Concentrations In Urine Samples Research Articles

Estimation of glyphosate biological half-life among farmers and residents in Thailand

Glyphosate is a widely used herbicide worldwide. Research on human health effects has been limited and the toxicokinetics of glyphosate have not been widely examined. This research aimed to study the excretion profile and half-life of glyphosate in farmers and residents who use glyphosate to control weeds in their agricultural fields and near their households, respectively. Multiple spot urine samples per day were collected from the participants for 3 consecutive days after spraying glyphosate. The participants were interviewed about general characteristics, planting activities, glyphosate use, and their health problems related to glyphosate use. Glyphosate concentrations in urine samples were determined by HPLC with a fluorescence detector. The average age of residents (56.4 years) was significantly higher than that of farmers (45.5 years). The glyphosate excretion profile of most participants showed a gradual decline in glyphosate concentrations, but with or without additional exposures some of the profiles showed a jagged pattern of decline. The average urinary half-life of glyphosate in all participants was 24.58 h (95% CI: 18.43–30.73) and 20.95 h (95%CI: 16.85–25.05) for creatinine adjusted and non-adjusted measurements, respectively. The urinary glyphosate half-life measurements among the residents and farmers were not significantly different.

Methanol intoxication in the central region of Saudi Arabia: Five case studies

Outbreaks of methanol poisoning have been described in the medical literature worldwide. However, the few outbreaks that have occurred in Saudi Arabia remain undocumented. This is especially noteworthy in light of the fact that Saudi Arabia is among the countries that explicitly prohibit the usage of alcoholic beverages and recreational drugs. Herein, we describe five cases of methanol poisoning in Saudi Arabia. The first three comprise patients admitted to the emergency room (ER) with signs of methanol toxicity, such as heart palpitations, vomiting, and blurred vision; otherwise, those patients were considered medically free. The remaining two cases were examined postmortem. A headspace gas chromatography-flame ionization detector was used to test blood, vitreous humor, and urine samples for methanol. Specific lethal concentrations of methanol were defined based on published case studies as 23–740 mg/dL in blood and 12–396 mg/dL in vitreous humor. In postmortem cases of our present study, samples exhibited lethal concentrations: 118 and 257 mg/dL in blood, 116.3 and 283 mg/dL in vitreous humor. In ER cases, methanol concentrations in urine samples were lower, at 7.5, 9.1, and 20.9 mg/dL; however, toxic symptoms were still observed. These case studies indicate that it is necessary to raise community awareness about the risk of methanol poisoning in order to minimize future poisoning epidemics.

Highly selective analysis of glipizide as an antidiabetic drug in urine samples using HPLC-DAD technique via magnetic nanocomposites (Fe3O4@SiO2@tryptophan)

The extraction of endogenous compounds and drugs from complex biological matrices such as bio fluids and solid tissues necessitates an appropriate analytical approach that allows for qualitative and quantitative analysis because of the very low concentrations of the target species. This present work surveys the universe to isolate, purify, and immobilize an antidiabetic drugs such as glipizide biomolecules in urine samples using a magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-DAD). To accomplish this purpose, a synthesis strategy of silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles functionalized with Tryptophan which is known as an amino acid to be applied as sorbent for (MSPE) is elaborated and analyzed. The structural and optical properties of the new magnetic nanocomposite have been investigated using Scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fourier transformation infrared (FTIR) techniques. In addition, HPLC analysis was carried out for the detection and determination of glipizide concentration in urine samples after magnetic solid phase extraction. After MSPE, the linear range for glipizide molecules (R2 > 0.9942) was obtained in the range of 15.00–900.00 ng mL−1. The calculations yielded a limit of detection (LOD) of 4.38 ng mL−1 and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 14.71 ng mL−1. Additionally, the relative standard deviation (RSDs %) was found to be below 3.8 %. Furthermore, the recovery values for synthetic urine were 96.5 %, 96.6 %, and 102.5 %, and for human urine were 104.5 %, 106.1 %, and 97.1 %. These findings indicate that the combined use of MSPE with HPLC-DAD is an effective and valuable approach for accurately determining the concentration of glipizide in human urine samples.

Buprenorphine, Norbuprenorphine, and Naloxone Levels in Adulterated Urine Samples: Can They be Detected When Buprenorphine/Naloxone Film is Dipped into Urine or Water?

Reportedly, various urine manipulations can be performed by opioid use disorder (OUD) patients who are on buprenorphine/naloxone medications to disguise their non-compliance to the treatment. One type of manipulation is known as "spiking" adulteration, directly dipping a buprenorphine/naloxone film into urine. Identifying this type of urine manipulation has been the aim of many previous studies. These studies have revealed urine adulterations through inappropriately high levels of "buprenorphine" and "naloxone" and a very small amount of "norbuprenorphine." So, does the small amount of "norbuprenorphine" in the adulterated urine samples result from dipped buprenorphine/naloxone film, or is it a residual metabolite of buprenorphine in the patient's system? This pilot study utilized 12 urine samples from 12 participants, as well as water samples as a control. The samples were subdivided by the dipping area and time, as well as the temperature and concentration of urine samples, and each sublingual generic buprenorphine/naloxone film was dipped directly into the samples. Then, the levels of "buprenorphine," "norbuprenorphine," "naloxone," "buprenorphine-glucuronide" and "norbuprenorphine-glucuronide" were examined by Liquid Chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The results of this study showed that high levels of "buprenorphine" and "naloxone" and a small amount of "norbuprenorphine" were detected in both urine and water samples when the buprenorphine/naloxone film was dipped directly into these samples. However, no "buprenorphine-glucuronide" or "norbuprenorphine-glucuronide" were detected in any of the samples. In addition, the area and timing of dipping altered "buprenorphine" and "naloxone" levels, but concentration and temperature did not. This study's findings could help providers interpret their patients' urine drug test results more accurately, which then allows them to monitor patient compliance and help them identify manipulation by examining patient urine test results.

Association between lignan polyphenol bioavailability and enterotypes of isoflavone metabolism: A cross-sectional analysis.

Lignan polyphenols derived from plants are metabolized by bacteria in the gut to mammalian lignans, such as enterolactone (ENL) and enterodiol (END). Mammalian lignan intake has been reported to be associated with obesity and low blood glucose levels. However, the factors that are responsible for individual differences in the metabolic capacity for ENL and END are not well understood. In the present study, the effects of enterotypes of isoflavone metabolism, equol producers (EQP) and O-desmethylangolensin producers (O-DMAP), on lignan metabolism were examined. EQP was defined by urinary daidzein (DAI) and equol concentrations as log(equol/DAI) ≥ -1.42. O-DMAP was defined by urinary DAI and O-DMA concentrations as O-DMA/DAI > 0.018. Isoflavone and lignan concentrations in urine samples from 440 Japanese women were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Metabolic enterotypes were determined from the urinary equol and O-DMA concentrations. Urinary END and ENL concentrations were compared in four groups, combinations of EQP (+/-) and O-DMAP (+/-). The urinary lignan concentration was significantly higher in the O-DMAP/EQP group (ENL: P<0.001, END: P<0.001), and this association remained significant after adjusting for several background variables (END: β = 0.138, P = 0.00607 for EQP and β = 0.147, P = 0.00328 for O-DMAP; ENL: β = 0.312, P<0.001 for EQP and β = 0.210, P<0.001 for O-DMAP). The ENL/END ratio was also highest in the O-DMAP/EQP group, indicating that equol and O-DMA metabolizing gut bacteria may be involved in lignan metabolism. In conclusion, urinary lignan concentrations were significantly higher in groups containing either EQP or O-DMAP than in the non-EQP/non-O-DMAP group. The variables and participants in this study were limited, which the possibility of confounding by other variables cannot be ruled out. However, there are no established determinants of lignan metabolism to date. Further research is needed to determine what factors should be considered, and to examine in different settings to confirm the external validity.

Iodine status and associated dietary factors among preschool children in Shanghai.

Children aged 3-6 years undergo a critical stage of growth and development and are irreversibly affected by their iodine status. In order to reveal iodine status in preschool children, we detected iodine concentrations in urine samples from 1382 children aged 3-6 years based on a cross-sectional study. The median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) of children was 193.36 μg/L and was 336.96 μg/g·Cr corrected for creatinine. The study developed a link between dietary habits and iodine status, revealing that regular calcium supplement (OR: 1.79, (95% CI: 1.03, 3.12)) increased deficiency risk, while moderate seafood consumption (OR: 0.60, (95% CI: 0.38, 0.95)) decreased it. Additionally, modest intake of shellfish (OR: 0.58, (95% CI: 0.33, 1.00)), vegetables (OR: 0.61, (95% CI: 0.38, 0.97)), and eggs (OR: 0.53, (95% CI: 0.30, 0.95)) was found to protect against excess iodine. The findings underline the importance of balanced diets and various nutrients' roles in preschoolers' iodine status.

Association and interactions between mixed exposure to trace elements and the prevalence of kidney stones: a study of NHANES 2017-2018.

The association between exposure to trace elements mixture and the prevalence of kidney stones and the interactions between elements are unclear. The aim of this study was to explore the association between exposure to trace elements mixture and the prevalence of kidney stones and the interactions between the elements. A total of 1,244 participants (139 kidney stone formers and 1,105 non-stone former participants) in NHANES 2017-2018 were included. The exposure to trace elements was evaluated by measuring their concentration in urine samples. Three methods, Logistic regression, quantile-based g computation (qgcomp), and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR), were used for analysis. According to the results from qgcomp and BKMR, a negative association was found between exposure to the 13 trace elements and the prevalence of kidney stones [OR = 0.50 (0.32, 0.78)]. Subgroup analysis revealed that Co, As, and iodine in the whole population, Co, As, and Ni in males, and Cs, iodine, and Sb in females, were most strongly associated with kidney stones. Kidney stone was found to be positively correlated with Co and negatively correlated with the other elements. Besides, there were significant interactions between Ni and Pb in the whole population, Co and iodine in males, and Pb and iodine in females. There was a negative association between exposure to the mixture of 13 trace elements and the prevalence of kidney stones.

Large-scale biomonitoring of bisphenol analogues and their metabolites in human urine from Guangzhou, China: Implications for health risk assessment

Bisphenol analogues (BPs) are ubiquitous in the environment and have gained significant attention regarding their associated health risks. However, there is a lack of comprehensive biomonitoring data on BPs and their metabolites in human urine. To address this, we conducted a study evaluate the exposure to BPs in the general population of Guangzhou, China. A total of 1440 urine samples were collected from volunteers and analyzed for the presence of BPs and their metabolites after being pooled into 36 groups based on age and gender. The findings revealed the common detection of ten free-form BPs, as well as the urinary metabolites of BPA and BPS, in the pooled urine samples. BPA was the predominant free-form compound, constituting 50% of the total BPs. The primary urinary metabolites of BPA and BPS are BPA-G and BPS-G, respectively, indicating glucuronidation as their primary metabolic pathway. The composition of urinary metabolites of BPA and BPS varied by age and sex, while the concentration of total BPs in urine was not significantly associated with age and sex. Enzymatic hydrolysis yielded a mean amplification of individual BPs concentrations in urine samples ranging from 1.8 times (BPA) to 4.6 times (BPS). Based on the outcomes, it was estimated that conjugated forms accounted for 96.9%, 96.2%, 94.7%, 94.1%, 92.6%, 89.1%, 87.3%, 87.2%, 87.1% and 85.8% of BPP, BPAF, BPZ, BPE, BPAP, BPF, BPA, BPC, BPS and BPF, respectively, in the pooled urine samples. Preliminary risk assessments indicated that the estimated daily intake of BPA was much higher than the latest proposed tolerable daily intake. Due to the unavailability of health-based guideline values for alternative BPs, some of them exhibit daily intakes comparable to BPA, implying that greater attention should be paid to health risks associated with exposure to BPs.

Chloroform exposure in air and water in Swedish indoor swimming pools-urine as a biomarker of occupational exposure.

Disinfection by-products are produced in water disinfected with chlorine-based products. One such group is trihalomethanes, and chloroform is the most abundant trihalomethane in swimming pool areas. Chloroform can be absorbed by inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption, and is classified as possibly carcinogenic. To investigate if chloroform concentrations in air and water affect the chloroform concentration in urine samples of exposed swimming pool workers. Workers from 5 adventure indoor swimming pools carried personal chloroform air samplers and provided up to 4 urine samples during one workday. Chloroform concentrations were analyzed with a linear mixed model analysis to investigate a possible correlation between air and urine concentrations. The geometric mean chloroform concentration was 11 μg/m3 in air and 0.009 µg/g creatinine in urine among individuals with ≤2 h at work, 0.023 µg/g creatinine among those with >2-5 working hours, and 0.026 µg/g creatinine in the group with >5-10 working hours. A risk of higher levels of chloroform in urine was associated with longer hours at work (≤2 h versus >5-10 h, odds ratio [OR] 2.04, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.25-3.34), personal chloroform concentrations in air (≤17.00 µg/m3 versus >28.00 µg/m3, OR 9.23, 95% CI 3.68-23.13) and working at least half the working day near the swimming pools (OR 3.16, 95% CI 1.33-7.55). Executing work tasks in the swimming pool water was not associated with higher chloroform concentrations in urine compared to only working on land (OR 0.82, 95% CI 0.27-2.45). There is an accumulation of chloroform concentrations in urine during a workday and a correlation between personal air and urine concentrations of chloroform among workers in Swedish indoor swimming pools.

Development of a novel microdevice for sorptive extraction under a green analytical chemistry approach: Application for bioanalytical determination of Ibuprofen

This study proposes a novel device called micro polymeric magnetized bar adsorptive extraction (µ-PMBAE), as an extraction and enrichment technique for trace analysis in aqueous samples. These micro-bar absorbent devices were prepared using easily accessible and low-cost materials, incorporating different sorbent materials into a polymer and introducing a small piece of neodymium magnet. Several stability tests were applied to determine their robustness, stability, and weight variation; finally, ibuprofen concentration in urine samples was determined, demonstrating the applicability of extraction devices under a green analytical chemistry approach. The µ-PMBAE showed remarkable advantages since different sorbents can be added to the hot melt glue. This tunes the interaction with the analytes to become more specific in the extraction. Likewise, the magnetic ability makes it possible to carry out extraction without using an extra stir bar, matching its performance with the traditional commercially based on polydimethylsiloxane phase. The proposed analytical method demonstrated excellent performance concerning high recovery percentages, adequate coefficients of variation, and low detection limits.

Development of a novel microdevice for sorptive extraction under a green analytical chemistry approach: Application for bioanalytical determination of Ibuprofen

This study proposes a novel device called micro polymeric magnetized bar adsorptive extraction (µ-PMBAE), as an extraction and enrichment technique for trace analysis in aqueous samples. These micro-bar absorbent devices were prepared using easily accessible and low-cost materials, incorporating different sorbent materials into a polymer and introducing a small piece of neodymium magnet. Several stability tests were applied to determine their robustness, stability, and weight variation; finally, ibuprofen concentration in urine samples was determined, demonstrating the applicability of extraction devices under a green analytical chemistry approach. The µ-PMBAE showed remarkable advantages since different sorbents can be added to the hot melt glue. This tunes the interaction with the analytes to become more specific in the extraction. Likewise, the magnetic ability makes it possible to carry out extraction without using an extra stir bar, matching its performance with the traditional commercially based on polydimethylsiloxane phase. The proposed analytical method demonstrated excellent performance concerning high recovery percentages, adequate coefficients of variation, and low detection limits.

Optimisation of distillation as an isolation method for the determination of low methylmercury concentrations in urine samples

Methylmercury (MeHg) speciation in urine requires a robust, reproducible and sensitive technique that enables reliable measurements in limited sample volumes. Conventional MeHg extraction by acid digestion allows for processing of only small amounts of urine digest, making accurate MeHg determination in low-concentration samples virtually impossible. Distillation has been proven as an efficient isolation method with very low detection limits for measuring MeHg in water samples; therefore, in this study, it was optimised for urine samples. Combined with aqueous phase ethylation, purging with nitrogen, preconcentration on Tenax trap, isothermal gas chromatography and cold vapour atomic fluorescence detection, distillation achieved high and repeatable urine spike recoveries of 94% ± 7%. Larger measured aliquot volume led to a significantly lower limit of detection (LOD) for distillation compared with acid digestion (1.1 versus 5.5 pg g−1 urine). Thirty-two general population urine samples were analysed using both methods, and the results were compared. Distillation led to better separation of MeHg from inorganic Hg and the matrix. Good correlation was observed between the results obtained by the two methods for samples with MeHg concentrations above 10 pg g−1 urine (slope = 0.9492, R2 = 0.9879). For samples below this MeHg concentration, distillation was superior, enabling the measurement of MeHg in 9 out of 12 urine samples that were below the LOD of acid digestion. Distillation had significantly lower measurement uncertainty, particularly in the low-concentration samples, where the expanded combined standard uncertainty of the acid digestion method reached as high as 43.2% (k = 2), predominantly owing to poor sample repeatability.

Dilute-and-Shoot-Liquid Chromatography-Quadrupole Time of Flight-Mass Spectrometry for Pteridine Profiling in Human Urine and Its Association with Different Pathologies

Pteridines are a group of compounds synthesised by many living organisms that are involved in the metabolism of many cofactors and vitamins. Their concentration in biological fluids may be altered by various pathologies such as cancer or inflammatory bowel disease, urine being the main route of excretion. In this study, three lumazines and ten pterins were analysed in their native oxidation state using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Their high concentration in urine samples and their good ionisation behaviour allow the use of the dilute-and-shoot method by simple filtration of the urine prior to chromatographic analysis. The final method offers excellent linearity, sensitivity and precision parameters, and a total of 135 urine samples were analysed from patients with some relevant information such as faecal calprotectin (FCP) levels, common diseases such as diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidaemia and immunological diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The pteridine profile was related to FCP levels without showing any correlation. In addition, pteridine levels were compared between healthy subjects and IBD, diabetic, hypertensive and dyslipidaemic patients, and significant differences were found between the two groups for some of the pteridines.

MP20-08 RADIOTHERAPY-INDUCED URINARY EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES PREDICT LATE BLADDER TOXICITY IN PROSTATE CANCER PATIENTS

You have accessJournal of UrologyCME1 Apr 2023MP20-08 RADIOTHERAPY-INDUCED URINARY EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES PREDICT LATE BLADDER TOXICITY IN PROSTATE CANCER PATIENTS Ryan Molony, Sarah Kerns, Brian Marples, Emmanuel Oshodi, YuhChyau Chen, and Yi-Fen Lee Ryan MolonyRyan Molony More articles by this author , Sarah KernsSarah Kerns More articles by this author , Brian MarplesBrian Marples More articles by this author , Emmanuel OshodiEmmanuel Oshodi More articles by this author , YuhChyau ChenYuhChyau Chen More articles by this author , and Yi-Fen LeeYi-Fen Lee More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000003245.08AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Radiotherapy (RT) is the standard of care for over 50% of prostate cancer (PCa) patients, but up to 25% develop delayed bladder toxicities months to years after treatment. Late radiation cystitis is a dose-limiting toxicity that can cause hematuria and other potentially severe symptoms, leading to further morbidity and decisional regret. Additional work is needed to define early biomarkers of late radiation cystitis in order to better guide patient care. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are stable membrane-enclosed particles that are released from diverse cell types and present at high levels in biofluid samples, but the relationship between EV biogenesis and the development of late radiation cystitis has not been examined. This study was developed to explore the relationships between late hematuria incidence and urinary and serum EV concentrations in a cohort of PCa patients undergoing RT. METHODS: PCa patients scheduled to receive curative-intent external beam RT with or without brachytherapy boost were enrolled for this study. Longitudinal urine and serum samples were collected on enrollment (pre-treatment) and within 1 week after RT. Patients completed outcome questionnaires containing questions regarding radiation-related symptoms and quality of life at the time of sample collection, 6 months post-RT, and annually after RT for up to 5 years. Demographic, clinical, and treatment data were obtained from electronic medical records. EVs in collected urine and serum samples were quantified through a nanoparticle tracking analysis approach, and EV concentrations at different collection time points were then compared between patients that did and did not develop hematuria. RESULTS: RT was found to significantly increase post-RT urinary EV concentrations relative to pre-RT levels in patients who subsequently developed late hematuria, whereas this induction of enhanced EV biogenesis was not observed in patients who did not develop this toxicity. The same effect was evident but less robust in patient serum samples. Re-examination of prior GWAS data additionally revealed that RT-related hematuria risk was strongly associated with the EV biogenesis-related genes SYTL3 and COG. CONCLUSIONS: Post-treatment EV concentrations in urine samples collected from PCa patients undergoing RT are associated with the future onset of radiation cystitis, providing a promising biomarker that may enable the more-timely treatment of at-risk patients to mitigate the development of late bladder toxicities. Source of Funding: University of Rochester departmental research funding © 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 209Issue Supplement 4April 2023Page: e278 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Ryan Molony More articles by this author Sarah Kerns More articles by this author Brian Marples More articles by this author Emmanuel Oshodi More articles by this author YuhChyau Chen More articles by this author Yi-Fen Lee More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

Development of a Simultaneous Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Analytical Method for Urinary Endogenous Substrates and Metabolites for Predicting Cytochrome P450 3A4 Activity.

CYP3A4, which contributes to the metabolism of more than 30% of clinically used drugs, exhibits high variation in its activity; therefore, predicting CYP3A4 activity before drug treatment is vital for determining the optimal dosage for each patient. We aimed to develop and validate an LC-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method that simultaneously measures the levels of CYP3A4 activity-related predictive biomarkers (6β-hydroxycortisol (6β-OHC), cortisol (C), 1β-hydroxydeoxycholic acid (1β-OHDCA), and deoxycholic acid (DCA)). Chromatographic separation was achieved using a YMC-Triart C18 column and a gradient flow of the mobile phase comprising deionized water/25% ammonia solution (100 : 0.1, v/v) and methanol/acetonitrile/25% ammonia solution (50 : 50 : 0.1, v/v/v). Selective reaction monitoring in the negative-ion mode was used for MS/MS, and run times of 33 min were used. All analytes showed high linearity in the range of 3-3000 ng/mL. Additionally, their concentrations in urine samples derived from volunteers were analyzed via treatment with deconjugation enzymes, ignoring inter-individual differences in the variation of other enzymatic activities. Our method satisfied the analytical validation criteria under clinical conditions. Moreover, the concentrations of each analyte were quantified within the range of calibration curves for all urine samples. The conjugated forms of each analyte were hydrolyzed to accurately examine CYP3A4 activity. Non-invasive urine sampling employed herein is an effective alternative to invasive plasma sampling. The analytically validated simultaneous quantification method developed in this study can be used to predict CYP3A4 activity in precision medicine and investigate the potential clinical applications of CYP3A4 biomarkers (6β-OHC/C and 1β-OHDCA/DCA ratios).

Association of Lifetime Exposure to Glyphosate and Aminomethylphosphonic Acid (AMPA) with Liver Inflammation and Metabolic Syndrome at Young Adulthood: Findings from the CHAMACOS Study.

The prevalence of liver disorders and metabolic syndrome has increased among youth. Glyphosate, the most widely used herbicide worldwide, could contribute to the development of these conditions. We aimed to assess whether lifetime exposure to glyphosate and its degradation product, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), is associated with elevated liver transaminases and metabolic syndrome among young adults. We conducted a prospective cohort study ( mother-child dyads) and a nested case-control study ( cases with elevated liver transaminases and 91 controls) using data from the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas (CHAMACOS). We measured glyphosate and AMPA concentrations in urine samples collected during pregnancy and at child ages 5, 14, and 18 y from cases and controls. We calculated glyphosate residue concentrations: []. We estimated the amount of agricultural-use glyphosate applied within a radius of every residence from pregnancy to age 5 y for the full cohort using California Pesticide Use Reporting data. We assessed liver transaminases and metabolic syndrome at 18 y of age. Urinary AMPA at age 5 y was associated with elevated transaminases [relative risk (RR) per , 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.06, 1.53] and metabolic syndrome (, 95% CI: 1.38, 3.11). Urinary AMPA and glyphosate residues at age 14 y were associated with metabolic syndrome [ (95% CI: 1.10, 2.93) and (95% CI: 1.03, 3.42), respectively]. Overall, a 2-fold increase in urinary AMPA during childhood was associated with a 14% and a 55% increased risk of elevated liver transaminases and metabolic syndrome, respectively. Living near agricultural glyphosate applications during early childhood (birth to 5 y of age) was also associated with metabolic syndrome at age 18 y in the case-control group (, 95% CI: 1.16, 2.02). Childhood exposure to glyphosate and AMPA may increase risk of liver and cardiometabolic disorders in early adulthood, which could lead to more serious diseases later in life. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP11721.

Mathematical Modeling of the Calculation of Uranium Concentrations in the Urine Samples of the Factories Workers due to the Number of Working Years

The current study aims to build a mathematical model in order to assist the researchers to calculate the uranium concentrations in urine samples for labors in factories whom spend several years of work. So a new mathematical model is constructed by several parameters. The proposed mathematical model covers samples for labors who are working in many factories in selected locations in Iraq and whom might be exposed to the radiation materials in their works, depending on the period of works. Our calculated values have shown conformity with the experimental data of other researchers.

High sensitivity photonic crystal sensor based on transition between photonic bands

In this work, we performed a study of an interferometric high sensitivity photonic crystal (PhC) sensor applied to measure glucose concentration in human urine samples. The architecture of the photonic sensor numerically simulated is based on a Mach–Zehnder interferometer formed by a coupled waveguide-cavity system. The sensor operates using photonic mode transitions detected from the photonic band diagram analysis, driven by changes in the glucose concentration in the urine samples that affect the refractive index of the optical sampling cavity. The photonic mode transition causes a phase shift between the wave traveling in the reference arm of the interferometer and the propagating electromagnetic wave in the sensing cavity containing the probing sample. As a consequence, the transmittance at the output of the interferometer can be modulated, making it extremely sensitive to changes in the refractive index of the sensing cavity. Since the PhC sensor studied works under variations in transmittance, we proposed a sensitivity coefficient as a function of the change in transmittance per unit change in the refractive index. The sensitivity achieved by the photonic sensor presents a value of 7000%/RIU, which indicates a variation in transmittance of 70% for changes in the refractive index of 0.01. These results demonstrate the feasibility of using photonic transitions between modes as a sensing tool in integrated photonic devices.

Exploratory analysis of the association between pyrethroid exposure and rheumatoid arthritis among US adults: 2007-2014 data analysis from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).

Previous studies indicate that pesticide use may play an important role in the occurrence and development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA); however, little is known about the effect of specific pesticides on RA. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether pyrethroid exposure was linked to RA in adults. Data were originated from the 2007-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). The levels of pyrethroid exposure were assessed by 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA) concentrations in urine samples. We built multivariate logistic regression models to assess associations between pyrethroid exposure and RA among US adults. A restricted cubic spline plot (three knots) was applied to test whether there was a nonlinear relationship between exposure to pyrethroid pesticides and the prevalence of RA. Finally, 4384 subjects were included in our analysis with 278 RA patients. In crude model, higher level of 3-PBA (creatinine-adjusted) was positively associated with RA (OR: 1.51, 95% CI: 1.07, 2.15). After adjustment for sex, race/ethnicity, education, body mass index, family poverty income, level of education, marital status, smoking status, alcohol usage, physical activity, hypertension, and urinary creatinine, the highest (vs lowest) quartile of 3-PBA was associated with an increased prevalence of RA (OR: 1.23, 95% CI: 0.86, 1.79). Significantly positive associations between 3-PBA concentration and RA were observed in the population aged between 40 and 59years and with lower level of education. The restricted cubic spline plot presented an increase in trend and indicated that pyrethroid exposure was linearly associated with occurrence of RA (p for nonlinearity = 0.728). In conclusion, our study indicated that pyrethroid pesticide exposure was associated with an increased risk of RA. Higher levels of pyrethroid exposure were linearly associated with increased prevalence of RA in adults. Certainly, our findings are in great need of further corroboration by prospective studies with strict design.

Oxidative stress in workers in indoor and outdoor environments

Background and aim: Occupational exposure to particles can raises important health issues for exposed workers. High concentrations of these particles can be found in a variety of occupational and environmental contexts, depending on the type of scenario, whether indoors or outdoors working environments. The aim of this study was to investigate the role that indoor and outdoor environments play in altering oxidative stress levels in workers in relation to the exposure to particles. Methods: 162 subjects were recruited; 62 were subjects working in indoor environments (13 employed in the handling of waste, 49 not exposed to this task), 100 subjects working in outdoor environments (65 employed in sweeping of the streets, 35 not exposed to this task). Oxidative stress was assessed by analysing 15-F2t-isoprostane concentrations in urine samples of all the recruited subjects. In addition, a questionnaire was administered to each to obtain information among which gender, age, BMI, smoking habits. Statistical analyses were done using SPSS and 15-F2t-Isoprostane concentrations were compared each other using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: The analyses showed a higher level of 15-F2t-Isoprostane in workers working in indoor environment when compared to workers working in outdoor environments (P&amp;#x3c;0.01). Furthermore, the employed in the handling of waste in indoors show the highest level of 15-F2t-isoprostane (P&amp;#x3c;0.05) while, subjects not exposed to this task in indoors, place themselves at intermediate 15-F2t-isoprostane levels. Conclusions: This study shows that higher levels of oxidative stress were found in both exposed and unexposed workers in indoor environments. Analysing the responses to the questionnaire, we also controlled tobacco smoke exposure because it may have a role in the redox imbalance recorded in workers. These results hypothesise that particle dilution in outdoor environments may be directly associated with lower levels of oxidative stress in the workers. Keywords: occupational exposure, environmental exposure, particle emissions.