Cetylpyridinium Chloride Concentration Research Articles

Drug-induced transitions from micelles to vesicles in ionic surfactant solutions

Surfactant solutions play key roles in scientific research and technological applications. Here we investigated solutions that combined an ionic surfactant, Cetylpyridinium Chloride (CPyCl), with a non-steroidal, anti-inflammatory drug, Sodium Diclofenac (Diclo). The study covered a wide range of compositions and utilized both rheology and cryogenic-Electron Microscopy (cryo-EM). The solutions were prepared at three different concentrations of CPyCl: 5.0 mM, 16.7 mM and 33.0 mM, and we maintained the ratio of surfactant to salt, R=CPyCl/Diclo, within the range of 0.24<R<1.2. Linear viscoelasticity was measured at 25°C. The use of dilute solutions allowed for detailed cryo-EM imaging. By tracking the evolution of the zero-frequency viscosity as a function of Diclo concentration, we identified distinct regions of different rheological responses. The correlation between frequency sweep data and cryo-EM images enabled us to link these regions to specific morphological transitions ranging from spherical micelles to long and entangled wormlike micelles, to branched networks and, eventually, to perforated vesicles. For some systems, we were able to measure the complete spectrum of relaxation times, including the shortest characteristic Rouse time at high frequencies, previously only achieved by Diffusive Wave Spectroscopy. The use of existing models to evaluate the relevant important microstructural parameters such as entanglement, contour, and persistence lengths allowed us to establish a clear correlation between the microstructural parameters derived through rheology and the insights from the cryo-EM analysis.

Exploring the Effect of Cetylpyridinium Chloride Addition on the Antibacterial Activity and Surface Hardness of Resin-Based Dental Composites.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) addition on the antibacterial and surface hardness characteristics of two commercial resin-based dental composites (RBDCs). A total of two hundred and seventy (n = 270) specimens from Filtek Z250 Universal and Filtek Z350 XT flowable RBDCs were fabricated with the addition of CPC at 2 %wt and 4 %wt concentrations to assess their antibacterial activity using the agar diffusion test and direct contact inhibition test, and their surface hardness using the Vickers microhardness test after 1 day, 30 days, and 90 days of aging. A surface morphology analysis of the specimens was performed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The RBDCs that contained 2 %wt and 4 %wt CPC demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans up to 90 days, with the highest activity observed for the 4 %wt concentration. Nevertheless, there was a reduction in antibacterial effectiveness over time. Moreover, compared to the control (0 %wt) and 2 %wt CPC groups, the universal RBDCs containing 4 %wt CPC exhibited a notable decrease in surface hardness, while all groups showed a decline in hardness over time. In conclusion, the satisfactory combination of the antibacterial effect and surface hardness property of RBDCs was revealed with the addition of a 2 %wt CPC concentration.

Antibacterial and anticorrosion effects of Cetylpyridinium Chloride against Desulfovibrio desulfuricans biofilm and X80 steel corrosion

In this work, corrosion inhibition of X80 steel caused by Cetylpyridinium Chloride (CPC) in the presence of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) was studied. The results showed that SRB accelerated the steel corrosion, whereas CPC had a good antibacterial activity against SRB corrosion. The growth of SRB was significantly inhibited with CPC concentration 10 mg L–1. The addition of 80 mg L–1 reduced the corrosion rate by 80 % in the presence of SRB. Molecular dynamics simulation and adsorption isotherm calculation showed that CPC can be adsorbed on the steel surface to form a protective film to protect steel form corrosion.

Effect of cationic surfactant on the physicochemical and antibacterial properties of colloidal systems (emulsions and microemulsions).

Colloidal systems have been used to encapsulate, protect and release essential oils in mouthwashes. In this study, we investigated the effect of cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) on the physicochemical properties and antimicrobial activity of oil-in-water colloidal systems containing tea tree oil (TTO) and the nonionic surfactant polysorbate 80. Our main aim was to evaluate whether CPC could improve the antimicrobial activity of TTO, since this activity is impaired when this essential oil is encapsulated with polysorbate 80. These systems were prepared with different amounts of TTO (0-0.5% w/w) and CPC (0-0.5% w/w), at a final concentration of 2% (w/w) polysorbate 80. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) results revealed the formation of oil-swollen micelles and oil droplets as a function of TTO concentration. Increases in CPC concentrations led to a reduction of around 88% in the mean diameter of oil-swollen micelles. Although this variation was of only 20% for the oil droplets, the samples appearance changed from turbid to transparent. The surface charge of colloidal structures was also markedly affected by the CPC as demonstrated by the transition in zeta potential from slightly negative to highly positive values. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies showed that this transition is followed by significant increases in the fluidity of surfactant monolayer of both colloidal structures. The antimicrobial activity of colloidal systems was tested against a Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureaus) bacteria. Our results revealed that the inhibition of bacterial growth is observed for the same CPC concentration (0.05% w/w for E. coli and 0.3% w/w for S. aureus) regardless of TTO content. These findings suggest that TTO may not act as an active ingredient in polysorbate 80 containing mouthwashes.

An exploratory study of drug concentration and inhibitory effect of cetylpyridinium chloride buccal tablets on SARS-CoV-2 infection among 10 Chinese subjects.

It was evidenced that cetylpyridinium-chloride (CPC) mouthwash could inhibit SARS-COV-2 activity and reduce salivary viral load, thus reducing SARS-CoV-2 transmission. However, due to insufficient residence time in the oral cavity, CPC-containing mouthwashes have no prolonged antiviral effect. The duration of action of the CPC buccal tablet is expected to be longer than that of the mouthwash. However, there are currently no reports on the salivary drug concentration of CPC buccal tablets. The study aimed to investigate the salivary drug concentration of CPC buccal tablets and the antiviral effect of CPC on SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. This is a single-dose, single-arm clinical trial, involving 10 Chinese healthy subjects who received 2-mg CPC buccal tablet to collect saliva samples and to detect saliva concentration at different timepoints within 2h (Clinical Trial Registration Number: NCT05802628, Registration Date: April 6, 2023). CPC concentration in saliva was detected by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated based on the non-compartmental model. With an in vitro antiviral experiment, the activity of CPC buccal tablets against SARS-CoV-2 and its cellular toxicity was tested. Drug concentrations in saliva at 15 min, 30 min, 1h, 1.5h, and 2h after administration were 8008.33 (1042.25, 41081.11), 2093.34 (373.15, 5759.83), 1016.58 (378.66, 3480.68), 891.77 (375.66, 6322.07), and 717.43 (197.87, 2152.71)ng/mL. PK parameters of saliva concentration: Cmax = 8008.33 (1042.25, 41081.11)ng/mL, AUC0-t = 4172.37 (904.42, 13912.61)ng/mL*h, AUC0-∞ = 6712.85 (1856.77, 19971.12)ng/mL*h, T1/2 = 1.22 (0.59, 2.83)h, Tmax = 0.25 (0.25, 0.25)h. As determined in in vitro experiment, CPC was active on SARS-CoV-2 with cytotoxic and inhibitory activity of CC50 = 35.75 μM (≈12155 ng/mL) and EC50 = 7.39 μM (≈2512.6ng/mL). The comparison between the salivary CPC concentration and EC50/CC50 values from in vitro antiviral experiments suggests that CPC buccal tablets may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 activity, and the inhibition may last for approximately 30 min without cytotoxicity.

Filter sterilized carcass rinsate for recovery of Salmonella species with various concentrations of cetylpyridinium chloride.

Controlling Salmonella in poultry processing continues to be important to processors and consumers. Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) has proven to be effective in vitro in controlling Salmonella. This study evaluated the recovery of Salmonella after overnight storage in 4°C filter-sterilized carcass rinsate containing CPC from 0.44 to 909 ppm (μg/mL). Ten Salmonella serotypes (18 strains), of which 6 serotypes are commonly isolated from poultry products, were grown in Bacto-Tryptic Soy Broth overnight at 37°C. Serial dilutions of a CPC/propylene glycol solution were prepared in 24-well tissue culture plates containing filter-sterilized carcass rinsate. Approximately 107 cfu/mL of each Salmonella serotype was added to the appropriate wells. Inoculated plates were stored overnight at 4°C. After storage, triplicate plates of brilliant green agar with sulfapyridine (BGS) were surface inoculated with 10 μL of the contents for each well, streaked for isolation, and incubated at 37°C for 24 h. Three replications were conducted. The presence of typical colonies on BGS plates was recorded as growth and verified through biochemical and serological testing. Of the serotypes chosen, Salmonella Kentucky, Dublin, and Enteritidis were the least resistant to CPC with a median minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 14.22 μg/mL (range from 3.55 to 56.88 μg/mL); S. Typhimurium demonstrated a median MIC of 114.00 μg/mL (range from 28.44 to 114.00 μg/mL). Residual CPC potentially remaining attached to a carcass or in the weep after processing could potentially alter which Salmonella serotype is recovered from a carcass rinse due to different growth patterns during regulatory testing, with a potential for more virulent strains not to be recovered.

Cetylpyridinium Chloride Induces Resistance Genes in Candida Albicans

Aim: The antimicrobial cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) is used in the management of denture stomatitis-associated oral candidiasis as an alternative therapy as well as for oral hygiene. Cetylpyridinium chloride survives in the oral cavity for long periods at low doses, which fluctuates due to the dynamics of the oral cavity. In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the impact of different sub-therapeutic CPC concentrations (1/100, 1/200) for different time periods (0.,5., 2., 24., 48. h) on the expression of drug-resistance genes (CDR1, CDR2, MDR1, ERG11) in Candida albicans SC5314. Method: Total RNA was extracted immediately after antimicrobial exposure using the Biospeedy® Tri-Easy Isolation Kit followed by Real-Time Quantitative Reverse Transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The data were analyzed by the comparative 2-ΔΔCT method to calculate the relative expression of the target genes after treatment with different CPC concentrations, standardized to the housekeeping gene Actin. Results: In this study, it was found that the drug resistance gene expression levels increased after exposure to high CPC concentrations (1/100) for 48 h, whereas the gene expression levels were downregulated at 1/200. Conclusion: These results may provide an insight into the mechanisms of action of drug-resistance genes in Candida albicans and aid the development of future strategies for using CPC as an alternative therapy.

Combination of Cetylpyridinium Chloride and Chlorhexidine Acetate: A Promising Candidate for Rapid Killing of Gram-Positive/Gram-Negative Bacteria and Fungi.

Combined use of the present antimicrobial drugs has been proved to be an alternative approach for antimicrobial agents' development since the co-existed of the drugs working in different mechanism have been demonstrated potentially enhance their antimicrobial activity. In this work, antibacterial and antifungal activity of the cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC)/chlorhexidine acetate (CHA) combination was evaluated for the first time, while a universal concentration for the rapid killing of gram-positive/gram-negative bacteria and fungi was also proposed. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of CPC and CHA used alone or in combination were first measured, showing that the combined treatment decreased the MIC against tested gram-positive/gram-negative bacteria and fungi to 1/8-1/2. Growth curve assays demonstrated CPC and CHA had dynamic combined effects against the tested microorganisms at the concentration equal to MIC. Besides, combined use of these two drugs could also enhance their biocidal activity, which was illustrated by fluorescence microscopy and SEM images, as well as soluble protein measurement. More importantly, in vitro acute eye and skin irritation tests showed short-term contact with CPC/CHA combination would not cause any damage to mammalian mucosa and skin. In a word, CPC/CHA combination exhibited broad-spectrum antibacterial and antifungal activity against tested gram-positive/gram-negative bacteria and fungi while without any acute irritation to mammalian mucosa and skin, providing a new perspective on the selection of personal disinfectants.

Micellization pattern of cationic surfactants in presence of azo dye in methanol mixed media

Conductivity measurements at three different temperatures (298.15, 308.15, and 318.15 K) were performed to determine the micellization nature of cationic surfactants, i.e., dodecyl trimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) and cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), in the absence and presence of the azo dye methyl red (MR) in four mixed solvent systems (0.1 to 0.4) volume fraction of methanol in water. We calculated the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of DTAB and CPC and the degree of ionization (α) for both in the absence and presence of MR using William’s method. The interaction of surfactants DTAB and CPC with MR has been identified separately through the dye-surfactant aggregation process, with reduced CMC values due to the molecular reorientation of methyl red in the systems. Micellization becomes more likely with MR due to the formation of a molecular complex in mixed systems. We calculated different thermodynamic properties both in the absence and presence of methyl red. Such parameters are the standard Gibbs free energy of micellization (ΔGmo), the standard enthalpy of micellization (ΔHmo), the standard entropy of micellization (ΔSmo), the standard free energy of transfer (ΔGtranso) and heat capacity of micellization (ΔmCp0). In accordance with ΔGmo values, the mixtures show the spontaneous nature of micellization of DTAB and CPC with MR as well.

Alginic Acid Beads Containing Fluorescent Solvatochromic Dyes Display an Emission Color Response to a Cationic Surfactant.

Lipophilic fluorescent dyes can be employed as sensors for surfactants present in concentrations above the critical micellar concentration (CMC) where the dyes are monodispersed in micelles. However, the surfactant concentration range over which these dyes are effective is narrowed because by the sigmoidal nature of their responses. To overcome this limitation, we developed a novel sensor material comprised of a labeled fluorescent solvatochromic dye covalently bonded to alginate gel, which is known to strongly adsorb cationic surfactants. We hypothesized that the dye-alginate conjugate would undergo fluorescent color changes in response to binding of surfactants which alter the polarity of the surrounding environment. Indeed, addition of the representative cationic surfactant, cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), to an aqueous solution of the alginate conjugated fluorescent solvatochromic dye leads to a visible fluorescent color change when the concentration of CPC is below the CMC. The average values of the color appearance parameter, referred to as a hue, of light emitted from gels, calculated by analysis of fluorescence microscopy images using ImageJ software, were found to be approximately linearly dependent on the concentration of CPC encapsulated in the alginate-fluorescent dye complex. This finding shows that absorbed CPC can be quantitatively determined over a wide concentration range in the form of simple fluorescence wavelength or visible responses.

Antibacterial Application of Carpathian Clinoptilolite as Cetylpyridinium Carrier

A bactericidal and structural study on the "cetylpyridinium chloride-clinoptilolite" associates has been carried out. For the first time, the samples were synthesized using the powdered clinoptilolite from the Sokyrnytsia deposit (Transcarpathian region, Ukraine). Eight "cetylpyridinium chloride-clinoptilolite" associates have been synthesized using different cetylpyridinium chloride concentrations and further characterized by elemental analysis and FTIR techniques. The association of the cetylpyridinium cation with the zeolite anionic matrix has been studied. It was found that the adsorption of the cetylpyridinium cations occurs on the clinoptilolite surface without destroying the anionic zeolite framework. Furthermore, the antibacterial activity of the associates was analyzed, and a significant activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans strains was observed, which is caused by the cetylpyridinium cation presence. Unmodified natural and acid-treated clinoptilolites did not show antibacterial activity; however, these can be effectively used as a matrix carrier for the cetylpyridinium cation.

Antiviral effect of cetylpyridinium chloride in mouthwash on SARS-CoV-2

Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), a quaternary ammonium compound, which is present in mouthwash, is effective against bacteria, fungi, and enveloped viruses. This study was conducted to explore the antiviral effect of CPC on SARS-CoV-2. There are few reports on the effect of CPC against wild-type SARS-CoV-2 at low concentrations such as 0.001%–0.005% (10–50 µg/mL). Interestingly, we found that low concentrations of CPC suppressed the infectivity of human isolated SARS-CoV-2 strains (Wuhan, Alpha, Beta, and Gamma) even in saliva. Furthermore, we demonstrated that CPC shows anti-SARS-CoV-2 effects without disrupting the virus envelope, using sucrose density analysis and electron microscopic examination. In conclusion, this study provided experimental evidence that CPC may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection even at lower concentrations.

MP02-17 MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF CETYLPYRIDINIUM CHLORIDE FOR USE IN BLADDER INSTILLATION THERAPY IN THE ADVANCED MANAGEMENT OF RECURRENT URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS

You have accessJournal of UrologyCME1 May 2022MP02-17 MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF CETYLPYRIDINIUM CHLORIDE FOR USE IN BLADDER INSTILLATION THERAPY IN THE ADVANCED MANAGEMENT OF RECURRENT URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS Samuel Chang, Namrata Sawant, William Warner, Philippe Zimmern, and Nicole De Nisco Samuel ChangSamuel Chang More articles by this author , Namrata SawantNamrata Sawant More articles by this author , William WarnerWilliam Warner More articles by this author , Philippe ZimmernPhilippe Zimmern More articles by this author , and Nicole De NiscoNicole De Nisco More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000002514.17AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Treatment of recurrent urinary tract infections (rUTI) has become increasingly difficult due to the rise of antibiotic resistance among uropathogens. Alternative uses of existing antimicrobials, such as antimicrobial bladder instillations, have become the subject of increased attention. Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), a cationic detergent, may be a promising candidate for use in bladder instillations. A preliminary trial reported mild symptoms of bladder irritation in women with antibiotic refractory rUTI, who underwent bladder instillation using 0.05% CPC. The aim of this study was to identify the minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations (MIC/MBCs) of CPC against diverse uropathogenic bacteria to design an optimal CPC instillation strategy for women with rUTI. METHODS: Following IRB approval, uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated from urine collected from postmenopausal women with active rUTI. Serial two-fold dilutions of CPC were placed into a microtiter plate. Overnight cultures grown in Mueller Hinton (MH) broth were normalized to an OD600 of 0.05 and were inoculated into each well. Following overnight static incubation at 37°C, growth was measured. The MIC was recorded as the lowest concentration of CPC for which no growth was visible. 10 μL from wells with no growth was spotted onto MH Agar (MHA). The concentration for which no growth occurred on MHA was recorded as the MBC. RESULTS: The MIC and MBC of CPC ranged from 0.0008% to 0.0016% for UPEC and from 0.0016% to 0.0063% for K. pneumoniae. P. mirabilis had an MIC of 0.0063% and MBC of 0.0125%. The MIC and MBC of CPC for P. aeruginosa were both 0.0125%. A CPC concentration as low as 0.0125% exhibited bactericidal activity against all tested uropathogens. CONCLUSIONS: This study determined that 0.0125% CPC shows bactericidal activity against diverse uropathogens. Future bladder instillation trials using 0.0125% CPC could potentially alleviate reported symptoms of bladder irritation. Continued work will focus on studying the cytotoxic effects of CPC against bladder epithelial cells and the pharmacodynamics of CPC through a time-kill kinetic assay. Source of Funding: The Felecia and John Cain Distinguished Chair in Women’s Health, in Honor of Philippe Zimmern, M.D. © 2022 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 207Issue Supplement 5May 2022Page: e16 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2022 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Samuel Chang More articles by this author Namrata Sawant More articles by this author William Warner More articles by this author Philippe Zimmern More articles by this author Nicole De Nisco More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF DownloadLoading ...

Value addition property of a cationic surfactant on endodontic irrigant: A confocal laser scanning microscope study.

Introduction:Chlorhexidine (CHX) is a commonly used root canal irrigant with high surface tension which prevents its penetration into the isthmus and fins of the root canal. Surfactants have known to reduce the surface tension of the liquid. Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) is a cationic surfactant. The aim of this study is to assess the contact angle formed and depth of penetration of the endodontic irrigant with and without the addition of surfactant.Methods:Contact angle analysis – Ninety-nine freshly extracted and cleaned single-rooted mandibular premolars were obtained. Thirty-three teeth were sectioned longitudinally and then transversely. The sections were mounted on an acrylic block, polished to obtain a flat dentin surface. Five microliter of Group 1: 2% CHX as control, Group 2: 2% CHX + 0.1% CPC, and Group 3: 2% CHX + 0.2% CPC were placed on the dentin surface and subjected to contact angle analysis. Depth of penetration – Access cavity was prepared in sixty-six teeth and instrumented to working length till Protaper Gold F2. The samples were assigned to Groups 1, 2, and 3 and irrigated accordingly, and subjected to a confocal laser scanning Microscopy. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey multiple comparison test. Karl Pearson's correlation test was performed to analyze the correlation between the two.Results:Group 3 had the lowest contact angle (12.82°) and the highest depth of penetration (222.74 μm) when compared to Group 1 and Group 2. Karl Pearson's correlation showed no correlation between the contact angle and the depth of penetration.Conclusion:Higher the concentration of CPC, lower is the contact angle formed with the dentin and higher is the depth of penetration into the dentinal tubule.

Poly(allylamine)/tripolyphosphate coacervates for encapsulation and long-term release of cetylpyridinium chloride

Complex coacervates formed through the association of poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) with pentavalent tripolyphosphate ions (TPP) have low solute permeabilities and enable multi-month release of small, water-soluble molecules. To this end, we have recently shown PAH/TPP coacervates to be highly effective in encapsulating and slowly releasing bioactive anionic surfactants. Here, we extend this work to the encapsulation and release of cationic surfactants and exploring the effects of the PAH/TPP/surfactant mixing order. Using cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) as a model cationic amphiphile, we show that (like their anionic counterparts) cationic surfactants can be encapsulated in PAH/TPP coacervates in high concentrations (exceeding 20% of the coacervate weight). The high loadings evidently reflect the CPC/TPP association (which concentrates the CPC within the forming coacervates) and are maximized at high CPC concentrations, low PAH/TPP concentrations, and when the CPC is initially mixed with the TPP. This CPC encapsulation significantly affects the PAH/TPP coacervate properties (likely due to the considerable CPC/TPP association strength) and makes the coacervates opaquer and higher swelling, but less adhesive and less susceptible to spreading from their application sites. Besides increasing with their CPC content, the coacervate swelling varies with the PAH/TPP/CPC mixing order and is greatest when the CPC and TPP are mixed first. Once loaded, the CPC can be released over multiple months, with some control over the release rates (which, initially, are on the order of 10 µg/d, but tend to gradually fall below ~1 µg/d within the first 1 – 4 weeks). These findings suggest that PAH/TPP coacervates may be suitable for the low-dosage sustained release of cationic surfactants in applications where the release media has a low volume and is not frequently exchanged. More broadly, this work also indicates that: (1) effective encapsulation of active small molecules within polyelectrolyte/small multivalent counterion coacervates does not (when the payload associates with the small multivalent ions) require payload/polymer affinity; and (2) nonequilibrium effects during the formation of these payload-bearing coacervates can have long-term consequences on their properties and performance.

Cetylpyridinium chloride and peracetic acid to lessen Campylobacter, Escherichia coli, and total aerobic bacterial contamination on chicken liver

Undercooked chicken liver dishes have been implicated in human outbreaks of campylobacteriosis. Campylobacter is readily isolated from the surface and internal tissue of chicken livers at slaughter and retail. We treated fresh liver lobes with 15-min immersion in cetylpyridinium chloride ( CPC ) or peracetic acid ( PAA ) at concentrations ranging from 0 (control) to the highest allowable concentration and enumerated naturally occurring Campylobacter, Escherichia coli , and total aerobic bacteria from the surface and within the whole blended lobe. The highest allowable concentration of CPC (8,000 ppm) was required to significantly lessen the number of Campylobacter on the surface and in the whole blended liver lobe. Concentrations of 2,000 and 4,000 ppm were ineffective. With PAA, even the highest allowable concentration (2,000 ppm) did not significantly lessen Campylobacter numbers on liver surface or within the whole blended lobe. Application of PAA at 500 or 1,000 ppm was ineffective. Liver lobe surface color was changed when treated with the highest concentration of either processing aid, especially PAA. Blending livers, as would be done for a pâté type product, did not negate the color change observed in PAA treated lobes. Based on these data, CPC and PAA do not show tremendous promise as a practical means to eliminate Campylobacter from chicken liver.

An integrated in silico and in vivo approach to determine the effects of three commonly used surfactants sodium dodecyl sulphate, cetylpyridinium chloride and sodium laureth sulphate on growth rate and hematology in Cyprinus carpio L

The purpose of this work is to evaluate the homology modeling, in silico prediction, and characterization of somatotropin and erythropoietin from Cyprinus carpio as well as molecular docking and simulation experiments between the modeled proteins and surfactants sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), sodium laureth sulfate (SLES) and cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC). Using the best fit template structure, homology modeling of somatotropin and erythropoietin of Cyprinus carpio respectively was conducted. The model structures were improved further with 3Drefine, and the final 3D structures were verified with PROCHEK, ERRATA and ProQ. The physiochemical, as well as the stereochemical parameters of the modeled proteins, were evaluated using ExPASy's ProtParam. Molecular docking calculations, protein-ligand interactions, and protein flexibility analysis were carried out to determine the binding pattern of each ligand to the targeted proteins and their effect on the overall proteins’ conformation. Our in silico analysis showed that hydrophobic interactions with the active site amino acid residues of the modeled proteins (somatotropin and erythropoietin) were more prevalent than hydrogen bonds and salt bridges that affect the flexibility and stability of the somatotropin and erythropoietin as revealed from our protein flexibility analysis. The in vivo analysis showed that sublethal concentrations of SDS, SLES, and CPC negatively affected the growth and hematological parameters of Cyprinus carpio. Hence, it may be inferred from the study that the alterations in the flexibility of somatotropin and erythropoietin of Cyprinus carpio upon addition of SDS, CPC and SLES might be attributable to the reduction in growth and hematological parameters.

Effect of temperature and composition of mixed solvent media on the interaction of bromocresol Green dye with cetylpyridinium chloride

The study of dye-surfactant interaction is very important in achieving an optimal dyeing process in textile industries. Conductivity measurements of the cationic surfactant cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) in the presence of bromocresol green dye (BCG) in various solvents were performed, in order to provide insight into the interaction between BCG and CPC. Three critical micelle concentrations (cmc) were observed over the studied CPC concentration range. The observed cmc values of the BCG + CPC system were found to change significantly as a function of BCG concentration. The cmc values of the BCG + CPC system showed U-shaped variation, with increasing temperature in aqueous and propanol media, while decreasing monotonically in ethanol media. The concentration of additives (ethanol, propanol, and propylene glycol) also affected the cmc values significantly. The values of counterion binding (β) were also found to be dependent on the temperature and concentration of additives. Different thermodynamic parameters, e.g. Gibbs free energy (), enthalpy (), and entropy () changes, as well as their transfer properties associated with micellization of the BCG + CPC system, were determined. The ΔH o m and ΔS o m values reveal the presence of hydrophobic, ion-dipole, or dipole-diploe interactions amongst employed constituents.

A Review on Cetylpyridinium Chloride

Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) is a quaternary ammonium surfactant having broad spectrum antimicrobial activity. The hexadecane chain of the CPC disorganizes lipid membrane and produces a complete rupture of the bacterial cell membrane. At low concentration of CPC, it leads to activation of intracellular latent ribonucleases of microbes to promote cell autolysis. At high concentration, CPC forms a vesicle-like structure in the bacterial cell surface and leads to leakage of cytoplasmic content. CPC can be estimated using several methods like HPLC, ion-pair extraction TLC, spectrophotometry, chemiluminescence, and spectrometry. It is a strong antimicrobial, anti plaque, deodorizer and bleeding control agent and is widely used in mouthwashes, tooth paste, sanitizers and disinfecting liquids. Keywords: Cetylpyridinium chloride, antimicrobial agent, deodorizer, anti plaque agent.

Synthesis and Characterization of Cetyl Piridinium Chloride Modified and Al2O3 Pillared Clay

Bentonite is a mineral that is very abundant in Indonesia and has the potential to be developed, one of which is by adding intercalant to obtain a modified bentonite with the desired characteristics. In this study, the synthesis was carried out by the intercalation method by surfactant Cetyl pyridinium Chloride (CPC) with % weight variations and then followed by pillarization with aluminum polyoxo. Then the resulting solid phase is calcined at a temperature of 450 o C. The results obtained were that bentonite with modified CPC and aluminum polyoxo had higher basal distance and surface area characteristics compared to natural bentonite and this increase was also proportional to the amount of CPC added before the pillarization process. The best modification value in the addition of CPC was 36% by weight with a basal distance of 16,8898 Å and a surface area of 276.478 m 2 / g. From this research, it can be concluded that the addition of CPC and aluminum polyoxo to bentonite can increase the basal distance and its surface area. The added CPC concentration also has an effect on increasing the number of pillar cations that enter the bentonite so that the pillarization that occurs in bentonite is more and causes the characteristics of the bentonite to be better.