similarly upregulated but downregulated under MeJA treatment. These results suggest that MeSTP7 may promote Arabidopsis seedling development by increasing the content of sucrose, glucose, and fructose in roots, which in turn influences IAA-based hormonal signaling.

Preparation of safflower fermentation solution and study on its biological activity.

Safflower, a traditional Chinese medicine, is rich in chemical components including flavonoids, polysaccharides, and alkaloids. It exhibits pharmacological effects such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and anti-thrombosis properties, making it a valuable resource in the medical field. Furthermore, due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, safflower is increasingly being utilized in the cosmetics industry. In this study, yeast was employed to ferment safflower, and the optimal fermentation conditions were established through single-factor experiments and response surface methodology. Subsequently, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory efficacy of the safflower fermentation solution was assessed using both cellular and zebrafish models. Finally, the safety of the safflower fermentation solution was evaluated through a cosmetic eye irritation test. From a total of 20 yeast strains, YF-5 was identified as the dominant strain for safflower fermentation. By optimizing the fermentation conditions, it was established that the optimal parameters for YF-5 fermentation of safflower are as follows: a fermentation temperature of 36.55°C, a material-to-liquid ratio of 1:20.46, a fructose concentration of 6.20%, a fermentation duration of 72 h, and an inoculum volume of 4%. The biological activities of safflower, including its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, were enhanced through yeast fermentation. In HaCaT cell and zebrafish oxidative damage assays, safflower fermentation solution inhibits the production of malondialdehyde (MDA) and increases superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity as well as total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC). In the RAW264.7 cell inflammatory damage assays, a 20% safflower fermentation solution was found to inhibit the release of TNF-α and NO in the inflammatory model, with inhibition rates of 30.94 and 28.86%, respectively. In the zebrafish inflammatory damage assays, the quantity of fluorescent neutral proteins in the 5% safflower fermentation solution was 0.7 times that observed in the dexamethasone (0.1 mg/mL) positive control group, indicating that its anti-inflammatory activity is comparable to that of dexamethasone (0.1 mg/mL). In the chicken embryo chorionic membrane experiment, it was observed that the safflower fermentation solution did not cause significant damage to the blood vessels of the chorionic allantoic membrane (CAM). This finding demonstrates that the safflower fermentation solution possesses a certain degree of safety. Safflower fermentation solution has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory bioactivities, and it has passed cosmetic safety evaluations. It can be used as a new natural cosmetic ingredient added to cosmetic products.

Fermentation Performance of Carob Flour, Proso Millet Flour and Bran for Gluten-Free Flat-Bread.

Sourdough fermentation is rarely used for gluten-free flatbread (GFFB), a product that is challenging to produce, especially when using high-fiber ingredients that bring nutritional benefits but lead to physical deterioration. The aim of this study was therefore to evaluate the fermentation performance of carob flour (CSPF), proso millet flour (PMF), and proso millet bran (PMB) individually and in combination with Limosilactobacillus fermentum and Kluyveromyces marxianus (LF + KM) and to compare the performance of LF + KM with a commercial starter (LIVENDO® LV1). A mixture design (n = 13) was used to evaluate the fermentation performance of LF + KM (total titratable acidity (TTA); lactobacilli and yeast growth; acetic and lactic acid, fructose, glucose, and saccharose content) at 35 °C for 16 h. The comparison of LF + KM with LV1 fermentation was based on the acidity rate, fermentation quotient, TTA, and finally by determining the physical properties (texture, shape, color) of a rice-corn GFFB in which 10% of flour was supplemented with the sourdoughs. PMB promoted the growth of lactobacilli and the production of organic acids, especially in combination of CSPF and PMF. The optimum flour ratio was 2.4:1:1.2 (PMB:PMF:CSPF). LF + KM shortened the sourdough fermentation time by 2.5 times compared to LV1. The use of LF + KM sourdough reduced the hardness (32%) and chewiness (28%) of the GFFB, while the volume (35%) was increased compared to LV1 sourdough. This study shows the potential of using local alternative flours in sourdough fermentation for the production of GFFB.

PREPARATION AND NUTRITIONAL EVALUATION OF ENRICHED JAM MADE FROM BLENDS OF APPLE, STRAWBERRY AND GRAPES

The aim of this study is to prepare an acceptable jam from blends of Apple, Strawberry and Grapes. Jams were produced from blends of Apple, Strawberry and Grapes in the following ratios 30:20:10:40 (A= 30g apple, 20g strawberry, 10g grapes and 40g of sugar) and 35:10:15:40 (B= 35g apple, 10g strawberry, 15g grapes and 40g of sugar) respectively. The pulp mixtures were combined with 40g of sugar. Mixed fruit jam and strawberry jam were used as commercial control labelled as sample C and D respectively. Standard methods were used for the determination of proximate composition, sugar content, phytochemical constituents and sensory evaluation of the Jam. The proximate composition indicated that sample A (15.31±0.12) and B (16.86±0.03) had a moisture content lower than the commercial control C (27.05±0.03) and D (27.60±0.45). The ash, fiber and lipid contents showed no significant difference in the jams produced and the commercial controls. Sample A and B had higher protein 29.58±0.02 and 27.41±0.01 as compared to the commercial controls C and D (24.62±0.02 and 25.15±0.01). No significant (P>0.05) difference was observed in the glucose composition of the sample A and B and the commercial controls C and D. Fructose content in sample A (2.74±0.21) was higher than sample B (1.94±0.01) and the commercial controls C (1.85±0.00) and D (1.42±0.00). Qualitative testing for flavonoids, terpenoids, cardiac glycoside and tannin revealed potential good health benefits. The sensory evaluation revealed that sample A which comprises of 30% apple, 20% strawberry, 10% grapes and 40% sugar was rated best...

Editing of the soluble starch synthase gene MeSSIII-1 enhanced the amylose and resistant starch contents in cassava

Foods with high amylose and resistant starch (RS) contents have great potential to enhance human health. In this study, cassava soluble starch synthase MeSSIII-1 gene mutants were generated using CRISPR/Cas9 system. The results showed that the storage roots of messiii-1 mutants had higher contents of amylose, RS, and total starch than those in CK. The rates of small and large-sized starch granules were increased. Additionally, amylopectin starch in messiii-1 mutants had a higher proportion of medium- and long- chains, and a lower proportion of short-chains than those in CK. The onset, peak, and conclusion temperatures of starch gelatinization in messiii-1 mutants were significantly lower than those in CK, and the peak viscosity, trough viscosity and final viscosity all increased. MeSSIII-1 mutation could increase the contents of sucrose, glucose, and fructose in cassava storage roots. We hypothesize that these soluble sugars serve a dual role: they provide the necessary carbon source for starch synthesis and act as sugar signals to trigger the transcriptional reprogramming of genes involved in starch biosynthesis. This process results in a collective enhancement of amylose, RS, and total starch contents, accompanied by changes in starch granule morphology, fine structure, and physicochemical properties.

Optimization of microwave-assisted hydrolysis of glucose from oil palm empty fruit bunch

Hydrolysis of oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) using microwave as an energy source is carried out to produce sugar with mild operating conditions. One way to find the best conditions that can obtain high-quality sugar is to optimize the hydrolysis process. In this study, optimization was carried out using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with a Central Composite Design (CCD) experimental design. Estimated variables to affect the hydrolysis process are the ratio of OPEFB to solvent (X1: 1:20–4:20 g/ml), solvent concentration (X2: 0.5–1.5 %), and hydrolysis time (X3: 5–15 min). Hydrolysis success parameters were measured by hydrolysis temperature (Y1), glucose (Y2), fructose (Y3), and total sugar (Y4) concentration. The optimization results show that the three independent variables contribute 53.25 % to the hydrolysis temperature and 86.42 % to the sugar concentration. The recommended operating conditions were hydrolysis with the ratio of OPEFB to solvent of 4:20 g/ml, solvent concentration of 0.5 %, and carried out for 10 min. The hydrolysis temperature cannot be optimized because there is a mismatch in the temperature model analysis. The application of these conditions is predicted to produce glucose, fructose, and total sugar of 315.51; 258.24; 573.85 mg/L respectively. The last step is to validate these conditions in the laboratory to get the actual value. Actual glucose, fructose, and total sugar obtained were 300.40; 245.44; 545.84 mg/L respectively. The error in this study is less than 5 % which indicates the actual value is following the predicted value. © 2001 Elsevier Science. All rights reserved.

Evaluating fructose content in poultry feed: electrochemical insights

AbstractThe global demand for poultry meat has increased, but consumers have become more picky in their nutritional choices. The fat content of poultry meat has risen since genetic advancement has resulted in higher rates of body weight gain and fat deposition, which are closely linked. The increase in further processing for fast-food poultry items has resulted in larger birds with more body fat. Usually, carbohydrates are used for easy weight gain in poultry. This study focuses on the electrochemical detection of fructose as a feed additive in poultry. The catalyst used was silver–silver oxide–zinc oxide (Ag–AgO–ZnO) and it was prepared by sol–gel method. Further, the surface morphology of the catalyst was analysed using various techniques, including X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (XRD, FTIR and TEM). Cyclic voltammetry was carried out to find out the effectiveness of this catalyst in detecting fructose and our results revealed a sensitivity of 0.3 M with an electrochemical current of 1 mA cm−2, indicating the effectiveness of the chosen electrochemical approach. And further investigation was carried out to monitor effects of various parameters including scan rate, catalyst loading and fructose concentration. This research contributes valuable insights into assessing fructose levels in poultry feed, with potential implications for optimising nutritional formulations and enhancing overall poultry health. The electrochemical method demonstrates promise as a reliable tool for sensitively analysing fructose in feed additives. Precision and accuracy assessments further underscore the reliability of our electrochemical approach in differentiating fructose content within the poultry feed matrix. Graphical Abstract

Development of Fruit-Based Carbohydrate Gel for Endurance Athletes

The aim of this study was to produce a carbohydrate gel based on genipap and banana and analyze its physico-chemical, rheological, and sensory quality, as well as its proximate composition and antioxidant activity. Three gel samples were formulated containing different concentrations of genipap and clarified banana juice. The formulated samples followed the minimum parameters required and were subjected to analyses of their pH, soluble solids, titratable acidity, moisture, ash, lipids, proteins, glucose, fructose, sucrose, polyphenols, antioxidant activity, and rheology. Commercial carbohydrate gel was used as a control sample. It can be concluded that the gel formulations were formulated following the minimum parameters required, with a moderate sensory acceptance. The physico-chemical parameters and proximate composition the developed gels were similar to the commercial gel, while their glucose, sucrose, fructose, polyphenol, and antioxidant activity contents were higher and their rheological properties were within the expected range for this category of commonly marketed products. In the two blocks of analysis mentioned above, data variability was mostly explained by PC1–PC3 at almost 100%. Rheologically, the commercial gel is considered to be a Newtonian fluid, and the developed formulations can be considered as pseudoplastic fluids due to the insoluble solids still present.

Exogenous glucose irrigation alleviates cold stress by regulating soluble sugars, ABA and photosynthesis in melon seedlings

Melon (Cucumis melo L.) is an important economic crop and widely planted around the world. Cold stress severely limits its development and yield. Carbohydrates play multiple roles in plant cold tolerance. However, little is known in melon. Based on the metabolome analysis, a total of 635 metabolites were identified upon cold stress in melon seedlings. KEGG analysis shows that differential metabolites were mainly enriched in the glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathway and pentose phosphate pathway, with glucose being one of the most prominent metabolites. To further investigate the role of glucose in cold tolerance of melon seedlings. We found that root irrigation was more effective than foliar spraying for exogenous glucose application, with optimal concentrations of 0.5% and 1% for cold-tolerant and cold-sensitive genotypes, respectively. Glucose irrigation mainly promoted soluble sugar accumulation to reduce cold damage in melon seedlings. For cold-sensitive genotype, only the sucrose content could be increased, while for cold-tolerant genotype, sucrose, fructose and glucose content could be simultaneously increased. Meanwhile, glucose irrigation recruited ABA not antioxidant enzyme system to cope with cold stress. Hence, glucose watering could improve the maximum photochemical efficiency of seedling photosystem II (Fv/Fm), alleviate physiological drought, reduce the accumulation of malondialdehyde, and accelerated the photosynthetic efficiency of melon seedlings. Based on coefficient of variation and principal component analysis, it was confirmed again that glucose irrigation did alter the strategies for withstanding cold stress and enhance the cold tolerance of melon seedlings. Thus, the results would provide a theoretical basis and feasible measures to protect melon seedings from cold damage.