Concentrations Of Bulk Research Articles

Effects of foliar application of two forms of selenium on anatomic features of Thymus daenensis Celak

To investigate selenium effects on anatomic features of Thymus daenensis, three concentrations of bulk and nanoparticles of the element (2, 4 and 8 ppm) along with distilled water, as a control, were sprayed on foliar of young seedlings of the plant species for six times with 2 weeks intervals. Transverse sections of stems, roots and leaves of the treated plants were manually produced and stained by Carmine and Methylene blue. Average of 5 readings was recorded for each treatment on several anatomic traits. Statistical analysis of the data revealed that the effects of selenium treatments were significantly different, at 1% of probability, on all of the studied anatomic characters. The first level of nanoparticles showed the most positive effects on several root characteristics. The highest level of selenium nanoparticles (8 ppm) showed the most positive effects on stem diameter and stem vascular cylinder diameter. The last two levels of nanoparticles had similar and the largest effect on stem epidermis thickness. The lowest level of bulk selenium (2 ppm) showed the most increment on leaf characteristics. Application of a low concentration of selenium by foliar spraying on young plants of the species is suggested for more vegetative growth and higher photosynthetic efficiency

Examining the effectiveness of municipal street sweeping in removing road-deposited particles and metal(loid)s of respiratory health concern

Road dust is a demonstrated source of urban air pollution. Given this, the implementation of street sweeping strategies that effectively limit road dust accumulation and resuspension should be a public health priority. Research examining the effectiveness of street sweeping for road dust removal in support of good air quality has been limited to date. To address this, the study aimed to assess the use of a regenerative-air street sweeper to efficiently remove road dust particles and metal(loid)s in size fractions relevant for respiratory exposure in Toronto, Canada. As part of this, the mass amounts, particle size distribution and elemental concentrations of bulk road dust before and after sweeping at five arterial sites were characterized.Sweeping reduced the total mass amount of thoracic-sized (<10 µm) road dust particles by 76 % on average. A shift in the size distribution of remaining particles toward finer fractions was observed in post-sweeping samples, together with an enrichment in many metal(loid)s such as Co, Ti and S. Overall, the mass amounts of metal(loid)s of respiratory health concern like Cu and Zn were greatly reduced with sweeping. Traffic volume and road surface quality were predictors of dust loadings and elemental concentrations. Road surface quality was also found to impact street sweeping efficiencies, with larger mass amounts per unit area collected post-sweeping where street surfaces were distressed.This study demonstrates that street sweeping using advanced technology can be highly effective for road dust removal, highlighting its potential to support air quality improvement efforts. The importance of tailoring sweeping service levels and technologies locally as per the quality of road surface and traffic patterns is emphasized. Continued efforts to mitigate non-exhaust emissions that pose a respiratory health risk at their source is essential.

Variabilities of biochemical properties of the sea surface microlayer: Insights to the atmospheric deposition impacts

Atmospheric deposition (AD) of nutrients and its impact on the sea surface requires consideration of interfacial processes within the sea surface microlayer (SML), the ocean-atmosphere boundary layer of major importance for many global biogeochemical and climate-related processes. This study comprised a comprehensive dataset, including dissolved NO3−, NH4+ and PO43− in ambient aerosol particles, wet deposition and sea surface samples collected from February to July 2019 at a central Adriatic coastal site. The aerosol mean concentration of dissolved nitrogen (DIN = NO3− + NH4+) and PO43− were 48.8 ± 82.8 μmol m−3 and 0.8 ± 0.6 μmol m−3, respectively, while their total fluxes (dry + wet) ranged from 24.2 to 212.3 μmol m−2 d−1 (mean 123.2 ± 53.2 μmol m−2 d−1) and from 1.2 to 2.1 μmol m−2 d−1 (mean 1.5 ± 0.3 μmol m−2 d−1), respectively. Intensive local episodes of open biomass burning (BB) significantly increased aerosol DIN concentrations as well as DIN deposition fluxes, particularly altering the molar DIN/PO43− ratio of atmospheric samples. The DIN temporal patterns showed high variability in the SML (range 0.2–24.6 μmol L−1, mean 5.0 ± 7.1 μmol L−1) in contrast to the underlying water samples (range 0.5–4.2 μmol L−1, mean 1.9 ± 1.2 μmol L−1), with significant increases during BB periods. Variability in abundance of heterotrophic bacteria and autotrophs in the SML along with concentrations of bulk dissolved and particulate organic carbon as well as dissolved and particulate lipids and carbohydrates, gel particles and surfactants followed DIN enhancements with a two-week delay. This study showed that AD can affect the short-term scale enrichments of organic matter in the SML, especially when accompanied by BB emissions typical of the overall Mediterranean coastal environment. This could have strong implications for global air-sea exchange processes, including those of climate relevant gases, mediated by the SML.

In vitro and in vivo studies of cytotoxic effects of FeSO4 nanoparticles

Background and aims: Using iron as a food additive usually causes undesirable sensory changes and side effects in humans. In this study, we made iron (Fe) nanoparticles (NPs) and studied the cytotoxicity of FeSO4 bulk and NPs on HT-29 cells and different doses of these particles on rat intestine. Methods: Particle size of nanoscale was achieved by mechanical technique. Iron particles were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The effect of iron particles with different concentrations (6.25, 3.125, and 1.57 mM/mL) on the colon cell line was performed using the MTT assay at 24, 48, and 72 hours. Apoptosis and necrosis of the cells were assessed using Annexin V-FITC staining and propidium iodide (PI) at 24 h. In an in vivo study, Taftoon bread was produced from fortified wheat flour with FeSO4 bulk and NPs, which are recommended in human diet (9, 18, and 27 mg of elemental iron/kg flour). Wistar rats were fed daily with fortified bread for 21 days and their colon and small intestine were then evaluated histopathologically. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 22.0 software by chi-square test. Results: The synthesized FeSO4 NPs were smaller than 100 nm, and they had more adverse effects on the viability of the HT-29 cells compared to the bulk- FeSO4 at 72 hours. Flow cytometric study showed that the early apoptosis of cells by the bulk form was more than the NPs, but at the low concentration (1.57 mM/mL), the NPs induced more necrosis than the bulk particles (P=0.063). The survival rate of cells facing all concentrations of NPs and bulk- FeSO4 decreased dose dependently (P=0.075). In vivo results revealed that there were no pathological changes in rats’ intestinal tissues. Conclusion: The bulk and NPs of iron have adverse effects on the HT-29 cells, but no histopathological changes were seen on rats’ intestinal cells.

Ameliorative effect of vitamins (E and C) on biochemical alterations induced by sublethal concentrations of zinc oxide bulk and nanoparticles in Oreochromis niloticus

The comparison between bulk and nano ZnO particles were antecedently studied but describing the dose-dependent toxicity and the ameliorative effect of vitamins (E and C) in Oreochromis niloticus, have not been previously documented. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the ameliorative effect of vitamins (E and C) against oxidative stress and biochemical alterations induced by sublethal concentrations of zinc oxide bulk particles (ZnOBPs) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs). Toxicity tests were carried out on O. niloticus and showed that 96 h LC50 values of ZnOBPs and ZnONPs were 84 mg/l and 5.6 mg/l respectively. Exposure of the studied fish to these sublethel concentrations for 7, 14, 21 & 28 days showed a significant increase (p < 0.05) in serum glucose, AST, ALT, creatinine, urea and uric acid compared to control groups while, fish groups exposed to ZnOBPs or ZnONPs and supplemented with vitamins E and C, their serum enzyme concentrations were decreased compared to the groups without supplementation after 7, 14, 21 and 28 day. On the other hand, antioxidant defense enzymes (SOD, CAT and GST) activity in O.niloticus fish were increased significantly (p < 0.05) when exposed to sublethal concentrations of ZnOBPs or ZnONPs compared to the control value. However, fish groups supplemented with vitamins (E and C) have a decrease in SOD, CAT and GST enzymes activity when compared to unsupplemented groups and the values returned to similar levels established in the control at low concentrations but still higher than control at the high concentrations.

Leaching characteristics of naturally derived toxic elements in the alluvial marine clay layer beneath Osaka Plain, Japan: implications for the reuse of excavated soils

The contamination risks by naturally derived toxic elements must be assessed to achieve a sustainable geo-environment when utilizing excavated surplus soils. To estimate the controlling factors and risks of groundwater pollution associating with the application of recycled excavated surplus soils, the sequentially extracted fractions of major and toxic elements were analyzed and compared to the results of the simple batch leaching test. The concentrations of bulk B and Pb of the Holocene marine clay layer Ma13 were the maximum 75 ppm and 28 ppm at the middle depth and varied similar to the change of clay fraction, while the bulk As concentration was the maximum 12 ppm at the upper part of the Ma13. The B adsorbed onto the clay minerals was easily desorbed under the neutral pH condition. Arsenic was released especially from the transitional sandy silt layers at the upper and lower parts of Ma13 where contacting with oxic groundwater. The 0.45-µm filter required by Japanese regulations does not efficiently remove colloidal particles resulting in poor reproducibility of batch leaching tests, especially for Pb. Also, relative indices of metal mobility suggest that the long-term risk of groundwater contamination via the reuse of excavated surplus soils will not be accurately estimated only by the simple batch leaching test. The change of redox and pH conditions associating with relocation and preservation must be considered to fully evaluate the risk of toxic element mobilization of the excavated surplus soils.

Zinc oxide nanoparticles-mediated changes in ultrastructure and macromolecules of pomegranate callus cells

The dramatic increase in the usage of nanoparticles (NPs) in a variety of applications extensively expanded the possibility regarding the release of NPs into our ecosystem. Pomegranate is a tropical and subtropical countries’ shrub, as offers food supplement and more pharmaceutical and medicinal applications. Here, we investigated the effects concerning different concentrations regarding each of ZnO NPs and its bulk on growth, uptake of Zn, potassium (K), phosphorus (P), proline, ascorbic acid, total phenolic compounds, total antioxidant, localization of Zn in callus cells by transmission electron microscope (TEM) and changes in macromolecules by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) in pomegranate (Punica granatum cv. Hegazy) callus. Growth parameters in callus exposure to high concentrations of ZnO (50–200 µg mL−1) were reduced. Different concentrations of ZnO NPs and bulk did not affect the content of K and P. In comparison according to control, uptake of Zn was increased in pomegranate callus exposed to both ZnO NPs and its bulk. Moreover, TEM images showed small cells with the tortuous cell wall, disintegrated cytoplasmic content and Zn deposition in the cell walls at low concentration of ZnO NPs. However, the high concentration of ZnO NPs showed a further Zn influx in the cytoplasm and attachment to the tonoplast. The FT-IR analysis confirmed variations in the peaks corresponding to the most macromolecules, phenolic compounds, lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, cellulose, and hemicellulose. From these results, we could consider the toxicity effects concerning ZnO NPs and its bulk.

Role of bulk and Nanosized SiO2 to overcome salt stress during Fenugreek germination (Trigonella foenum- graceum L.)

ABSTRACTThe effects of bulk and Nanosized SiO2 on seed germination and seedling growth indices of fenugreek under salinity stress were studied in the College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, in 2013. The experimental treatments included 4 levels of salinity stress (0, 50, 100 and 150 mM), 2 concentrations of bulk (50 and 100 ppm), 2 concentrations of nanosized SiO2 (50 and 100 ppm), and control (without any SiO2 types). Seedling growth attributes significantly improved when bulk and nanosized SiO2 concentrations applied singly or with different levels of salt stress. However, they significantly declined with salt application. The adverse effects of salt on shoot, root and seedling lengths were alleviated by application of 50 ppm nanosized SiO2 treatment. Under salt stress condition, addition of 50 and 100 ppm nanosized SiO2 to fenugreek seeds increased shoot, root and seedling dry weights as compared to bulk SiO2 concentrations and control treatments, though 50 ppm nanosized SiO2 was more effective than 100 ppm nanosized SiO2 application. It was concluded that nanosized SiO2 improves growth attributes of fenugreek and mitigate adverse effects of salt stress.

Phytoremediation of mine tailings with Atriplex halimus and organic/inorganic amendments: A five-year field case study

Mine tailings have adverse chemical and physical conditions, including high concentrations of metals and salts, low organic matter content, and unbalanced rates of nutrients which limit the development of vegetation. A large scale field experiment was conducted to reclaim a tailing pond by triggering the growth of native species by spontaneous colonization by tilling (TL) the tailing pond surface and using marble waste (CaCO3; MW), pig slurry (PS) and their combination (MW + PS) as soil amendments. Soil physicochemical properties and water and DTPA extractable metal concentrations of bulk and rhizosphere soils were analyzed after five year from the application of the treatments. In addition, plants of Atriplex halimus from each treatment were collected and metals in roots, leaves and stems analyzed. Before amendments application, the studied pond showed a neutral pH, high salinity and a moderate organic carbon content. After five years, the pH value was significantly increased only in MW plot. The results showed significant increases of DTPA-extractable Zn in MW and MW + PS plots, Pb in all treatments except MW plot, Cd only in PS plot, and Cu only in MW + PS plot. A. halimus was the most dominant species, growing spontaneously in all plots, with lower vegetation cover in CT and MW plots, 6% and 2% respectively. Application of MW increased leaf Pb accumulation by 2.5-fold and Cd by 55%, when compared to the CT. The high initial salinity and probable substitution of metals by Ca2+ on exchangeable surfaces of soil particles may be the reasons for higher uptake of metals in MW plot when compared to the other plots. Although this plant is widely utilized in contaminated sites for phytostabilization purposes, it may absorb and translocate high concentrations of metals to the aboveground tissues in saline contaminated sites.

Bioaccumulation and effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles and bulk in the clam Ruditapes philippinarum

Biochemical and cellular responses to low concentrations of TiO2 nanoparticles (nTiO2, 1 and 10 μg/L) and bulk (bTiO2, 10 μg/L) were evaluated in gills, digestive gland and haemolymph of the clam Ruditapes philippinarum after1, 3 and 7 days’ exposure. At 7 days, titanium content was determined in gills and digestive gland. nTiO2 significantly increased antioxidant enzyme activities in both tissues, and lipid peroxidation in digestive gland at 10 μg/L only, and affected glutathione S-transferase activity. Slighter variations were observed in bTiO2-treated clams. A significant Ti bioaccumulation was detected in both gills and digestive gland of 10 μg nTiO2/L-exposed clams. In haemolymph, nTiO2 affected total haemocyte count, haemocyte proliferation, haemocyte diameter and volume, and induced DNA damage. Overall, this study demonstrated that TiO2 alters most of the biomarkers measured in clams, although responses were differently modulated depending on tissues and exposure conditions, and indicated that nTiO2 can be accumulated by bivalves, suggesting a potential risk for filter-feeding animals.

Physiological Analysis of CuO Bulk and Nanoparticles to Castor (Ricinus communis L.)

Abstract The rapidly increasing multifarious use of metallic nanoparticles in technology has necessitated evaluation of their impact on environmental, biotic and human health. The present study investigated the effects of different concentrations of bulk and nanosized CuO on seed germination and seedling growth of Ricinus communis in a randomized completely design with four replications. The experimental treatments included four concentrations of bulk CuO (10, 50, 100 and 500 ppm), four concentrations of nanosized CuO (10, 50, 100 and 500 ppm), and the control without CuO. The results indicate that only the weighted germination index and seedling dry biomass of Ricinus communis were significantly affected by the treatments. Other germination characteristics, plumule and radicle length, and seedling fresh weight were not significantly affected by bulk and nanosized CuO concentrations. It can be concluded that bulk and nanosized CuO in this cocentrations not toxic for germination and growth of Ricinus communis.

Comparative Evaluation of Genotoxic Effects Induced by CuO Bulk and Nano-Particles in Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus

Metal oxide nano-particles have definitely unique toxicological properties than currently investigated oxides. Therefore, this study was aimed to comparatively evaluate the genotoxicity of nano-CuO and bulk CuO particles on a model fish species Oreochromis niloticus. Fish were exposed to two selected concentrations (1/10 and 1/20 of the LC50/96 h) of both nano-CuO and bulk CuO for 30 days. Genotoxic effects associated with DNA ladder formation and chromosomal damage were investigated using DNA fragmentation and micronucleus techniques. Based on DNA fragmentation of fish hepatocytes, the two selected concentrations of bulk and nano-CuO were found to induce DNA damage. Analysis of the DNA fragments initiated by bulk CuO on agarose gel revealed DNA ladder pattern, which is commonly considered as a hallmark of apoptosis, while fish exposed to nano-CuO particles showed a molecular hallmark of necrosis which is the fragmentation of the nuclear DNA into a smear-like pattern. Also, DNA damage was further confirmed quantitatively using the image analysis software Image J. In this context, nano-CuO-treated groups exhibited a maximum DNA damage especially at the lower concentration (1/20 LC50/96 h). To ensure CuO genotoxicity, micronucleus and other nine nuclear abnormalities were studied in peripheral erythrocytes and significant (p < 0.05) elevation was observed in nano-CuO-exposed groups at the lower concentration followed by a decrease in extent of chromosomal damage at the higher concentration, while fish groups treated with bulk CuO showed a more or less dose-dependent effect.

Impact of Bulk and Nanosized Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) on Wheat Seed Germination and Seedling Growth

The impacts of different concentrations of bulk and nanosized TiO(2) on seed germination and seedling growth of wheat were studied in a randomized completely design with four replications in the College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, in 2011. The experimental treatments included five concentrations of bulk (1, 2, 10, 100, and 500ppm), five concentrations of nanosized TiO(2) (1, 2, 10, 100, and 500ppm), and control (without any TiO(2)). Results indicated that among the wheat germination indices, only mean germination time was affected by treatments. The lowest and the highest mean germination time (0.89 vs. 1.35 days) were obtained in 10ppm concentration of nanosized TiO(2) and control treatments, respectively. In addition, shoot length, seedling length, and root dry matters were affected by bulk and nanosized TiO(2) concentrations, significantly. Shoot and seedling lengths at 2 and 10ppm concentrations of nanosized TiO(2) were higher than those of the untreated control and bulk TiO(2) at 2 and 10ppm concentrations. Employing nanosized TiO(2) in suitable concentration could promote the seed germination of wheat in comparison to bulk TiO(2) but in high concentrations had inhibitory or any effect on wheat.

Particle-size effect of CuO and ZnO on biogas and methane production during anaerobic digestion

The effects of bulk- and nano-sized CuO and ZnO particles on biogas and methane production during anaerobic digestion of cattle manure were studied for a period of 14 days at 36 °C using the ISO 13641-2 guidelines. Biogas production was severely affected at concentrations of bulk and nanoparticles over 120 and 15 mg/L for CuO and 240 and 120 mg/L for ZnO, respectively. EC50 concentrations for methane inhibition were estimated to be 129 mg Cu/L for bulk CuO, 10.7 mg Cu/L for nano CuO, 101 mg Zn/L for bulk ZnO and 57.4 mg Zn/L for nano ZnO. The solubility of CuO nanoparticles in the reaction mixture was observed after 14 days of incubation and was significantly higher than the levels observed for ZnO. These results are of significant importance, as it is the first time that the effects of metal oxide particle size on biogas and methane production have been studied.

Effect of liposomal confinement on photochemical properties of photosensitizers with varying hydrophilicity

Preferential tumor localization and the aggregation state of photosensitizers (PSs) can depend on the hydrophilic/hydrophobic nature of the molecule and affect their phototoxicity. In this study, three PSs of different hydrophilicity are introduced in liposomes to understand the structure-photochemistry relationship of PSs in this cellular model system. Absorbance and fluorescence spectra of amphiphilic aluminum (III) phthalocyanine disulfonate chloride adjacent isomer (Al-2), hydrophilic aluminum (III) phthalocyanine chloride tetrasulfonic acid (Al-4), and lipophilic 2-(1-hexyloxyethyl)-2-devinyl pyropheophorbide (HPPH) are compared in a liposomal confined state with free PS in bulk solution. For fluorescence measurements, a broad range of concentrations of both bulk and liposomal confined PSs are examined to track the transition from monomers to dimers or higher order aggregates. Epifluorescence microscopy, absorbance, and fluorescence measurements all confirm different localization of the PSs in liposomes, depending on their hydrophilicity. In turn, the localization affects the aggregation of molecules inside the liposome cell model. Data obtained with such cellular models could be useful in optimizing the photochemical properties of photosensitizing drugs based on their structure-dependent interactions with cellular media and subcellular organelles.

Enhancement of epitaxial lateral overgrowth by vapor-phase diffusion

The mathematical model for vapor-phase diffusion-assisted epitaxial lateral overgrowth in homoepitaxy of a compound semiconductor (GaAs-type) thin film is presented. Besides diffusion in vapor phase, the physical mechanisms contributing to the crystal growth and accounted for in the model include surface diffusion and evaporation–recondensation. The evolution equations for the concentrations of bulk and surface species, and for the interface shape are solved by a combination of a finite difference and boundary element methods. Comparison of the results of the modeling to the models that ignore diffusion in vapor shows that the latter enhances the overgrowth on the mask; the degree of this enhancement increases with the widths of the stripe openings in the mask and of the masked regions.

Characterization of the Seed SiO2 Layer in Stacked SiO2-Ta2O5 Gate Dielectrics

ABSTRACTA major hurdle in the gate dielectric scaling using conventionally grown SiO2 has been excessive tunneling that occurs in ultra-thin (&lt;25Å) SiO2. High dielectric constant materials have high concentrations of bulk fixed charge, unacceptable levels of Si-Ta2O5 interface trap states, and low Silicon interface carrier mobilities. Stacked Ta2O5 gate dielectrics have alleviated these issues with significant improvements in leakage, tunneling, charge trapping behavior, and interface substructure. Transistors fabricated using this stacked gate dielectric exhibit excellent sub threshold, saturation, and drive currents. In this study, we have characterized the first SiO2 (8-12Å) layer of the SiO2-Ta2O5 stack by ThermaWave (TWI 5240SE) absolute ellipsometry (AE) using He-Ne (λ= 630nm) laser light source and by corona oxide semiconductor (COS) non-contact techniques. We have also monitored the kinetics of a thin hydrocarbon layer deposition on top of these films that can be removed by simple heat treatments (250°C - 400°C). Electrical thickness (Tox) of these oxides measured by COS indicates this hydrocarbon layer has no impact on Tox. Stacked Ta2O5 was synthesized by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) of a 50-75Å thick Ta2O5 layer at 480°C, 300mTorr followed by an in-situ 550°C UV-03 anneal to densify the Ta2O5 film and grow an additional 5Å SiO2 layer underneath the first grown SiO2 layer resulting in an effective SiO2 thickness of 25-30Å (process 1). We have done exactly the same deposition schedule after chemically removing the first LP grown SiO2 layer resulting in an effective SiO2 thickness of 15-20Å (process 2). Transistors are now fabricated for our sub-0.16μm CMOS technologies. These stacked films indicated excellent charge trapping (Dit, Vfb, Qtot), leakage and tunneling characteristics from COS electrical measurements.

Effect of nitrogen and sulphur on the segregation of molybdenum on single crystalline Fe–3.5%Mo–N,S alloys

This work describes an experimental study of the effects of nitrogen and sulphur on the surface segregation of molybdenum in an Fe–3.5%Mo alloy. It is found that the presence of small concentrations of bulk dissolved nitrogen induce a strong synergetic segregation (cosegregation) of molybdenum and nitrogen. This effect is strongest for the (100)-oriented alloy, where an epitaxially stabilized MoN surface compound is formed. The synergetic effect of segregated sulphur on the segregation of molybdenum is found to be rather weak. This finding is consistent with the recent work of A. Rolland, M.M. Montagono, J. Cabané, Surf. Sci. 352–354 (1996) 206.

Stacked high-ε gate dielectric for gigascale integration of metal–oxide–semiconductor technologies

Advances in lithography and thinner SiO2 gate oxides have enabled the scaling of metal–oxide–semiconductor technologies to sub-0.25 μm feature size. A major hurdle in the gate dielectric scaling using conventional thermally grown SiO2 has been excessive tunneling that occurs in ultrathin (&amp;lt;25 Å) SiO2. High dielectric constant materials such as Ta2O5 have been suggested as a substitute for SiO2. However, these materials have high concentrations of bulk fixed charge, unacceptable levels of Si–Ta2O5 interface trap states, and low silicon interface carrier mobilities. This letter summerizes an elegant solution to these issues through synthesis of a thermally grown SiO2(15 Å)–Ta2O5(30 Å)–SiO2(5–10 Å) dielectric with improvements in leakage, tunneling, charge trapping behavior, and interface substructure. Transistors fabricated using this stacked gate dielectric exhibit excellent subthreshold, saturation, and drive currents.

A CCD delay line to determine low concentrations of bulk traps in silicon

A CCD delay line to determine low concentrations of bulk traps in silicon