Concentrations Of Naphthalene Acetic Acid Research Articles

Effect of foliar application of naphthalene acetic acid on physio-morphological attributes and green biomass production of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.

The present study was aimed to evaluate the impact of foliar application of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) on the physio-morphological attributes and green biomass production of sorghum under field conditions at the Agronomic Research Field, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan. Varying concentrations of NAA (0, 45, 90, 135, and 180 mL ha-1) were applied to sorghum seedlings at different intervals [30 and 90 days after emergence (AE)]. All plots equally received recommended agronomic practices and crop protection measures. The NAA foliar application in different levels caused a significant influence on the growth and biomass production of sorghum. The maximum plant tallness (434.3 cm), plant leaf area (419 cm2), number of nodes (17.01 plant-1), number of tillers (19.03 m-2), and chlorophyll contents (56.97 µg cm-2) were observed due to NAA supplementation at 90 days AE, while, the stem thickness (8.82 cm), photosynthetic efficiency (2.56%) and green biomass (34.72 t ha-1) were observed in the plots which received the foliar spray of 180 mL ha-1 NAA followed by 135 mL ha-1, that showed improvement in plant tallness (423.1 cm), plant leaf area (402.07 cm2), number of nodes/plant (16.71), tiller numbers (189.81 m-2), chlorophyll contents (56.59 µg cm-2), stem thickness (8.69 cm), photosynthetic efficiency (2.56%) and green biomass (36.10 t ha-1) compared to those in the control treatment. The findings of the study clearly depict that foliar application of NAA as 120 mL ha-1 at 90 days AE showed promising results in terms of enhanced production of green biomass of sorghum under arid agro-ecological conditions of Pakistan.

Influence of naphthalene acetic acid on aborted okra growth, bioactive compound and minerals

The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of NAA (naphthalene acetic acid) on seedless okra production, vitamin C, carotenoids, flavonoids, antioxidants (DPPH), phenolic, and mineral content. The micro-syringe injection in flower stigma was an innovative method of application and was used in this experiment rather than spray as a common and traditional method. The flower stigma injection method was applied on the flower stigma after the anthesis of the flower of the okra plant using NAA at different concentrations. The lowest concentration (25 mg/l) of NAA greatly increased the pod setting compared to the higher concentrations and control. NAA application at 25 and 50 mg/l concentrations induced higher values of pod length, diameter, size, weight, ascorbic acid (vitamin C), and soluble solid content over the control. The chlorophyll content in leaves was affected significantly by different concentrations of NAA. It was found that 25 and 50 mg/l concentrations of NAA significantly increased chlorophyll content, fiber, moisture, flavonoid, carotenoid, antioxidant (DPPH), minerals and phenolic content compared to the other concentrations and control. In addition to that control and 25 mg/l concentrations of NAA, had increased the production of healthy seeds compared to the 50 and 100 mg/l. Moreover, 50 and 100mg/l of concentrations showed higher aborted seed (seedless) than the other concentration and control. Therefore, it seems that 25 mg/l is the best concentration for pod growth and development as well as 100mg/l is the best for seedless okra production.

Establishment of Artificial Rapid Propagation System of Fritillaria crassicaulis

Fritillaria crassicaulis S. C. Chen is a precious traditional Chinese medicine, but the number of populations has declined rapidly due to overexploitation. An artificial rapid propagation system was established to screen the suitable plant regeneration method and to explore the efficient propagation method, useful for propagation technology or for further research and development of F. crassicaulis. This study selected scale as the experimental material, set Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium as the basic medium, and optimized the types and proportions of plant growth regulator (PGR) suitable for callus induction, bulblet differentiation and proliferation, and plant regeneration by means of single-factor, full-factorial, and L9 (3)4 orthogonal experiments. Results demonstrate that in the experiment with single exogenous PGR, the high concentration of 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA) was significantly better than kinetin (KT) to induce bulblets, 2, 4-dichloroacetic acid (2, 4-D) had a significant effect on callus induction, and a higher concentration of naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) was beneficial to the occurrence and growth of bulbs, but the rooting effect promoted by indole butyric acid (IBA) was preferable to that by NAA. In MS medium with 0.5 mg/L 2, 4-D and 1.5 mg/L 6-BA, a large number of yellowish-green compact calli could be induced from the scales with the calli induction frequency at 93.3%, and about 11.4% materials directly differentiated bulblets. In the subsequent orthogonal experiment, after the scales were cultured in MS medium with 2.0 mg/L 6-BA, 0.5 mg/L 2, 4-D, and 0.1 mg/L NAA for 20 days, the small yellow and white globular protuberances formed near the incision, but no callus appeared, and many protuberances appeared on the surface of the scales. After 60 days, the protuberances at the incision developed into bulblets directly, while protuberances on the surface of the scales developed into few bulblets but crowded “leaf spines,” which gradually died and disappeared in the later culture; the proliferation coefficient was ∼6.30 then. Experimental results indicate that the optimal rooting medium for bulblets was 1/2MS medium with 2.0 mg/L IBA and 1.0 mg/L activated carbon (AC), with the rooting rate at 95.6%. This study identifies bulblet regeneration of F. crassicaulis, and an efficient direct organogenesis method was established: regenerated bulblets could be induced from scales in one step, so a large number of regenerated plants with the same genotype could be obtained in a short time.

Efficient callus induction from various explants of Jatropha curcas

Jatropha curcas L. is a tropical plant of the Euphorbiaceae family, characterized by its high oil content and its ability to grow in a variety of conditions, which made it the most promising non-food biofuel crop in the world. The current study was directed to develop effective methods of tissue culture using this plant. The study was able to induce callus from cotyledons of sterile seedlings, as well as from true leaves taken from the field and from the embryo, using MS medium supplemented with interfering concentrations of Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) with Benzyl adenine (BA), as the results indicated that The medium containing 0.5 mgL-1 for each of them gave the highest percentage of callus induction for the cotyledonous leaves, true leaves and embryonic peduncle, which reached 100%, 80% and 100%, respectively.

Preliminari Eksperimen dalam Penginduksian Akar Stek Tumbuhan Tetrastigma papillosum Inang Rhizanthes deceptor

Tetrastigma is a genus in the Vitaceae family which is characterized by the presence of tendrils. This plant has a liana habit, which requires tall plants as support in its life. Induction of host roots, Tetrastigma papillosum, in this study, used Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA), which is a class of auxin that functions to induce cell expansion and initiation of rooting. This research was conducted using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 5 treatments and 5 replications. Several NAA concentrations as treatments consist of A (0 ppm), B (2.5 ppm), C (5 ppm), D (7.5 ppm), and E (10 ppm). Root induction of Tetrastigma papillosum can be initiated with NAA at small concentrations because endogenous auxin induces roots more quickly.

In Vitro Shoot Culture Growth of Pontianak Orange (Citrus nobilis var. microcarpa) with the Addition of Naphthalene Acetic Acid and 6-Benzyl Amino Purine

Pontianak siam orange (Citrus nobilis var. microcarpa) is an important agricultural commodity unique to Sambas Regency, West Kalimantan. The demand for Pontianak siam oranges has been steadily increasing over the years, yet the production of Pontianak oranges has not been able to meet the domestic demand. The limited availability of superior seedlings is one of the reasons for this situation. Therefore, efforts are needed to fulfill the demand for Pontianak siam oranges by producing a large quantity of superior seedlings in a short period. One of the strategies that can be employed is in vitro propagation. This research aims to observe the growth of Pontianak Siamese orange shoot explants after administration of NAA (Naphthalene Acetic Acid) and BAP (6-Benzyl Amino Purine). This research was conducted from January to June 2023 at the Tissue Culture Laboratory of the Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Tanjungpura University. The study employed a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with two treatment factors namely NAA concentrations with 4 levels (0; 0.25; 0.5; 0.75 mg/L), and BAP concentrations with 5 levels (0; 0.5; 1; 1.5; 2 mg/L). Parameters observed were the emergence time of shoot, shoot number, height of shoot, and the number of leaves. The results showed that single NAA, single BAP, and combination treatment of NAA and BAP significantly affected all growth parameters. Treatment with the addition of 0.25 mg/L NAA and 1 mg/L BAP (A1B2) was the treatment with the fastest shoot emergence time (2.80 days after planting), the largest number of shoots (2.60 shoots)the tallest shoots (1.50 cm), , and the greatest number of leaves (2.60 leaves).

Asymbiotic Seed Germination and In Vitro Seedling Development of the Endangered Orchid Species Cypripedium guttatum.

Cypripedium guttatum is a highly restricted terrestrial orchid that faces increasing endangerment owing to its habitat destruction and illegal collection. Compared to epiphytic orchids, terrestrial orchids such as C. guttatum have harder seed coats and more demanding in vitro germination conditions. This study aimed to develop an effective in vitro propagation system for C. guttatum to aid in its conservation. Seeds from mature capsules were subjected to various conditions, including sterilization using 1% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and different light conditions, culture media, hormones, and organic supplements, to assess germination and early seedling development in vitro. Sterilization with 1% NaOCl significantly improved the germination rate, especially under dark conditions. Germination initiation occurred at 2 and 3 months in orchid seed sowing medium (OSM) and Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium, respectively. The addition of 1 mg/L naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) further enhanced germination. However, the inclusion of organic supplements, such as apple and banana homogenates, in the culture medium led to substantial growth inhibition after 12 months. Notably, orchid maintenance medium (OMM) without organic additives proved to be the most suitable for seedling growth. The results of this study show that sterilization, appropriate light, and optimal NAA concentrations are beneficial for seed germination.

Enhancing Chilli Cultivation in Rain-Fed Regions: The Role of Naphthalene Acetic Acid and Gibberellic Acid

Chilli cultivation in rain-fed regions faced challenges due to environmental factors that resulting in reduced yields. To address these challenges and optimize chilli cultivation in such moisture stress conditions, a study was conducted to investigate the effects of Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA) and Gibberellic Acid (GA3) as foliar sprays on the growth and yield parameters of chilli plants in 2022 at Ramghat, Surkhet, Nepal. The study utilized a Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD) with different concentrations of NAA and GA3 as treatments, along with a control group. Various growth parameters such as plant height, number of branches and leaves per plant were monitored, along with yield parameters including fruit stalk length, fruit diameter, and yield per plant. The results indicated that NAA at 50 ppm significantly increased plant height, number of branches and leaves per plant compared to the control group at all growing stages. GA3 at different concentrations also generally resulted in higher phenotypic plant characters compared to the control and NAA treatments. However, high concentrations of both NAA and GA3 had negative effects on plant growth. In terms of yield parameters, both NAA and GA3 treatments showed promising results, with increased yield per plant compared to the control group. Notably, GA3 at 50 ppm demonstrated the highest yield per plant. These findings suggest that NAA at 50 ppm and GA3 at 50 ppm had the potential to enhance chilli cultivation in rain-fed regions by improving growth and increasing yields. The study provides valuable insights for chilli farmers especially to mitigate the challenges posed by moisture stress and improve profitability particularly in rain-fed conditions.

Callus Production in Geranium (Pelargonium quercetorum Agnew) Growing Naturally in Türkiye

Pelargonium quercetorum Agnew grows naturally in the Hakkari province of Türkiye. Although P. quercetorum Agnew has potential use as a medicine and ornamental plant, it is especially used as a medicinal plant for the cure of various diseases by local people. In vitro tissue culture methods are favorable for the propagation, conservation, and breeding of medicinal plants. We aimed in this study to achieve regeneration of P. quercetorum Agnew from different explant types. Seeds of P. quercetorum Agnew were germinated in vitro conditions and explants were taken from these germinated sterile plantlets. Totally four different experiments, containing three of them embryogenic and one of them organogenic culture, were established to achieve regeneration in P. quercetorum Agnew. Leaf, petiole, cotyledon, cotyledon stalk, and root collar disc were used as explant. Different concentrations of 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic (2,4-D), 6-Benzylaminopurine (BA), 6-Furfurylaminopurine (Kinetin), 6-(γ,γ-Dimethylallylamino) purine (2iP), and Thidiazuron (TDZ) were used to induce embryogenic or organogenic regeneration. Explants were cultured in half-strength or full-strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. In the embryogenic experiments, callus formation from different media ranged from 63.5% to 100%, and for explant types ranged from 39% to 100%. In the organogenic experiment, callus formation from different media ranged from 12.5% to 100%, and for explant types ranged from 71% to 93%. Also, embryo-like structures were obtained from embryogenic experiments. However, these structures could not grow more and transformed into plantlets.

In vitro micropropagation of Aloe elegans Tod. using offshoot cuttings

ObjectiveAloe elegans Tod. is an ecologically, environmentally, medicinally, and commercially useful aloe species in Ethiopia and Eritrea. Unfortunately, it is highly threatened due to industrial and urban expansion and traditional mining and agricultural activities. As a consequence, it is included in the IUCN List of Threatened Species since 2013. The plant is getting thinly populated in many parts of the Tigrai floristic region since it is being exploited for traditional and commercial purposes. Therefore, this study was aimed to develop a reproducible, large-scale micropropagation protocol using offshoot cuttings in Murashige and Skoog (MS) media enriched with plant growth regulators (PGRs).ResultsSterilized explants cultured in full-strength MS media enriched with 0.25 mg/L benzyl amino purine (BAP) and 0.10 mg/L naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) resulted in 100% healthy and live (i.e., initiated) explants after four weeks of initiation study. Unsupplemented initiation media (control) yielded only 14.3% initiated explants. The initiated explants were tested for their shooting response to produce microshoots by incubating in different concentrations and combinations of BAP and NAA for four weeks. Fewer days to shooting (13.0 ± 1.0 days), higher mean shoot number (5.0 ± 1.0), and higher mean shoot length (9.20 ± 2.35 cm) were observed with 1.0/0.50, 1.0/0.25, and 1.0 /0.50 mg/L BAP/NAA combinations, respectively. The rooting responses of the microshoots toward producing plantlets were also tested by incubating them in half-strength MS media enriched with different concentrations of NAA and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) for four weeks. Fewer mean days to rooting (12.0 ± 1.0 days), higher mean root number (8.0 ± 4.0), and higher mean root length (7.53 ± 3.03 cm) were observed in MS media enriched with 0.75, 0.75, and 1.25 mg/L IBA, respectively. The responses of A. elegans plantlets to primary (in greenhouse) and secondary (in nursery shade and direct sunlight) acclimatization in coco peat, composted soil, and manured soil media were high – with survival percentages of 87.5–97.8% in three to four weeks.

Effect of Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA) on Blossom Drop in Chili (Capsicum frutescens)

Chili (Capsicum frutescens) is a significant cash crop in Bangladesh. It is very popular spices and the demand of chili is increasing day by day. To investigate the influence of Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA) on bloom drops in Chili cv. BARI Morich-3 from November 2020 to April 2021. These types demonstrated the optimal dosages of NAA as a foliar spray in reducing blossom drop with the application of five different concentrations of NAA at 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 ppm, respectively. It was determined that 10ppm NAA performed the best, and it takes the fewest days (43.33) to first flowering, the fewest days (50) to 50% blooming, the fewest days (48.44) to first fruiting, and the fewest days (60.11) to 50% fruiting. It also reduces the number of bud drops (12.39), flowers drops (13.89), fruits drops (12.11), and increases the number of fruits plant-1 (41.61) and fruit plant-1 weight (70.94) when followed by 20 ppm, 30 ppm, 40 ppm, and 0 ppm NAA. For the parameter plant height 10ppm NAA was found to be optimum. The highest average plant height (72.61cm) was observed from 20ppm NAA. This result defines that NAA @10ppm is very beneficial for reducing blossom drop and increasing the growth and yield of chili.

Application of NAA and BA to Calotropis gigantea (L.) W.T. Aiton in vitro

Crown flower (Calotropis gigantea (L.)) is a weed plant potentially to be used as raw material for textile fibers yet the utilization is not optimal. Efforts to optimize the utilization of C. gigantea are needed. This research aimed to determine the appropriate concentration of plant growth regulators, including NAA (Naphthalene Acetic Acid) and BA (Benzyl Adenine) to stimulate optimal growth of C. gigantea to be used as the basis for in vitro propagation of C. gigantea. The research was arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD). Explants were planted on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with various concentrations of NAA (0; 0.5; 1; 1.5; and 2 ppm) and BA (0; 1; 2; 3; and 4 ppm). Based on the research result, the addition of 3 ppm BA followed by increasing the concentration of NAA to 1.5 ppm could increase the number of C. gigantea shoots, and giving 1 ppm BA followed by adding 1.5 to 2 ppm NAA increased shoot height. The best plantlet response was found in media with 0 ppm NAA and 4 ppm BA, which could produce an optimal shoot height of 5.9 cm and a large number of shoots of 5.67 shoots. Increasing NAA concentration retarded root formation and reduced the root length and number of leaves, while the medium without NAA gave the earliest root emergence of 11 days after planting, the number of leaves of 20 strands, and the longest root of 10.9 cm. Applying a single substance BA did not accelerate all the variables observed.

Respons Planlet Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) terhadap Penambahan berbagai Konsentrasi Thidiazuron (TDZ) dan Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA) secara in Vitro

Stevia can be developed by vegetative and generative propagation, while the generative propagation of stevia can be done through seeds. Conventional provision of seeds or seedlings has a low success rate. Propagation via tissue culture is faster, produces more seeds, and is identical to the parent, so the plants’ quality is expected. Plant growth regulator (PGR) often used for tissue culture is type auxins, cytokinins and gibberellins. The function of auxin and cytokinin for division cells, cell elongation, cell differentiation and organ formation. This research aims to get the concentration as well as the best combination for the growth of stevia plants against the administration of thidiazuron (TDZ) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). Research carried out by the randomised block design (RBD) factorial pattern consisting of two factors: TDZ and NAA. The first factor is TDZ concentration consisting of three levels: 0 mg.l-1 (T0), 1 mg.l-1 (T1), and 2 mg. l-1 (T2). The second factor is NAA concentration, which consists of three levels: 0 mg.l-1 (N0), 1 mg.l-1 (N1), and 2 mg.l-1 (N1). If there is a difference in data analysis using the F test, then proceed with the BNT level test of 5%. Based on the research results obtained, the influence of TDZ growth regulators and no effect of the concentration of NAA growth regulator on stevia bud multiplication book number. There is an effect of TDZ on plantlet height, leaves, and stevia shoot multiplication nodes.

Effects of different plant growth regulators as the foliar application on growth and flower quality of potted rose (Rosa chinensis Jacq. cv. Nhung)

This study was conducted to evaluate the different concentrations of Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), Benzyladenine (BA) and Gibberellic acid (GA3­) as foliar applications on growth and flower quality of potted rose Nhung (Rosa chinensis Jacq. cv. Nhung). The experiment was constructed in a completely randomized design, that included seven treatments, such as control (sprayed water), NAA, BA and GA3 at two different concentrations of 25 and 50 ppm, in six replications, with one plant/pot for each replication. The chemical solutions were applied three times at an interval of fifteen days. The results revealed that some plant growth regulators increased the growth and flowering time of rose cv. Nhung. Using pre-harvest foliar sprays of NAA and BA at 25 and 50 ppm concentrations showed maximum bud diameter, flower diameter and flowering duration as compared with the control treatment. The concentration of GA3 foliar application at 25 ppm increased plant growth (the height of flowering branches and Spad values) without affecting flower quality values and the flowering duration in comparison with the control treatment.

Effect of Explant Type and Phytohormone Concentration on Micropropagation of Citrus

Citrus fruits are among the most popular fruits in the world, thanks to their energizing flavor and health advantages.In this work, the ideal levels of activated charcoal and plant growth regulators were determined for micropropagation of lemon. Citrus limon (Osbeck Family: Rutaceae) has been successfully regenerated in vitro using both direct and indirect organogenesis in the current study. For indirect organogenesis, callus was stimulated and multiplied from leaf explants of in vitro grown seedlings on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) alone or in conjunction with -naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). The placement of explants on MS medium containing BAP alone or in combination with NAA was done for direct organogenesis. For root multiplication, various concentrations of NAA were applied to well-developed microshoots. The frequency of callus induction with BAP(4µl) + NAA(0.2µl) was observed to be 94.5%. When the plants started to root, MS medium treated with 2.0 µl of IBA and 30 g/l of sucrose showed abundant root development. In order to quickly multiply disease-free potential material and take over wide regions in a short amount of time, it may be necessary to establish mature micropropagation methods for new elite lemon cultivars. This phenomena is therefore of fundamental economic relevance. In this study, it was shown that Microshoots were best rooted (90.8%) when IBA (2.0 µl) was treated for 48 hours with activated charcoal.

The Effect of Different Plant Growth Hormones and Concentrations on the Reproduction of Rosmarinus officinalis L. with Seedling Production

To evaluate the proper concentration of plant growth hormone and the suitable plant growth hormone in Rosmarinus officinalis L., a significant fragrant, medicinal and herbaceous plant, the study was carried out in a greenhouse during the vegetative period of 2022. In the experiment, peat and vermicompost mixture (3 peat / 1 vermicompost) as the rooting medium, Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) hormones were used as plant growth regulators and the concentrations of these hormones were 0, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000 ppm The Randomised Plot Experiment Design were established three times in the Multiple Comparison Test “LSD”. In seedlings removed three months after planting, properties such as seedling height (cm), number of roots (pieces), root length (cm), maximum root length (cm), number of laterals (pieces) and lateral length (cm) were examined. The highest seedling length (19.88 cm) and number of shoots (12.60 pcs), 3000 ppm concentration of Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), root length (16.30 cm), and 3000 ppm concentration of 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) at the highest root length (22.82 cm) came to the fore. In terms of root number, the values found at 3000 ppm concentration of indole acetic acid (19.25 pieces) and naphthalene acetic acid (20.09 pcs) were combined into one statistical group and made up the maximum number of roots. The lateral length control seedlings statistically prevented other applications and produced the highest lateral length (1.99 cm). Therefore, it can be said that Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), both of which have a concentration of 3000 ppm, are the most suited growth hormones.

Transcriptome and metabolome profiling unveils the mechanisms of naphthalene acetic acid in promoting cordycepin synthesis in Cordyceps militaris.

Cordycepin, an important active substance in Cordyceps militaris, possesses antiviral and other beneficial activities. In addition, it has been reported to effectively promote the comprehensive treatment of COVID-19 and thus has become a research hotspot. The addition of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) is known to significantly improve the yield of cordycepin; however, its related molecular mechanism remains unclear. We conducted a preliminary study on C. militaris with different concentrations of NAA. We found that treatment with different concentrations of NAA inhibited the growth of C. militaris, and an increase in its concentration significantly improved the cordycepin content. In addition, we conducted a transcriptome and metabolomics association analysis on C. militaris treated with NAA to understand the relevant metabolic pathway of cordycepin synthesis under NAA treatment and elucidate the relevant regulatory network of cordycepin synthesis. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), transcriptome, and metabolome association analysis revealed that genes and metabolites encoding cordycepin synthesis in the purine metabolic pathway varied significantly with the concentration of NAA. Finally, we proposed a metabolic pathway by analyzing the relationship between gene-gene and gene-metabolite regulatory networks, including the interaction of cordycepin synthesis key genes; key metabolites; purine metabolism; TCA cycle; pentose phosphate pathway; alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism; and histidine metabolism. In addition, we found the ABC transporter pathway to be significantly enriched. The ABC transporters are known to transport numerous amino acids, such as L-glutamate, and participate in the amino acid metabolism that affects the synthesis of cordycepin. Altogether, multiple channels work together to double the cordycepin yield, thereby providing an important reference for the molecular network relationship between the transcription and metabolism of cordycepin synthesis.

Effect of GA3 and NAA on growth, physiological parameters, and bioactive constituents of Ammi majus L.

Coumarins, the naturally occurring benzo-α-pyrone derivatives, are important group of secondary plant-metabolites derived from phenylalanine metabolism. Two net-house experiment was carried out concurrently to examine the effects of Gibberellic acid (GA3) (Experiment 1) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) (Experiment 2) on growth and physiological parameters, and active constituents of Ammi majus, which is a medicinally important plant rich in coumarins and various flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids. Foliar-spray treatments, consisting of increasing concentrations of GA3 (0, 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg L−1) and NAA (0, 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg L−1) were applied at 45 days after sowing. Application of both of the PGRs improved all of the parameters significantly. The best results were obtained at 100 mg L−1 of GA3 (Experiment 1) and 50 mg L−1 of NAA (Experiment 2) in terms of growth characteristics (plant height, fresh weight and dry weight), physiological parameters (photosynthetic pigments, chlorophyll fluorescence, and activities of nitrate reductase and carbonic anhydrase) and seed-quality parameters (bioactive constituents). The most effective treatments, viz. 100 mg L−1 of GA3 (Experiment 1) and 50 mg L−1 of NAA (Experiment 2), resulted in appreciable increases in seed bioactive ingredients. The primary components were Methoxsalen, 7 H-furo [3,2-g] [1] benzopyron-7-one, 4, 9 dimethoxy, and p-camphorene, according to gas liquid chromatographic analyses. In comparison to the control, foliar treatment of GA3 (100 mg L−1) considerably increased the plant's shoot length (29.54%), root length (27.58%), fresh weight (36.78%), and dry weight (41.71%). Whereas, 50 mg L−1 of NAA enhanced these growth attributes by 31.12%, 32.61%, 34.84%, and 30.32%, respectively, in comparison to the control. Foliar application of 100 mg L−1 of GA3 increased the chlorophyll fluorescence (51.8%) as well as total content of chlorophyll (39.81%), and carotenoids (47.53%), in contrast with the control. Comparing the control, 50 mg L−1 of NAA enhanced the chlorophyll fluorescence, and total content of chlorophyll and carotenoids by 42.3%, 30.92%, and 27.81%, respectively. The best foliar-application treatments of 100 mg L−1 of GA3 and 50 mg L−1 of NAA were most effective for NR activity, surpassing the control by 27.7% and 21.5%, respectively. The largest increase in leaf CA activity was observed due to 100 mg L−1 of GA3 and 50 mg L−1 of NAA, which exceeded the control by 24.6% and 19.04%, respectively.

Effects of exogenous auxin on yield in foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.) when applied at the grain-filling stage.

Foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.) is of high nutritious value, which is an important crop in arid and semi-arid regions. The objective of this experiment was to explore the effects of the synthetic auxin naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) on the physiological processes of foxtail millet, and to provide a theoretical basis and technical approaches for its efficient use in millet cultivation. Two foxtail millet varieties ('Jingu 21' and 'Zhangzagu 5') were treated with six concentrations of NAA from 0-144 mg L-1 at the grain-filling stage in field experiments. The photosynthetic pigment contents, gas exchange parameters, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, and grain yield were measured in foxtail millet. The results showed that low concentrations of NAA (18-36 mg L-1) increased the contents of photosynthetic pigments, and increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes, the photosynthetic rate, and the activity of photosystem system II (PS II). At higher NAA concentrations, the facilitation effect of the treatments diminished, showing a clear concentration effect. In this study, yield was significantly and positively correlated with PS II effective quantum yield (Y(II)) and the PSII electron transport rate (ETR), and the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) was significantly and positively correlated with chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance (Gs), Y(II), and ETR. These results also indicated that exogenous NAA application promotes the production of ATP and NADPH by increasing the efficiency of electron transfer within the photosystems and also improved photochemical utilization, which facilitates the fixation and reduction of carbon, ultimately leading to an increase in Pn and increasing grain yield in foxtail millet.

EFFECT OF AUXINS ON PROPAGATION OF HONEY CROP: STEVIA REBAUDIANA (BERTONI) BERTONI.

The present study was conducted to optimize the green house conditions for Propagation of Stevia rebaudiana cuttings. Stevia rebaudiana belonging to the family Asteraceae, is a native to the Brazil and Paraguay. Its leaves produced stevioside, an a caloric natural sweetener. The sweetness of stevioside was 150 -300 times greater than sucrose. Seeds of Stevia were very small in size. Production of Stevia through seeds was not beneficial because seeds were not viable for germination due to their infertility. In present study different concentrations of Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and Indole Butyric acid (IBA) were used to study their effect on the rooting of Stevia rebaudiana cuttings. Results showed that highest number of roots per cutting were observed to be 34.9 from 3% NAA solution, showing maximum root length, root number, shoot length and number of nodes per cutting. Cuttings of Stevia rebaudiana responded well in NAA treatment as compared to the IBA treatment. It was concluded that Naphthalene acetic acid was a better choice for enhanced rooting and vegetative propagation of Stevia rebaudiana through stem cuttings.