Concentrations In Muscle Tissue Research Articles

Microcystin in Lake Erie fish: Risk to human health and relationship to cyanobacterial blooms

Abstract Microcystin (MC) is a cyanobacteria-produced liver toxin that has been found in fish from Lake Erie, sometimes in excess of World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for safe consumption. Even so, few studies have quantified MCs in Lake Erie fishes, and these studies have drawn different conclusions concerning the risk that fish consumption poses to public health. To address this gap in knowledge, we used Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbant Assay (ELISA) to evaluate the MC concentration in muscle tissue from three commonly harvested fish in Lake Erie: walleye ( Sander vitreus , n = 29); yellow perch ( Perca flavescens , n = 52); and white perch ( Morone americana , n = 55), collected during summer 2013. Satellite remote sensing was used to compare MC concentrations in fish tissue to bloom conditions in Lake Erie at the time of harvest. We found a significant difference among mean MC concentrations in walleye (71 ng MC/g wet weight), white perch (37 ng MC/g), and yellow perch (8.1 ng MC/g). In addition, MC levels in white perch appeared to depend on local bloom conditions. While few of the fish collected contained MC in excess of WHO guidelines, our results indicate that more toxic blooms could increase MC in fish to levels that pose a greater risk to public health.

Correlation of trace element concentrations between epidermis and internal organ tissues in Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis)

Trace element accumulation in the epidermis of cetaceans has been less studied. This study explored the feasibility of using epidermis as a surrogate tissue to evaluate internal contaminant burdens in Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin (Sousa chinensis). Eleven trace elements were analyzed in the epidermis, muscle and liver tissues from 46 individuals of dolphins stranded along the Pearl River Estuary (PRE) coast between 2007 and 2013. Trace elemental concentrations varied among the three tissues, generally with the highest concentrations found in liver tissues and lowest in the epidermis (except Zn, As, and Pb). Zn concentration in the epidermis was the highest among all tissues, indicating that Zn could be an important element for the epidermis physiology. High concentrations of Hg and Cr in liver were likely due to an excessive intake by dolphins which consumed high Hg and Cr contaminated fishes in the PRE. Hg concentrations in epidermis and muscle tissues were significantly higher in the females than in males. Concentrations of V and Pb in liver, Se and Cd in both muscle and liver, and As and Hg in all tissue samples showed significantly positive relationships with body length. Hepatic Cu concentrations were significantly negatively correlated with the body length. Hg and As concentrations in epidermis showed significantly positive correlations with those in liver tissues. Thus this study proposed that epidermis could be used as a non-invasive monitoring tissue to evaluate Hg and As bioaccumulation in internal tissues of Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins populations.

Danofloxacin depletion from muscle plus skin tissue of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fed danofloxacin mesylate medicated feed in seawater at 16 °C and 27 °C

Residue depletion of danofloxacin was investigated in European sea bass after a multiple (5days) in-feed administration of danofloxacin mesylate (10mg/kg bw per day) under experimental field conditions at water temperature of 16°C and 27°C. Ten fish per sampling point were examined during and after treatment. Samples of muscle plus skin in natural proportions were analyzed for danofloxacin determination by Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography equipped with an Ultraviolet Photodiode Array Detector (UPLC-PDA). Danofloxacin concentrations in muscle tissues increased during medication period and then decreased rapidly. The elimination half-lives were estimated to be t1/2=16.87h and 21.13h at 27°C and 16°C, respectively. Withdrawal periods (Wt) were calculated after medication using the WT1.4 program and were found to be at 95% tolerance limit, 7 and 4days at 16°C and 27°C, respectively.

Mercury accumulation in Lethrinus nebulosus from the marine waters of the Qatar EEZ

Total mercury (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) were recorded in the commercial demersal fish Lethrinus nebulosus, caught from six locations in Qatar EEZ (Exclusive Economic Zone). Concentrations of THg decreased in the order: liver˃muscle˃gonad. THg concentrations in fish tissue ranged from 0.016ppm in gonad to 0.855ppm (mgkg−1w/w) in liver tissues, while concentrations in muscle tissue ranged from 0.24 to 0.49ppm (mgkg−1w/w) among sampling sites. MeHg concentrations were used to validate food web transfer rate calculations. Intake rates were calculated to assess the potential health impact of the fish consumption. There is no major threat to human health from the presence of Hg in L. nebulosus, based upon reasonable consumption patterns, limited to no more than three meals of L. nebulosus per week.

Trace element biodistribution in the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)

Routine monitoring of contaminant levels in wildlife is important for understanding chemical exposure and ultimately the link to ecosystem and human health. This is particularly important when the monitored species is recreationally hunted for human consumption. In the southeastern United States, recreational alligator harvesting takes place annually and in locations that are known to be contaminated with environmental pollutants. In this study, we investigated the biodistribution of trace elements in the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) from five sites in Florida, USA. These sites are locations where annual recreational alligator harvesting is permitted and two of the sites are identified as having high mercury contamination with human consumption advisories in effect. We utilized routinely collected monitoring samples (blood and scute), a commonly consumed tissue (muscle), and a classically analyzed tissue for environmental contaminants (liver) to demonstrate how the trace elements were distributed within the American alligator. We describe elemental tissue compartmentalization in an apex predator and investigate if noninvasive samples (blood and scute) can be used to estimate muscle tissue concentrations for a subset of elements measured. We found significant correlations for Hg, Rb, Se, Zn and Pb between noninvasive samples and consumed tissue and also found that Hg was the only trace metal of concern for this population of alligators. This study fills a gap in trace elemental analysis for reptilian apex predators in contaminated environments. Additionally, comprehensive elemental analysis of routinely collected samples can inform biomonitoring efforts and consumption advisories.

Cadmium and lead concentrations in hepatic and muscle tissue of demersal fish from three lagoon systems (SE Gulf of California).

We determined the levels of Cd and Pb in liver and muscle of demersal fish from three lagoon systems (Urías, Huizache, and Teacapán) in the SE Gulf of California with the purpose of comparing the studied metals in fish from the three ecosystems and to assess the potential human health risk. Considering the number of individuals, the sequence of fish abundance was Teacapán > Huizache > Urías. Length and size at maturity of collected species showed that 76.5% of the individuals were juveniles. Overall, Cd and Pb were more accumulated in liver than in muscle. After multivariate analyses, considering fish tissue and locality, Cd and Pb levels were different (p<0.05) between fish from Teacapán and Huizache. In general, the hazard quotients (HQs) of Pb were higher than the corresponding values of Cd; the highest HQ for Cd (0.0051) corresponded to Mugil curema, and the highest HQ for Pb (0.0099) was estimated in Diapterus peruvianus. With respect to the hazard index (accumulative risk from Cd and Pb), the most elevated value (HI=0.0124) was estimated for Pomadasys macracanthus. Estimated HI does not represent a health risk at the consumption rates of the Mexican population.

Mercury in fish products: what’s the best for consumers between bluefin tuna and yellowfin tuna?

A total of 205 bluefin and yellowfin tuna samples were examined for mercury detection in order to verify possible differences and have a detailed risk assessment of the two tuna species. The results showed significant higher mercury concentration in muscle tissue of bluefin tuna respect yellowfin tuna (p < 0.001) with mean concentration of 0.84 mg/kg and maximum value of 1.94 mg/kg. These differences can be due the different biological and ecological aspects of the two tuna species and to different oceanographic aspects between Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean sea. The results obtained in this study suggest an advisable containment of the sources of pollution and further studies on the closed-loop farming of bluefin tuna, in order to ensure the product safety.

Monitoring Water Pollution Levels in Wadi Hanifa, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia and its Public Health Implications

This study was performed to evaluate the levels of metals in the fish caught from Wadi Hanifa's main basin over four seasons, determine the potential fitness of the fish for human consumption, and evaluate the overall water quality after enforcement of local standards. The physical and chemical parameters from a total of 192 water samples were tested using standard methods. Additionally, a total of 48 fish samples were analyzed for heavy metal concentrations. Mean values for basic water quality parameters of COD, PO4-3, NH3--N, and NO3--N exceeded Saudi standards in all seasons. Mean metal concentrations in water were consistently at their highest concentrations in samples collected during the summer, and the lowest in samples collected during the winter. Mean metal concentrations in fish muscle tissue exceeded Saudi standards for As and Cd, and United Nations FAO standards for Cr, Ni, Zn, Fe and Mn. Statistical analysis showed highly significant positive correlations between metal concentrations in water and metal concentrations in fish muscle for As-Fe, Pb-Cr, Pb-Ni, Cr-Cu, and Cu-Fe. This study highlights the urgent need for monitoring and controlling wastewater discharge in Wadi Hanifa to ensure public safety.

Mercury and selenium in free-ranging brown trout (Salmo trutta) in the River Skienselva watercourse, Southern Norway.

Selenium (Se), mercury (Hg), and stable isotopes of nitrogen (δ15N) and carbon (δ13C) have been investigated in free-ranging brown trout (Salmo trutta) from five large lakes/hydropower reservoirs within the River Skienselva watercourse, Southern Norway. The main purpose of the study was to investigate geographical patterns of the two elements within this large catchment. We also wanted to investigate whether Hg concentration in trout were negatively associated to their Se content, hence indicating an ameliorating effect of Se on Hg bioaccumulation. Concentrations (dry weight) in trout muscle tissue ranged from 0.21 to 2.06mgHgkg-1 and 0.96 to 2.51mgSekg-1. Covariance models revealed differences in fish Hg concentrations between lakes after adjusting for the significant contributions from both age and trophic levels (TL, measured as δ15N), whereas fish Se concentrations differed between lakes after adjusting for TL. Se showed an inverse correlation with δ13C signatures in trout muscle tissue, indicating increased Se uptake in pelagic feeders. Se also increased in trout in lakes towards the western part of the watercourse as well as with increasing elevation and regulation height of lakes. The inclusion of tissue Se as an explanatory variable in the Hg model was not statistically significant and increasing Se concentrations did not lead to significantly decreased mean tissue Hg concentrations in trout, after adjusting for other significant explanatory variables. Our results support previous conclusions of a muscle tissue Se concentration threshold to affect Hg concentrations in fish, and suggest that the lakes in the region most likely are too low in Se for trout to reach such a threshold concentration.

Relationships of mercury concentrations across tissue types, muscle regions and fins for two shark species

Mercury (Hg) exposure poses a threat to both fish and human health. Sharks are known to bioaccumulate Hg, however, little is known regarding how Hg is distributed between different tissue groups (e.g. muscle regions, organs). Here we evaluated total mercury (THg) concentrations from eight muscle regions, four fins (first dorsal, left and right pectorals, caudal-from both the inner core and trailing margin of each fin), and five internal organs (liver, kidney, spleen, heart, epigonal organ) from two different shark species, bonnethead (Sphyrna tiburo) and silky shark (Carcharhinus falciformis) to determine the relationships of THg concentrations between and within tissue groups. Total Hg concentrations were highest in the eight muscle regions with no significant differences in THg concentrations between the different muscle regions and muscle types (red and white). Results from tissue collected from any muscle region would be representative of all muscle sample locations. Total Hg concentrations were lowest in samples taken from the fin inner core of the first dorsal, pectoral, and caudal (lower lobe) fins. Mercury concentrations for samples taken from the trailing margin of the dorsal, pectoral, and caudal fins (upper and lower lobe) were also not significantly different from each other for both species. Significant relationships were found between THg concentrations in dorsal axial muscle tissue and the fin inner core, liver, kidney, spleen and heart for both species as well as the THg concentrations between the dorsal fin trailing margin and the heart for the silky shark and all other sampled tissue types for the bonnethead shark. Our results suggest that biopsy sampling of dorsal muscle can provide data that can effectively estimate THg concentrations in specific organs without using more invasive, or lethal methods.

Trace element concentrations in muscle tissue of milk shark, (Rhizoprionodon acutus) from the Persian Gulf

We analyze the heavy metals concentrations in muscle samples of milk shark (Rhizoprionodon acutus) from Persian Gulf. The metals distribution was Zn>Cu>Pb>Cd>Hg. No statistical differences were observed among size or weight by sex (p<0.05). Metals concentrations in the population de R. acutus from Larak and Lavan islands are homogeneous along the coastal study area. Our study suggest that the results reflect the natural contents of trace metals in this species, and the health risk associated to milk shark consumption in Persian Gulf is relatively low.

Development and Field Application of a Model Predicting Effects of Episodic Hypoxia on Short-Term Growth of Spot

AbstractIn North Carolina and elsewhere, there is concern that excessive nutrient loading and resulting hypoxic conditions in coastal ecosystems are adversely affecting the native fauna, but quantifying the effects on fish can be difficult. Hypoxia may reduce fish growth via direct exposure or indirectly (e.g., cost of low-oxygen avoidance, reduced food availability, and density-dependent effects in oxygenated refuges). Given the fine spatial and temporal scale of oxygen dynamics in estuarine habitats, evaluating the impacts of hypoxia on fish growth requires short-term growth indicators that integrate the effects of rapidly changing environmental conditions. To address this need, we experimentally determined the sensitivity and response time of a suite of bioindicators of recent growth (RNA:DNA ratio and RNA concentration in muscle tissue; insulin-like growth factor-I messenger RNA expression in the liver; hepatosomatic index; and Fulton’s condition factor K) to changes in the specific growth rate of juv...

Longitudinal assessment of metal concentrations and copper isotope ratios in the G93A SOD1 mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a motor neuron disease, which involves progressive motor neuron degeneration in the central nervous system (CNS). The G93A SOD1 mouse model simulates one of the most common causes of familial ALS through the overexpression of a mutated form of the human gene encoding copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1). Transition metals, particularly Cu and Zn, have been shown to behave abnormally in the disease context and have been hypothesized to contribute to and potentially trigger the disease. In this study, concentrations of Cu, Zn and Fe, as well as Cu isotope ratios were assessed in keystone tissues of ALS, including the brain, spinal cord, muscle and whole blood, from transgenic mutant SOD1G93A mice and non-transgenic controls. While no consistent Cu isotope signal was found to be related to the disease state, concentrations of Cu, Zn and Fe were significantly elevated in muscle tissue of the transgenic mice, even at pre-symptomatic time points. In brain and muscle tissue, in both animal groups, a time-dependent Cu isotope signal was observed. We hypothesize that the early and significant elevation in metal concentration in muscle tissue from SOD1 transgenic mice could facilitate the development of ALS, without affecting the overall signal from well-buffered CNS tissues. Ageing may be recorded isotopically as a shift from a neonatal Cu pool as inherited from the mother, through dietary Cu and recycling processes.

Comparing trace element concentrations in muscle tissue of marbled eel Anguilla marmorata reared in three different aquaculture systems

Comparing trace element concentrations in muscle tissue of marbled eel Anguilla marmorata reared in three different aquaculture systems

Levels of Metals in Kidney, Liver, and Muscle Tissue and their Influence on the Fitness for the Consumption of Wild Boar from Western Slovakia

Due to environmental pollution, wild animals are exposed to various pollutants. Some game animals, such as wild boars are used by people for food, but their meat is not evaluated regarding pollution transfer, since they are unavailable on the official market. The aim of this paper is to present the concentrations of chosen metals (Cd, Co, Cu, Hg, Pb, and Zn) in the kidneys, liver, and muscles of wild boars (n = 40) hunted in eastern Slovakia, as derivatives of physiological distribution and anthropogenic pollution. We found that sex was not a statistically significant factor for metal concentrations. Tissue differences were observed for all the metals studied except for Co. Cd, Cu, and Hg showed the highest median concentrations in kidney tissue with the lowest in muscle tissue (2.73, 3.78, and 0.061 μg/g w.w., respectively). The highest Zn median concentration was noted in the liver tissue with the lowest in muscle tissue. Co and Cu concentrations varied according to the age groups. Correlations between metal concentrations in muscle and kidney tissue were not especially strong; such relationships were not found in liver tissue. Among all the potential relationships of the given metal concentrations between tissues, the only significant relationship, albeit weak, was noted for Pb in muscle and liver tissue. The concentrations found seem not to be extremely high, but according to EU maximum permitted residue levels for Cd and Pb concentrations in meat, none of the samples studied was fully fit for human consumption. TWI and risk was also excessive for both metals.

Trimethylamine oxide content and spoilage potential of New Zealand commercial fish species

ABSTRACTBreakdown of trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) during post-harvest storage contributes significantly to loss of seafood quality. We surveyed 51 New Zealand commercial fish species and determined white muscle tissue concentrations of TMAO and the TMAO-derived spoilage indices: trimethylamine nitrogen (TMA-N) and total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N). There were significant differences in the TMAO concentrations between fish of various genus and species. Values ranged between 8 and 789 mg/100 g for ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii), and 262 and 789 mg/100 g for cartilaginous fishes. The distribution of TMAO was similar to that of Northern Hemisphere fish species. Deep water species had the highest concentrations of TMAO. Seasonal effects in tarakihi (Nemadactylus macropterus) and red gurnard (Chelidonichthys kumu) were studied and TMAO declined significantly over the summer months. TMA-N was typically below 2 mg/100 g and TVB-N concentrations did not exceed the limits set by the European Community (EC) Commission Regulation No. 1022/2008.

A Pharmacokinetic Model of a Tissue Implantable Cortisol Sensor.

Cortisol is an important glucocorticoid hormone whose biochemistry influences numerous physiological and pathological processes. Moreover, it is a biomarker of interest for a number of conditions, including posttraumatic stress disorder, Cushing's syndrome, Addison's disease, and others. An implantable biosensor capable of real time monitoring of cortisol concentrations in adipose tissue may revolutionize the diagnosis and treatment of these disorders, as well as provide an invaluable research tool. Toward this end, a mathematical model, informed by the physiological literature, is developed to predict dynamic cortisol concentrations in adipose, muscle, and brain tissues, where a significant number of important processes with cortisol occur. The pharmacokinetic model is applied to both a prototypical, healthy male patient and a previously studied Cushing's disease patient. The model can also be used to inform the design of an implantable sensor by optimizing the sensor dissociation constant, apparent delay time, and magnitude of the sensor output versus system dynamics. Measurements from such a sensor would help to determine systemic cortisol levels, providing much needed insight for proper medical treatment for various cortisol-related conditions.

Plasma 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Is Related to Protein Signaling Involved in Glucose Homeostasis in a Tissue-Specific Manner.

Vitamin D has been suggested to play a role in glucose metabolism. However, previous findings are contradictory and mechanistic pathways remain unclear. We examined the relationship between plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), insulin sensitivity, and insulin signaling in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. Seventeen healthy adults (Body mass index: 26 ± 4; Age: 30 ± 12 years) underwent a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, and resting skeletal muscle and adipose tissue biopsies. In this cohort, the plasma 25(OH)D concentration was not associated with insulin sensitivity (r = 0.19, p = 0.56). However, higher plasma 25(OH)D concentrations correlated with lower phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) αSer21 and βSer9 in skeletal muscle (r = −0.66, p = 0.015 and r = −0.53, p = 0.06, respectively) and higher GSK-3 αSer21 and βSer9 phosphorylation in adipose tissue (r = 0.82, p < 0.01 and r = 0.62, p = 0.042, respectively). Furthermore, higher plasma 25(OH)D concentrations were associated with greater phosphorylation of both protein kinase-B (AktSer473) (r = 0.78, p < 0.001) and insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1Ser312) (r = 0.71, p = 0.01) in adipose tissue. No associations were found between plasma 25(OH)D concentration and IRS-1Tyr612 phosphorylation in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. The divergent findings between muscle and adipose tissue with regard to the association between 25(OH)D and insulin signaling proteins may suggest a tissue-specific interaction with varying effects on glucose homeostasis. Further research is required to elucidate the physiological relevance of 25(OH)D in each tissue.

The Study of Some Heavy Metals (Lead, Nickel, Zinc, Copper and Iron) in Muscle Tissue of Blue Swimming Crab Portunus pelagicus in Some Areas of the Hormozgan Province, Iran

After absorption of heavy metals in the tissues of aquatic organisms in aqueous solution accumulate and enter the human body through the food chain and proportional to the concentration of toxic metals absorbed, clinical effects observed. The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the concentration of heavy metals, lead, nickel, iron and copper in muscle tissue of blue swimming crab Portunus plagicus in three regions (Qeshm, Khamir port and Laft port) was conducted in the Hormozgan Province. Sampling was conducted in summer and winter 1394. After the captured biometric sample 180, were isolated muscle tissue. The preparation and analysis of samples was performed according to standard methods MOOPAM. The results show that the studied concentration in muscle tissue of blue swimming crab (Portunus pelagicus) at sample locations statistically significant difference shows. Also studied in terms of concentration in the muscle tissue of blue swimming crab in the study area between summer and winter statistically significant difference was observed ( p<0/05). As both in summer and winter concentrations of lead, nickel, iron and copper in muscle tissue of blue swimming crab in Qeshm is greater than the other two regions. Meanwhile, the results of the study compared concentration in muscle tissue showed blue swimming crab with international standards. The studied concentration in muscle tissue of blue swimming crab in Qeshm, Khamir port and Laft port international standards is less than the limit. Which indicates that the health of aquatic ecosystems contamination is not a problem.

Microdialysis as a Part of Invasive Cerebral Monitoring During Porcine Septic Shock.

Metabolic changes in critically ill patients with endotoxin-induced septic shock are measured primarily by techniques that afford organ-specific metabolic monitoring based on interstitial fluid samples. The present study was designed to evaluate the role of cerebral microdialysis (MD) as a part of invasive neuromonitoring during endotoxemia in a porcine model. Continuous endotoxin infusion was administered to 7 female pigs and, in addition to hemodynamic monitoring and blood chemistry, interstitial lactate, pyruvate, glucose and glycerol concentrations in muscle, liver, and cerebral tissue were measured via in vivo MD for an observation period of 180 minutes. The cerebral concentrations of lactate and glycerol showed no significant increases, whereas the hepatic and muscular levels rose dramatically under endotoxemia. However, the lactate/pyruvate ratio and especially the lactate/glucose ratio showed a profound and significant increase in brain tissue as well. Cerebral perfusion pressure decreased from 77 to 50 mm Hg without reaching pathologic values. Although our results confirm the special protection of the brain during endotoxemia compared with other organs, early metabolic changes become evident by increasing lactate/pyruvate ratio and lactate/glucose ratio. MD appears to be a suitable additional technique in invasive neuromonitoring for obtaining early information about metabolic deterioration in the brain during septic shock.