Chlorine Ion Concentration Research Articles

Physical-chemical and microbiological characterization of water destined to hemodialysis

This research evaluated the physical-chemical and microbiological parameters of water and dialysate in four distinct hemodialysis units located in the southeast region of Brazil. The physical-chemical parameters evaluated were pH, electric conductivity, turbidity, alkalinity, free chlorine, nitrate, fluoride, chloride, sulfate, sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium ion concentrations. Microcystin was also quantified. The microbiological parameters evaluated were the detection of total coliform, total heterotrophic bacteria count (THB), and the isolation and identification of microorganisms in pre-reverse osmosis treatment and post-reverse osmosis treatment water samples and dialysate. The nitrate, fluoride and THB levels found in the water samples may present risk to the patient under hemodialysis treatment. Microcystin was detected in one of the potable water samples. Microorganisms were identified throughout the hemodialysis of the entire water treatment system, with Ralstonia sp. being the most frequent. The presence of emergent pathogenic bacteria highlighted in this study highlights the necessity of microbiological monitoring of water destined for hemodialysis. Keywords: dialysate, hemodialysis, water treatment.

Neural network analysis of safe life of the oil and gas industrial structures

Purpose is to study safe life of industrial (metal) structures under long-time operation in the corrosive-active media of oil and gas wells with the help of neural network analysis. Methods. The MATLAB system (MATrix LABoratory) was selected as the tool environment for interface modelling; the system is developed by Math Works Inc. and is a high-level programming language for technical computations. Of the three existing learning paradigms, we used the “with teacher” learning process, as we believed that a neural network had correct answers (network outputs) for each input example. The coefficients were adjusted so that the network gave answers being as close as possible to the known correct answers. Findings. An artificial neural network has helped obtain a generalized diagram of the expected areas of high viscoplastic characteristics of carbon steels used to manufacture metal structures in the oil and gas industry. While applying the trained neural networks, generalized dependences of the corrosion rates of structural steels on the parameters of media with different concentrations of chlorine ions, sulphate ions, hydrogen sulphide, carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide, and oxygen ions were obtained; they were the basis to predict corrosion behaviour of steels. Originality. For the first time, the possibility of applying neural network modelling to predict local corrosion damage of structural pipe steels has been shown in terms of the “steel 20 – oxygen and chloride-containing medium” system. For the first time, the technological possibility has been demonstrated to use neural network analysis for engineering predictive assessment of corrosion activity of binary systems of simulated solutions, which are most often found under industrial conditions of the oil and gas sector of the economy. Practical implications. The proposed technology of using the neural network analysis will make it possible to expand a range of predicted values beyond experimental data, i.e. to predict the value of Vcor in very dilute or concentrated salt solutions within the acidified and neutral pH ranges. It should be noted that the error of the prediction results shown by the neural network will increase along with distancing from the scope of experimental data.

IMPACT OF CHLORIDE AND LEAD ION CONTENT IN OPEN WATER SOURCES IN KYZYLORDA REGION ON POPULATION’S CANCER INCIDENCE

Relevance: In 2004-2013, the cumulative cancer incidence was about 200 cases per 100 thousand in Kazakhstan, while in the disaster area of Aral Sea – about 225 cases per 100 thousand. For comparison, cancer incidence in the prosperous region of Karaganda was 140 cases per 100,000 population. As of 2021, the incidence of colorectal cancer in Kyzylorda was 17.73 compared to 5.81 per 100,000 population in 2015.
 Factors of the surrounding macro- and microenvironment are trigger factors for tumor initiation. Salt deposits of the dried Aral Sea in the form of solonchaks spread to the territory of the entire Kyzylorda region. Pesticides and process water have been discharged into rivers for many years, which has led to the accumulation of heavy metal salts in water and soil on the banks of the rivers and in the place of the dried-up Aral Sea, which in turn can affect the increase in cancer incidence.
 The study aimed to study the dependence of cancer incidence on water pollution by ions of chlorine and lead in open water bodies in the Kyzylorda region.
 Methods: Analysis of cancer incidence in 2021 by localization: intestines, stomach, sarcomas, lungs, and melanomas in the Kyzylorda region. Determination of the content of chlorine ions by titration with silver nitrate, spectrophotometric determination of lead ions in the open water sources. Comparative correlation analysis of the concentration of chlorine ions and lead with cancer incidence in this region.
 Results: The maximum permissible chlorine and lead ions concentrations in all studied open water sources of the Kyzylorda region exceeded the norm by 1.024-20.26 times and 1.4-14.1 times, respectively. The presence of chlorides in the water increased intestine cancer incidence by 17% with an approximation certainty of 0.38. The presence of lead in water increased the incidence of melanomas by 22%, with an approximation certainty of 0.79. The correlation coefficient was r=0.618; p=0.07 for exceeding chlorides’ MPC and bowel cancer incidence.
 Conclusion: Heavy metals like lead in water samples in regions with increased cancer incidence indicate a co-dependent relationship of these factors. Pollutants such as chlorides and lead increase intestine cancer and melanoma incidence.

IMPACT OF CHLORIDE AND LEAD ION CONTENT IN OPEN WATER SOURCES
 IN KYZYLORDA REGION ON POPULATION’S CANCER INCIDENCE

Relevance: In 2004-2013, the cumulative cancer incidence was about 200 cases per 100 thousand in Kazakhstan, while in the disaster area
 of Aral Sea – about 225 cases per 100 thousand. For comparison, cancer incidence in the prosperous region of Karaganda was 140 cases per
 100,000 population. As of 2021, the incidence of colorectal cancer in Kyzylorda was 17.73 compared to 5.81 per 100,000 population in 2015.
 Factors of the surrounding macro- and microenvironment are trigger factors for tumor initiation. Salt deposits of the dried Aral Sea in the
 form of solonchaks spread to the territory of the entire Kyzylorda region. Pesticides and process water have been discharged into rivers for
 many years, which has led to the accumulation of heavy metal salts in water and soil on the banks of the rivers and in the place of the dried-up
 Aral Sea, which in turn can affect the increase in cancer incidence.
 The study aimed to study the dependence of cancer incidence on water pollution by ions of chlorine and lead in open water bodies in the
 Kyzylorda region.
 Methods: Analysis of cancer incidence in 2021 by localization: intestines, stomach, sarcomas, lungs, and melanomas in the Kyzylorda
 region. Determination of the content of chlorine ions by titration with silver nitrate, spectrophotometric determination of lead ions in the open
 water sources. Comparative correlation analysis of the concentration of chlorine ions and lead with cancer incidence in this region.
 Results: The maximum permissible chlorine and lead ions concentrations in all studied open water sources of the Kyzylorda region exceeded the norm by 1.024-20.26 times and 1.4-14.1 times, respectively. The presence of chlorides in the water increased intestine cancer incidence
 by 17% with an approximation certainty of 0.38. The presence of lead in water increased the incidence of melanomas by 22%, with an approximation certainty of 0.79. The correlation coefficient was r=0.618; p=0.07 for exceeding chlorides’ MPC and bowel cancer incidence.
 Conclusion: Heavy metals like lead in water samples in regions with increased cancer incidence indicate a co-dependent relationship of
 these factors. Pollutants such as chlorides and lead increase intestine cancer and melanoma incidence

Responses of halophilic microbial communities to changes in salt composition: Comparison between autotrophic nitrification and heterotrophic ammonia assimilation biosystems

The concentration and proportion of chlorine (Cl−) and sulfate ions (SO42−) in actual high salinity wastewater exhibit significant fluctuations due to their diverse sources. This study compared the response of halophilic autotrophic nitrification (AN) and heterotrophic ammonia assimilation (HAA) sludges to changes in salt composition. The results demonstrated that both the AN and HAA systems maintained high ammonia removal efficiency even when exposed to mixed salt ions or pure sulfate conditions. Increasing the concentration of SO42− resulted in an increase in extracellular polymeric substances content, sludge settleability, sludge hydrophobicity, and the relative abundance of Nitrosomonas in the AN system (from 2.3% to 10.4%). The dominant heterotrophic bacteria in the HAA system underwent turnover in response to changes in salt composition conditions. The robustness and the cooperation between microorganisms of the HAA system surpassed those of the AN system. This study provides scientific foundation for treating multi-ion high salinity wastewater.

Bio-Saline Agriculture Modeling, Using Saline Water for Irrigation Purposes

Climate change effects increase the scarcity of irrigation water and deterioration of its quality, which affects the crop water requirements. Researchers were studying the water recycling technique and finding about other possible renewable water resources for irrigation, they conclude that saline water can be used to meet part of the irrigation water needs for many crops under special field management, because there are many crops have a high tolerance to the salinity without decreasing in the yield. The current study aims to evaluate the economic yield of saline drainage water in irrigation. A computer program (Fıuat Ujaj) using Visual Basic language was constructed to use the largest possible amount of drainage water for irrigation after removing the toxic effects and then calculates the relative yield of the selected crops. The Main Outflow Drain (MOD) in Iraq was selected as a saline water resource which has 4.63 dS m-1 Electrical Conductivity (EC). This saline water contained high concentrations of chlorine and sodium ions. MFUP results showed that toxic effect of these ions can be removed by diluting with 35% of the nearby river water. MFUP results showed that the crops with high and medium tolerance to salinity give an acceptable yield ratio when they were irrigated with diluted water (35%) to remove toxicity effects only, while the dilution increases for crops of medium sensitivity, but the acceptable yield of sensitive crops is not achieved except with fresh river water. If the crop production is lower than the economically acceptable limit, another 5% of the river water will be added to mitigate, and the dilution process continues until the percentage of the river water become 80% of the irrigation water. If the required product is not achieved, then the program instructs to irrigate this crop with the river water only.

Effect of polyoxal and Seaweed Extract on some ions in soil, leaves and the early yield of eggplant Solanum melongena L. under protected cultivation

This experiment was carried out in Al-Muthanna Governorate in one of the unheated greenhouses dimensions (9 x 54 m) affiliated to experiment station of agricultural research in Al-Bandar area on the side of the Euphrates River, affiliated to the College of Agriculture / University of Al-Muthanna for the winter agricultural season (2021-2022), to study the effect of adding polixal 20-8 at four concentrations (0, 4, 8, 12 ml L-1 ) and spraying seaweed extract (Algaren) at four concentrations (0, 1.5, 3, 4.5 ml L-1 ) on some ions in soil, leaves and the early yield of eggplant cv. Barcelona, The treatments were assigned to experimental following a randomized completely block design (R.C.B.D.). The results showed the significant superiority of adding a polixal (12 ml L -1 ) on the concentration of calcium, sodium and chloride ions in soil and plant, the calcium ion concentration in the soil was 431.8 PPM, the sodium ion concentration was 150.37 PPM, and the chlorine ion concentration was 1869 PPM, while the calcium ion concentration in the leave was 966.1 PPM, the sodium ion concentration was 443.2 PPM, and the chlorine ion concentration was 241.92 PPM, and the early yield is 1.38 kg house -1 Significant differences were also recorded for the results of spraying seaweed extract with a concentration of 4.5 ml L-1 on all studied traits, increasing the calcium concentration, and decreasing the sodium and chloride ions in the soil and plant as the calcium ion concentration in the soil was 395.3 PPM, the sodium ion concentration was 149.29 PPM and the chlorine ion concentration was PPM 2961, while the calcium ion concentration in the plant was PPM 948.4 and the calcium ion concentration in the plant was PPM 948.4. Sodium 431.9 PPM and chlorine ion concentration 241.92 PPM, and the early yield is 1.05 kg house

Physicochemical analysis of wastewater generated from a coating industry in Mauritius

The coating industry is one of the most important consumers of water and chemicals and consequently is a major water polluter in Mauritius. The focus of this study was to characterise wastewater generated by a coating industry in Mauritius. The objectives were to develop a wastewater sampling strategy and to analyse the pollutant parameters as per Mauritian regulations. The wastewater samples were analysed for physicochemical properties and metal abundances over a period of 6months. The physicochemical parameters analysed were pH, electrical conductivity (EC), true colour, total suspended solids (TSS), biological oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrate, phosphate, sulphate and free chlorine. The wastewater samples were also analysed for metal ions such as sodium, potassium, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, manganese, mercury, molybdenum, nickel and zinc. The results of the physicochemical parameters indicated the presence of biologically resistant organic matters in all the wastewater samples with elevated values of BOD5 and COD, and low biodegradability index, respectively. The coating industry wastewater samples were acidic and saline in nature. Moreover, they presented high concentrations of TSS, free chlorine and sodium ions compared to standard limits promulgated by the Mauritian Government. Spearman's rank correlation matrix with non-linear regression analysis showed significant associations among the measured parameters which were found to have a common origin in the coating industry wastewater. This research will be useful for regular monitoring and setting up an adequate coating industry wastewater treatment for the potential reuse in production processes in Mauritius.

Problems and achievements in the study of clinical and genetic aspects of cystic fibrosis

Cystic fibrosis is a common hereditary autosomal recessive disease characterized by pronounced genetic heterogeneity, associated clinical polymorphism, severe course and prognosis. The disease occurs worldwide in representatives of various populations and ethnic groups, with equal frequency among the male and female population. The molecular pathogenesis of the disease is based on disturbances in the synthesis, structure and function of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator protein (CFTR), which leads to various functional disorders in the work of chloride channels. As a result, the viscosity of secretions increases and exocrinopathy develops, which leads to disruption in the functioning of all organs and systems. The main cause of cystic fibrosis is a mutation in the CFTR gene. There are seven genetic classes of mutations in the CFTR gene, they mainly determine the severity of the disease. The main criterion in the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis is an increase in the concentration of chlorine ions in the secretion of sweat glandsof more than 60mmol/l when performing a sweat test using the classical GibsonCook method. An exception is a mutation in the CFTR 3849+10kbCT gene, which is associated with anormal or borderline sweat test result. For a long time, the treatment of patients suffering from cystic fibrosis was symptomatic, while the course of the disease remained severe and led to early mortality of patients. However, in recent decades, modern achievements in the field of studying the molecular genetic aspects of cystic fibrosis have made it possible to make a scientific breakthrough in the creation of pathogenetic therapy for this disease. New effective drugs that improve the health of patients and their quality of life have appeared. The relevance of studying the molecular mechanism of the disease for the development of a personalized approach in the treatment of cystic fibrosis is increasing, which is a promising direction on the way to gaining health for this category of patients.

Biosafety evaluation of ethanolic extract of Phyllanthus amarus leaves on liver and kidney of wistar rats

Abstract. Yakubu OE, Abu MS, Innocent OC, Onuche JI. 2022. Biosafety evaluation of ethanolic extract of Phyllanthus amarus leaves on liver and kidney of wistar rats. Asian J Nat Prod Biochem 20: 1-5. Medicinal plants such as Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn. have played a significant role in maintaining human health since ancient times. Documented evidence shows that the plant has been used to treat various ailments. Still, its biosafety on vital organs such as the liver and kidney has not been specifically studied. The study was designed to ascertain the biosafety of ethanolic extract of P. amarus leaves on the liver and kidney of wistar rats. A total of twenty (20) wistar rats were used, divided into 4 groups of 5 animals each (Group A, B, C, D). Group B, C, D received 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg of the extract, respectively. Group A (Control) received only distilled water. The treatment was carried out for two weeks. At the end of the experiments, the animals were sacrificed. Afterward, liver function and renal function evaluation were conducted. The indicators of liver function include Total protein (TP), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Albumin (ALB), Direct bilirubin (DB), and total bilirubin (TB) were determined. The indicators of renal function include sodium ion (Na+), potassium ion (k+), Chlorine ion (Cl-), urea, and creatinine. The results showed that the parameters of the liver function of treated animals were no significant (p>0.0) difference compared to the normal rats (control). Concentrations of sodium ions (Na+), potassium ions (k+), chlorine ions (Cl-), urea, and creatinine of the treated animals were statistically comparable to the normal rats at (p<0.05). This research showed that P. amarus did not induce hepatotoxicity or nephrotoxicity at the dose of 100-400 mg/kg BW. Furthermore, this finding has validated the use of P. amarus as a traditional herb for treating and managing several diseases, including kidney and liver diseases, without any significant organ damage.

Mathematical modeling of the influence of non-catalytic dissociation / recombination of water molecules in the desalination channel on electric convection

The article formulates a two-dimensional mathematical model of non-stationary transport of 1: 1 electrolyte in a potentiodynamic mode, taking into account electroconvection and non-catalytic dissociation / recombination reaction of water molecules in electromembrane systems, which are considered as the desalting channel of an electrodialysis device. The model is described by a system of coupled Navier-Stokes and Nernst-Planck-Poisson equations taking into account the electric force and physically justified boundary conditions. The article establishes the basic laws of mass transport, taking into account the dissociation / recombination of water molecules. It was shown for the first time that a double electric layer of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions arises in the recombination region. It is shown that between the region of recombination and quasi-equilibrium regions of space charge there are regions of electroneutrality and equilibrium with an almost linear distribution of concentrations. It was found that even under prelimiting, but close enough to the limiting current, modes, non-catalytic dissociation of water molecules in the quasi-equilibrium region of space charge occurs so intensely that the concentration of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions becomes comparable to the concentration of potassium and chlorine ions. At overlimiting current densities, due to the appearance of an extended space charge region and intense dissociation of water molecules in this region, as well as an increase in the electric double layer in the recombination region, the space charge and the dissociation / recombination reaction of water molecules significantly affect each other. In turn, this has a decisive effect on electroconvection and, accordingly, on the transport of salt ions.

Predicting Corrosion Behavior of A36 Plain Carbon Steel and A588 Weathering Steel in Bridge Applications

The annual direct cost of corrosion on bridge structures is over $8.3 billion. Much of this cost is due to broadly applied corrosion mitigation and prevention methods for steel components. On-going efforts by many state and local agencies focus on reducing maintenance costs through improved corrosion detection and prevention methods. In our research, we focus on linking corrosion mechanisms to corrosion predictions for materials commonly used for steel beams on bridges. Plain carbon steel remains a common material for bridge construction despite its poor corrosion performance. Porous and fragile corrosion products such as Hematite (α-Fe2O3), Goethite (α-FeOOH), Akagneite (β-FeOOH), and dense and highly adhesive Lepidocrocite (γ -FeOOH) form. Due to the porous corrosion layer, a high concentration of chlorine ions are trapped, further accelerating corrosion. To prevent rapid corrosion, typical protection measures on bridge steels in Connecticut include the application of a three-layer paint system containing primer, intermediate urethane coat, and an epoxy topcoat. Breakdown of the coating can result in pitting corrosion below the paint layers, which is difficult to detect visually. Periodic removal and replacement of paint is essential to long-term maintenance. In fact, the paint layer protection is typically designed to last 15-20 years, and removal and recoating costs range from $5-$20 per square foot, creating a high driving force to identify lower cost options for maintenance. Weathering steel is a potentially lower-cost alternative. A primary benefit of weathering steel (WS) over plain carbon steel is its ability to form dense, protective, and highly adhesive Lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH) layer on the surface. With continued exposure, corrosion resistance of WS increases. Although the corrosion behavior of plain carbon steel and WS have been heavily researched, prediction of the corrosion performance of these steels coupled in coated and uncoated bridge applications remains difficult. In this study, we conducted a series of accelerated corrosion tests and evaluated the electrochemical corrosion behavior of A36 plain carbon steel and A588 weathering steel to predict corrosion rates. Accelerated corrosion testing of both bare and scratched painted A36 and A588 steel coupons of 50 x 30 x 5 mm was conducted through 200 cycles of wet/dry immersion at room temperature in 3.5% NaCl and simulated seawater (ASTM D1141). Bare steel samples were polished with 800 grit SiC paper and cleaned with ethanol and distilled water. Painted samples were polished with 240 grit SiC paper and cleaned with ethanol and distilled water prior to coating with zinc primer Carbozinc® 11 HS, epoxy coating Carboguard® 893, and polyurethane top-coat Carbothane® 133 LV. After the coating, the samples are scratched with diamond wafering blade on an IsoMetTM saw. Samples were photographed using a Nikon D5000 DSLR camera and weighed using microscale (FisherScientific XA-200DS) after every 20 cycles. A36 and A588 coupons were characterized by Potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) testing using a Bio-Logic VSP-300 potentiodynamic tester. Sample surfaces were polished with 800 grit SiC paper and cleaned with ethanol and distilled water for PDP testing to establish baseline corrosion rates prior to oxide formation. EIS testing was applied to coupons in the original (clean surface) and corroded surface state to characterize the electrical nature of the corrosion layers formed on the surface. In addition, all corroded sample surfaces were analyzed using XRD (Rigaku SmartLab) and GIXRD, and microstructural features were examined using optical and electron microscopies. All bare surface samples demonstrated continuous weight gain during wet/dry cycling. Scratched samples gained weight at a slower rate. Both corrosion potential (Ecorr) and corrosion current (i corr) of the A36 samples was found to be higher than that of A588, and the corrosion rate of A36 is calculated at nearly 2,600 mmpy compared to 570 mmpy for A588. The EIS results indicate that A36 surface layers have a slightly higher electrical resistance than A588 surface layers, but the capacitance of A588 corrosion products is higher than for A36. Overall, the corrosion resistance of A588 is better than the corrosion resistance of the A36, as expected. The results from electrochemical testing correspond to the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The cross-sectional microstructural analysis of sample revealed A588 contains denser and thicker corrosion layer, and A36 corrosion products are highly porous and detached from the substrate. Furthermore, severe pitting was observed on the A36 surfaces, and mostly uniform corrosion was observed on the A588 surfaces. The pitting observed scratched samples for both A36 and A588 was similar and not severe.

Electrochemical oxidation of 2-chloroaniline in single and divided electrochemical flow cells using boron doped diamond anodes

Electrochemical oxidation (EO) using boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes attracted increasing interests due to its high efficiency in mineralizing chlorinated organic pollutants in water. However, it produces hazardous disinfection by-products (DBPs) including chloramines, chlorate and perchlorate ions and discharges acidic streams. In this work, an attempt to neutralize the acidic effluent and reduce the production of DBPs was developed. To do that, the EO of 2-chloroaniline (2-CA) in single and divided electrochemical flow cells using BDD anode and stainless steel cathode was investigated. The results showed that complete degradation of 2-CA and high mineralization yields were achieved using single and divided compartment cells. The separation of anolyte and catholyte by anion exchange membrane (AEM) in divided electrochemical configuration enhanced the efficiency of the electrochemical treatment and reduced the energy consumption; while, higher concentrations of free chlorine, nitrate, chlorate, and perchlorate ions were generated in the anolyte. A post-treatment of the treated solution in the cathodic compartment at low current density was effective in reducing the amount of free chlorine and chlorate ions, transferring chloride and nitrate ions to the anodic compartment by electro-dialysis, and neutralizing the anolyte and catholyte. Divided electrochemical cell configuration has the potential to achieve more efficient treatment of 2-CA for the recovery of valuable by-products (which can be considered as a powerful synthetic tool, from an environmental point of view; to produce high-added value products).

Optimum temperature and chlorine ion concentration for hydrogen peroxide treatment of titanium dental implant material

Hydrogen peroxide treatment is a cost-effective and simple method to improve the bioactivity of titanium implants. In this study, the effects of chloride ion concentration and temperature of hydrogen peroxide on the surface treatment of titanium were investigated using X-ray diffractometry (XRD), Field Emission-Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), and tests in order to determine wettability and apatite forming ability. The results showed that at the lower temperatures of treatment (60 °C), hydrogen peroxide corroded the formed titania layer and the post-heat treatment resulted in rutile formation on the surface of titanium. At higher temperatures of treatment (100 °C), a uniform and crack-free anatase layer was formed on the surface of titanium, leading to the improvement of superhydrophilicity and the apatite forming ability of titanium. However, these properties were affected by increasing the chloride concentration of hydrogen peroxide. At appropriate conditions, titanium dental implant surfaces could be treated effectively using hydrogen peroxide, such that the time of treatment could be reduced to 5 h.

Electrochemical Treatment of High Concentration Ammonia using RuO2/Ti Anode and TiO2 Nanotube Cathode

Objectives:In this study, the treatment potential of ammonia in wastewater generated by S company odor removal process was tested by using electrochemical reactor with RuO2/Ti anode and TiO2 nanotube cathode. The effect of chlorine ion concentration and current density on ammonia oxidation were investigated by comparing the treatment efficiencies.Methods:380 mL of wastewater was electrolyzed for 3 h using 4 anodes and 5 cathodes and pH, NH3-N, NO3--N, and TN were measured and analyzed every 30 minutes.Results and Discussion:As the addition of chlorine ion increases, about 1,700 mg/L of ammonia in the wastewater was found to increase in oxidation reaction rate due to an increase in chlorine based oxidizing agent. An increase in chlorine based oxidizing agent leads to an increase in indirect oxidation. As a result, total nitrogen removal was increased. Ammonia oxidation rate was increased as the current density increased. Nitrate, ammonia oxidation byproduct, was accumulated at a current density from 20 to 40 mA/cm2. At higher than 50 mA/cm2, nitrate was accumulated for a while and then decreased. Total nitrogen removal rate increased as the current density increased. During electrochemical oxidation of ammonia to nitrate, hydroxyl ions were consumed by the reaction. The hydroxyl ion consumed during ammonia oxidation was less than that produced from nitrate reduction.Conclusions:Thus, ammonia in actual wastewater was completely removed using RuO2/Ti anode and TiO2 nanotube cathode and the possibility of reducing nitrate was confirmed. We confirmed the applicability of the two electrodes to the real industry.

Characteristic of baltic cod mince Gadus Morhua Callarias washed with electrochemical activated water with different concentration of active chlorine ions

The relevance of the above technological process makes it possible to reduce intensity of fish smell and taste, to improve color, to form a more dense structure and to increase shelf life of minced cod. For the first time minced cod was washed by Electrolyzed – water (EW-water) containing various concentrations of active chlorine, as well as free radicals. The influence of different concentration of active chlorine ions on physical and chemical characteristics of washed minced cod was determined. The optimum concentration of active chlorine ions was determined. The amount of removed water-soluble proteins depends on the type of water and the concentration of active chlorine in it. Pure and electrolyzed - water was characterized before and after washing minced cod. The rheological characteristics of minced cod washed by EW - water with different concentrations of active chlorine ions do not change significantly at a concentration in the range from 25 to 150 mg/l. With a concentration of active chlorine ions more than 200 mg / l, the ultimate shear stress increases significantly, the texture of minced cod becomes too dense, which negatively affects the sensory characteristics. Dependence of ratio of protein coefficient and suitability level of minced cod for preparation of high-quality food product was determined. It was found that washing of the minced cod removes water-soluble proteins, which leads to a change in their ratio with salt-soluble proteins, as a result of which the protein coefficient increases by 1.5-2.4 times. The advantage of washing minced cod by electrolyzed – water, which differs in better rheological characteristics compared to minced cod washed with pure water, was justified.

Copper(II) oxide powder manufacture for via-filling plating from H2O2 type etching wastes

Copper(II) oxide powder manufacture from H2O2 type etching waste is proposed. The basic copper carbonate, the intermediate product, is depends on the reaction mole ratio of sodium carbonate to copper hydroxide. The optimum reaction mole ratio is 2.64 at 80°C under copper content of 57.5wt.%.The optimum usage of NaOH is 120g for Copper(II) oxide. The Copper(II) oxide yield and chlorine ion concentration, are 97.0wt.% and 9.0mgL, respectively. The physical properties, such as mean particle size, dissolution time, and angle of repose are 20.0μm, 60s, and 34.1°, respectively. The via-hole filling thickness is 9.4μm, which satisfies general electroplating criteria, 15μm.

Aqueous two-phase systems (polyethylene glycol + ammonia sulfate) for thallium extraction: Optimization of extraction efficiency, structural characterization, and mechanism exploration

Liquid-liquid extraction using aqueous two-phase systems (ATPs) presents advantages when compared to traditional liquid-liquid extraction. In this work, the extracting behavior of thallium(III) in the polyethylene glycol-based aqueous two-phase system (PEG–ATPs) was thoroughly investigated. The PEG-ATPs used in this study contains 2.5 M (NH4)2SO4 as a phase forming salt and 30% (v/v) PEG(4 0 0) solution. Thallium(III) partitioning was evaluated by turning the processing parameters including the concentration of chlorine, solution pH, reaction time, temperature and initial metal ion concentration. It was found that the efficient extraction of Tl ions mainly depends on the concentration of chlorine. By increasing the chlorine concentration or decreasing the solution pH, the extraction of Tl ions increased markedly. Na2SO3 is demonstrated to be an excellent agent for the back extraction of PEG-Tl(III); a back extraction rate of 76% yielded. Temperature shows a significant impact on the exaction of Tl(III) (97.0% of Tl(III) extracted within 3.0 min reaction at 320 K), but a minor effect on the extraction of other ions (e.g., NH4+, Zn2+, Mn2+, Sb3+, Fe3+, Pb2+ and Bi3+, etc.) in the system. Results from conductivity test, infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetry demonstrated that the complexation reaction between PEG and Tl (III) can form a complex structure with oxygen atoms in the polyethylene glycol molecule (PEG(4 0 0)-Tl(III)). One Tl(III) ions coordinated with four PEG structural units for the novel structure. Overall, PEG is an environmental-friendly and efficient extraction agent for the removal of thallium from wastewater.

Extraction of cobalt(ii) by methyltrioctylammonium chloride in nickel(ii)-containing chloride solution from spent lithium ion batteries.

Spent lithium batteries contain valuable metals such as cobalt, copper, nickel, lithium, etc. After pretreatment and recovery of copper, only cobalt, nickel and lithium were left in the acid solution. Since the chemical properties of cobalt and nickel are similar, separation of cobalt from a solution containing nickel is technically challenging. In this study, Co(ii) was separated from Ni(ii) by chelating Co(ii) with chlorine ions, Co(ii) was then extracted from the aforementioned chelating complexes by methyltrioctylammonium chloride (MTOAC). The effects of concentrations of chlorine ions in the aqueous phase ([Cl−]aq), MTOAC concentrations in organic phase ([MTOAC]org), ratios of organic phase to aqueous phase (O/A), and the initial aqueous pH on cobalt separation were studied. The results showed that [Cl−]aq had a significant impact on cobalt extraction efficiency with cobalt extraction efficiency increasing rapidly with the increase in [Cl−]aq. The effect of initial pH on cobalt extraction efficiency was not significant when it varied from 1 to 6. Under the condition of [Cl−]aq = 5.5 M, [MTOAC]org = 1.3 M, O/A = 1.5, and pH = 1.0, cobalt extraction efficiency reached the maximum of 98.23%, and nickel loss rate was only 0.86%. The stripping rate of cobalt from Co(ii)–MTOAC complexes using diluted hydrochloric acid was 99.95%. By XRD and XRF analysis, the recovered cobalt was in the form of cobalt chloride with the purity of cobalt produced reaching 97.7%. The mode of cobalt extraction was verified to be limited by chemical reaction and the kinetic equation for cobalt extraction was determined to be: R(Co) = 4.7 × 10−3[MTOAC](org)1.85[Co](aq)1.25.

Effect of Electrochemical Treatment on the Chlorine Generation Efficiency of Ballast Water in the Brackish Zone

Indirect oxidation using chlorine species oxidizing agents is often effective in wastewater treatment using an electrochemical oxidation process. When chlorine ions are contained in the wastewater, oxidizing agents of various chlorine species are produced during electrolysis. In a ballast water management system, it is also used to treat ballast water by electrolyzing seawater to produce a chlorine species oxidizer. However, ballast water in the brackish zone and some wastewater has a low chlorine ion concentration. Therefore, it is necessary to study the chlorine generation current efficiency at various chlorine concentration conditions. In this study, the chlorine generating current efficiency of a boron-doped diamond(BDD) electrode and insoluble electrodes are compared with various chloride ion concentrations. The results of this study show that the current efficiency of the BDD electrode is better than that of the insoluble electrodes. The chlorine generation current efficiency is better in the order of BDD, MMO(mixed metal oxide), Ti/RuO2, and Ti/IrO2 electrodes. In particular, when the concentration of sodium chloride is 10 g/L or less, the current efficiency of the BDD electrode is excellent.