Unsaturated Fatty Acid Content Research Articles

Study on the in Vitro Inhibitory Activity of Peony Seed Blended Oil on α-Amylase and α-Glucosidase

In recent years, China has been suffering from an increasing number of patients with chronic diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease, which are gradually showing a "younger" trend. As health problems become more prominent, choosing good cooking oil has become crucial. People are beginning to realize the significance of a balanced diet and healthy eating habits in maintaining good health. Peony seed oil is rich in nutrients, and its content of unsaturated fatty acids can reach over 85%, with the highest content of α-linolenic acid, which effectively lowers blood sugar. Suppose soybean oil and rapeseed oil are combined and added. In that case, the original efficacy of peony seed oil can be complemented and enhanced, its mechanism of action network can be sound, and its nutritional composition can be enriched. We can obtain an optimal ratio for mixing the above several oils by studying their effects and roles. This paper explored the inhibitory effects of peony seed oil, soybean oil, and rapeseed oil on α-amylase activity and α-glucosidase activity, and their optimal ratios were determined by a one-way test and response surface method. The results showed that the optimal ratio was peony seed oil: soybean oil: rapeseed oil = 60:27:13. The results provide specific technology and reference for the development and utilization of peony and provide a particular theoretical basis for the development of hypoglycemic drugs or health food.

Improving bee feed recipes to safeguard honeybee colonies during times of food scarcity.

In beekeeping, when natural nectar or pollen sources become limited, it is crucial to provide supplemental bee feed to maintain the viability of the bee colony. This study was conducted during the autumn food shortage season, during which bees were fed with different proportions of modified bee feed. We identified an optimal bee diet by evaluating honeybee longevity, food consumption, body weight, and gut microbe distribution, with natural pollen serving as a control diet. The results indicated that bees preferred a mixture of 65% defatted soy flour, 20% corn protein powder, 13% wheat germ flour, 2% yeast powder, and a 50% sucrose solution. This bee food recipe significantly increased the longevity, feed consumption, and body weight of bees. The group fed the natural pollen diet exhibited a greater abundance of essential intestinal bacteria. The bee diets used in this study contained higher protein levels and lower concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids and vitamins than did the diets stored within the colonies. Therefore, we propose that incorporating both bee feed and natural pollen in beekeeping practices will achieve more balanced nutritional intake.

Effect of Refining Process on Some Quality Attributes of Screw-Pressed Avocado Oil

Avocado (Persea americana) is a source of vegetable oil abundant in unsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, and diverse nutrients, rendering it a valuable source of functional oil. Refining is a necessary step to achieve avocado oil with high-quality attributes. This research delved into the impact of the refining procedure on some quality attributes of avocado oil obtained through screw pressing. The study encompassed four distinct samples, each corresponding to a specific stage in the refining process, i.e. degumming, neutralization, bleaching, and the crude oil as the control. Findings from the experiments revealed that the yield of avocado oils subjected to cooking pre-treatment (49.19±0.65%) exceeded those without pre-treatment (45.10±1.71%). Compared to crude oil, the quality of bleached oil was improved by reducing free fatty acid (52.94%) and peroxide value (59.38%). There were noticeable increases in free fatty acid and peroxide value during storage. The physicochemical properties of the extracted oil were affected by the stages of refinement and the duration of storage. FTIR analysis showed that the bleaching stage played a role in removing peroxides, hydroperoxides, and residual moisture. There were no significant changes in fatty acid composition during refinement. Oleic acid (52.0–53.1%) constituted the largest proportion, trailed by palmitic acid (24.0–24.4%), linoleic acid (17.2–17.8%), and palmitoleic acid (4.9–5.6%). However, unsaturated fatty acids content in avocado oil decreased significantly during storage.

Chemical composition and nutritional characteristics of popular wild edible mushroom species collected from North-Western Romania

Wild edible mushrooms contain substances of nutritional and biological importance for humans, but they can also accumulate potentially toxic elements. The study aimed to determine the proximate composition, fatty acids profile and content of 18 elements (As, B, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, S, Zn) in four species of popular wild edible mushrooms (Agaricus campestris, Boletus edulis, Lepiota Procera, and Russula cyanoxantha) collected from NW Romania. The analysed mushrooms contained 22 – 28% proteins and 2 – 5% lipids dry weight (dw) basis, in which the total unsaturated fatty acids contents prevailed over saturated fatty acids. The average contents (mg kg-1dw) of the essential macroelements were: 22900 (K), 5500 (P), 1920 (S), 1250 (Na), 701 (Ca), and 565 (Mg). The contents of potentially toxic elements were lower and decreased in the order of Zn>Fe>Cu>Mn>Cr>Hg>Ni>Pb>As>Cd. The toxicity of these elements is related to the ingested amounts, and thus the health risk was assessed considering their contents. The obtained scores indicated non-carcinogenic health risks, primarily because of the high Hg contents, and children’s vulnerability compared to adults. Fortunately, no carcinogenic risk was indicated for the ingestion of the studied mushrooms.

Rumen metagenome reveals the mechanism of mitigation methane emissions by unsaturated fatty acid while maintaining the performance of dairy cows

Dietary fat content can reduce the methane production of dairy cows; however, the relevance fatty acid (FA) composition has towards this inhibitory effect is debatable. Furthermore, in-depth studies elucidating the effects of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) on rumen function and the mechanism of reducing CH4 production are lacking. This study exposed 10 Holstein cows with the same parity, similar milk yield to two total mixed rations: low unsaturated FA (LUFA) and high unsaturated FA (HUFA) with similar fat content. The LUFA group mainly added fat powder (C16:0 > 90%), and the HUFA group mainly replaced fat powder with extruded flaxseed. The experiment lasted 26 d, the last 5 of which, gas exchange in respiratory chambers was conducted to measure gas emissions. We found that an increase in the UFA in diet did not affect milk production (P < 0.05) and could align the profile of milk FAs more closely with modern human nutritional requirements. Furthermore, we found that increasing the UFA content in the diet lead to a decrease in the abundance of Methanobrevibacter in the rumen (|LDA| > 2 and P < 0.05), which resulted in a decrease in the relative abundance of multiple enzymes (EC:1.2.7.12, EC:2.3.1.101, EC:3.5.4.27, EC:1.5.98.1, EC:1.5.98.2, EC:6.2.1.1, EC:2.1.1.86 and EC:2.8.4.1) during methanogenesis (P < 0.05). Compared with the LUFA group, the pathway of CH4 metabolism was inhibited in the HUFA group (|LDA| > 2 and P < 0.05), which ultimately decreased CH4 production (P < 0.05). Our results illustrated the mechanism involving decreased CH4 production when fed a UFA diet in dairy cows. We believe that our study provides new evidence to explore CH4 emission reduction measures for dairy cows.

Adaptive changes in the fatty acid composition of &lt;i&gt;Oxytropis scheludjakovae&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Oxytropis strobilacea&lt;/i&gt; under temperature fluctuations during the growth season in Central Yakutia

Although there is growing interest in understanding the mechanisms of plant adaptive resistance, there is still incomplete or missing information for many plant species. In this study, we conducted an analysis of the fatty acid composition in the vegetative and generative organs of two species belonging to the Oxytropis genus, namely O. scheludjakovae and O. strobilacea. Gas-liquid chromatography was used to analyze the qualitative and quantitative changes in fatty acids throughout the growing season. The plants were grown in the natural flora collection nursery at the Yakutsk Botanical Garden. The main fatty acids identified had carbon atoms ranging from 14 to 24. There were no significant differences in fatty acid composition between the endemic species O. scheludjakovae and the more widely distributed species O. strobilacea. The highest total fatty acid content (19.5 mg/g tissue) was observed in the leaves of O. scheludjakovae in June and in the leaves of O. strobilacea (17.0 mg/g tissue) in June and July. Palmitic acid was the primary saturated fatty acid in both species, while linolenic acid was the main unsaturated fatty acid. The adaptation of these plants to temperature changes was reflected in the variation of unsaturated fatty acid content. O. strobilacea showed higher values of fatty acid unsaturation coefficient throughout the growing season compared to O. scheludjakovae.

The Effects of Different Doses of Canthaxanthin in the Diet of Laying Hens on Egg Quality, Physical Characteristics, Metabolic Mechanism, and Offspring Health

Currently, there is a dearth of in-depth analysis and research on the impact of canthaxanthin on the production performance, egg quality, physical characteristics, and offspring health of laying hens. Furthermore, the metabolic mechanism of cantharidin in the body remains unclear. Therefore, to solve the above issues in detail, our study was conducted with a control group (C group), a low-dose canthaxanthin group (L group), and a high-dose canthaxanthin group (H group), each fed for a period of 40 days. Production performance was monitored during the experiment, in which L and H groups showed a significant increase in ADFI. Eggs were collected for quality analysis, revealing no significant differences in qualities except for yolk color (YC). The YC of the C group almost did not change, ranging from 6.08 to 6.20; however, the trend in YC change in other groups showed an initial intense increase, followed by a decrease, and eventually reached dynamic equilibrium. By detecting the content of canthaxanthin in the yolk, the YC change trend was found to be correlated with canthaxanthin levels in the yolk. The content of unsaturated fatty acid increased slightly in L and H groups. Following the incubation period, the physical characteristics and blood biochemical indices of chicks were evaluated. It was observed that the shank color of chicks in the L and H groups was significantly higher than that in the C group at birth. However, by the 35th day, there were no significant differences in shank color among the three groups. Further investigation into the metabolic mechanism involving canthaxanthin revealed that the substance underwent incomplete metabolism upon entering the body, resulting in its accumulation as well as metabolic by-product accumulation in the yolk. In summary, this study highlighted the importance of understanding canthaxanthin’s role in production performance, egg quality, and offspring health, providing valuable insights for breeders to optimize feeding strategies.

Optimizing fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) oil yield and compositions in intercropping through growth-promoting bacteria and mycorrhiza

IntroductionBiofertilizers and intercropping are two main components in sustainable production systems.Materials and methodsA two-year (2020–2021) study was conducted in East Azarbaijan, Iran, to evaluate the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), growth-promoting bacteria (GPB) and chemical fertilizer (CF) on fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) (F) oil yield and compositions in intercropping with Moldavian balm (Dracocephalam mobdavica L.) (MB). The cropping patterns included MB sole cropping, fenugreek sole cropping (F) and replacement intercropping ratios consisted of Moldavian balm : fenugreek (MB:F (1:1)), MB:F (2:2) and MB:F (4:2) and additive intercropping of MB:F (100:50).ResultsFor both years, among the intercropping patters, the highest seed and oil yields were obtained in MB:F (100:50) intercropping pattern treated with CF and AMF+GPB. In all cropping patterns except MB:F (4:2), the highest anthocyanin, total flavonoid, and mucilage contents were observed in plants received AMF+GPB. At all treatments, the linoleic, oleic, and linolenic acid were the main components of fenugreek oil. In MB:F (1:1), (2:2), (4:2), and (100:50) intercropping patterns, the linoleic acid content in AMF+GPB treatment, increased by 9.45%, 6.63%, 15.20%, and 7.82%, respectively, compared with sole fenugreek. The highest total land equivalent ratio (LERT) values were obtained in 2021 and MB:F (100:50) intercropping pattern treated with CF (1.70) and AMF+GPB (1.63).ConclusionsIn general, it could be concluded that MB:F (100:50) intercropping pattern treated with AMF+GPB improved the oil yield and unsaturated fatty acid contents of fenugreek compared with sole cropping and could be recommended in sustainable production systems.

Is there a role for essential fatty acids in osteoporosis?

Inflammatory markers are inversely associated with bone density, geometry, and strength in postmenopausal women, and elderly subjects suggesting that osteoporosis is a low-grade systemic inflammatory condition. But glucocorticoids that are potent anti-inflammatory compounds instead of arresting/preventing osteoporosis induce osteoporosis. These results indicate that IL-6 and TNF-α, post-menopausal state, and steroids produce osteoporosis by an unidentified mechanism. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, estrogen, and steroids bring about their actions by influencing the metabolism of essential fatty acids (EFAs). I propose that EFAs and their metabolites act as second messengers of actions of corticosteroids, cytokines, and estrogen. This implies that EFAs are of benefit in the prevention and management of osteoporosis. This argument is supported by the observation that plasma phospholipid content of unsaturated fatty acids is decreased in those with osteoporosis. The reports that long-chain metabolites of EFAs including arachidonic acid, docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid, and lipoxin A4 are of benefit in the prevention and management of osteoporosis lends further support to this proposal.

A short review: fish oil extraction methods obtaining oils with high amounts of unsaturated fatty acids

Abstract Nutrition improvement can be ensured by prioritizing the consumption of animal foods, one of which is fish. Fish consumption generally requires cooking at high temperatures which trigger the protein denaturation, therefore consumption of fish oil is more beneficial for human health. However, extraction of oil from fish is quite challenging, particularly the extraction which produce high amount of unsaturated fatty acid. This short review aims to summarizes and evaluate the best fish oil extraction method by observing temperature, time, solvent ratio, oil yield, and unsaturated fatty acid content. The best quality of fish oil can be obtained through a series of extraction processes, namely the extraction without solvent and using solvent. Each fish oil extraction method takes into account several parameters, such as producing different amounts of oil with unsaturated fatty acid content. Ultrasound-assisted extraction methods provide an excellent oil yield and unsaturated fatty acids with better quality than other extraction methods. It is also underlined that fish oil obtained from the ultrasound-assisted extraction method can be used as a nutritional alternative to improve human health.

Enhancing rainfed safflower yield, oil content, and fatty acid composition through intercropping with chickpea and stress-modifier biostimulants

This study investigated the impact of stress modifiers in intercropping systems on seed yield and yield components, physiological traits, and antioxidant activity of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under rainfed (water deficit) conditions. The experimental design included three stress modulator levels [control, 1 mM salicylic acid (SA), and 10 mM selenium (Se)] and five planting patterns [intercropping one row of safflower and two rows of chickpeas (1S:2C), two rows of safflower and four rows of chickpeas (2S:4C), and three rows of safflower and five rows of chickpeas (3S:5C), and sole cropping of safflower (Ss) and chickpea (Cs)]. The results revealed that Ss treated with Se produced the highest safflower biological yield (4,905.50 kg ha−1) and seed yield (1,259.50 kg ha−1), while Cs produced the highest chickpea biological yield (2,799.67 kg ha−1) and seed yield (852.44 kg ha−1), followed by Cs treated with SA (2,419.25 kg ha−1 and 764.83 kg ha−1, respectively). Conversely, the 3S:5C intercropping ratio (IR) with Se application recorded the highest safflower oil content (32.08%), while Ss treated with Se produced the highest oil yield (358.62 kg ha−1). The 2S:4C configuration with Se application produced the highest unsaturated fatty acid (oleic and linoleic acids) concentrations in safflower, while 2S:4C and 3S:5C treated with Se produced the highest chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b contents in safflower and chickpea. Furthermore, 1S:2C and 2S:4C treated with SA or Se produced the highest proline and total soluble sugars in safflower and chickpea. The SA and Se treatments in the intercropping systems increased catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase activities compared to the respective control plants (sole cropping) and enhanced oil contents, fatty acid composition, physiological traits, and antioxidant properties. These results underscore the potential of intercropping systems coupled with stress modulator treatments as a sustainable approach for safflower and chickpea cultivation under rainfed conditions.

Effects of food waste hydrolysate as an external carbon source on defoaming in wastewater treatment with activated sludge process

The activated sludge process is the most widely used technology for treating municipal wastewater. However, thick foam often occurs in activated sludge process. Here, we reported for the first time the effect of food waste hydrolysate (FWH) as an external carbon source on defoaming in activated sludge process. The study found that FWH was effective in defoaming at a wide dose range of 50–1600 mg/L total solids, as exhibiting that the foaming tendency of FWH-added foam mixed liquor was reduced to 0 mL-foam/mL-air·min from initial 0.171 mL-foam/mL-air·min in the control without adding FWH with 100 % of defoaming efficiency. Fatty acids, oils, and solid particles in FWH jointly contributed to the deformation. Among these factors, the concentration of long-chain unsaturated fatty acids was mainly responsible for the defoaming. This work provides a cost-effective strategy to solve the foaming problem in activated sludge process as well as providing external carbon sources.

Microbial Biotechnologies to Produce Biodiesel and Biolubricants from Dairy Effluents

The shift from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources is crucial in addressing environmental challenges. Vegetable oils have been focused on as the main potential source for biodiesel and biolubricant production. However, due to their fatty acid (FA) composition they are characterized by low stability to oxidation and variable viscosity. Single-cell oils (SCOs) from oleaginous microorganisms are a possible alternative to vegetable oils: their composition is more suitable, and it can further be improved by controlling the fermentation’s physiological conditions. In the present study, the production of SCOs with targeted technological properties from Lipomyces starkeyi in fermentation under controlled temperatures was assessed. A dairy effluent (scotta) was used as the fermentation substrate to improve the economic sustainability of the process. Batch aerobic fermentations were carried out in a fermenter at two different temperatures (25 °C and 30 °C). The fermentation yields and SCO FA profiles were analyzed. The highest yields of biomass (9.76 g L−1) and microbial oil (1.83 g L−1) were obtained from fermentations carried out at 30 °C. Furthermore, a significantly lower content (46% vs. 55%) of unsaturated FAs and higher content (11% vs. 1.5%) of shorter-chain saturated FAs, with myristic acid almost matching stearic acid, were detected at 30 °C in comparison to 25 °C. Very low peroxide values were also found (0.14 meq O2 kg−1 at 30 °C and 0 meq O2 kg−1 at 25 °C). These results indicate that these SCOs were highly oxidation-resistant, and that a higher fermentation temperature improves their oxidative stability and tribophysical features. The biodiesels’ technological properties, calculated from the FA composition, were within the limits of both U.S. standards and E.U. regulations. Then, SCOs produced from L. starkeyi by fermentation of dairy effluents carried out under controlled temperature can be considered a suitable alternative to vegetable oils to produce biodiesel and biolubricants.

Production of trans-fat-free margarine prepared using catfish oil and palm stearin with the addition of avocado waste oil for tocopherol enrichment

Catfish oil (CFO) is rich in unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) which are potentially produced into margarine through the blending method with palm stearin (PS) addition. The high UFA content of CFO causes margarine to be susceptible to oxidative damage, which can also trigger the formation of trans fatty acids (TFA). An antioxidant compound in the form of avocado waste oil (AWO) that contains tocopherol is added during margarine production to inhibit oxidative damage and TFA formation in the final product. Thus, the temperature and duration of CFO extraction, avocado peel and seed ratio of AWO extraction, and CFO:PS:AWO ratio of margarine production were analyzed for their effect on CFO, AWO, and margarine characteristics. This study was conducted by several stages; CFO extraction with temperature (50, 70 and 90oC) and duration (1 and 2 hrs) treatment, AWO extraction with avocado peel and seed ratio treatment (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, 0:100), and margarine production with CFO:PS:AWO ratio treatment (41:40:0, 36:40:5, 31:40:10, 26:40:15, 21:40:20). The results showed that the increasing extraction temperature and duration caused the decrease of CFO hydrolytic-oxidative stability. The best CFO extraction treatment was 50oC and 1 hr of extraction. The increasing avocado peel ratio in AWO extraction led to the increase of AWO antioxidant potential. The best AWO extraction treatment was the ratio of peel:seed = 75:25. The addition of AWO in margarine production for tocopherol enrichment was proven to suppress oxidative damage and TFA formation. The best margarine production treatment was the 3rd formulation (10% of AWO) with UFA-rich and trans-fat-free margarine characteristics. It was selected as the most preferred color, taste and flavor of margarine. These studies’ results are beneficial for the product development of UFA-rich and transfat-free margarine with good oxidative stability prepared using freshwater fish oil and plant byproduct oil.

БАЛЫҚ ДЕРНӘСІЛДЕРІН ӨСІРУ ҮШІН ОҢТАЙЛЫ ҚОРЕК РЕСУРСЫ РЕТІНДЕ АРТЕМИЯЛАРДЫ ӨНДІРУ

In aquaculture, the use of Artemia as an optimal nutrient resource for fish fry is an object of growing interest. The advantages of using Artemia include the possibility of mass cultivation under controlled conditions, the possibility of long-term storage in frozen form and resistance to external environmental conditions. Artemia, belonging to crustaceans, is a rich source of protein, fat, vitamins and minerals necessary for the healthy development of fish larvae. Due to the high content of unsaturated fatty acids, omega-3 and omega-6, fry contribute to the development of a healthy immune system, which reduces the risk of many diseases. Their small size and mobility make them available for cultivation, which ensures a high level of quality and reduces feed consumption. The results of the study show that the use of crustaceans as the main food source for fish farming contributes to improving the life, growth and health of fry. This makes them a successful type of feed in aquaculture and an optimal resource for fish farming. Further research in this area can lead to increased efficiency of fish farming, development of practices and improvement of the overall potential of the aquaculture industry. This article discusses the advantages of using Artemia, its biological value, ease of cultivation and versatility in the nutrition of various fish larvae. Various methods and technologies of growing Artemisia are analyzed, as well as their application in breeding species of fish larvae. Special attention is paid to optimizing the maximum growth of fish larvae and feeding conditions.

Omega-3 long chain highly unsaturated fatty acid content in tissue correlates with escape response efficiency in golden gray mullet

Omega-3 long-chain highly unsaturated fatty acids (n-3 HUFA) are poorly synthesized de novo by marine fish, but are necessary to maintain their metabolic and physiological performance. Consequently, fish must find them in their diet. However, the availability of these lipid compounds is predicted to decrease in relation to global changes in ocean waters. The aim of this study was to experimentally determine the effects of an n-3 HUFA-deficient diet on the escape performance of Chelon auratus, a microphytobenthos grazer of high ecological importance. Fish were fed either a standard n-3 HUFA diet or an n-3 HUFA-deficient diet for 2 months. At the end of this conditioning period, several variables (latency, responsiveness, initial direction of escape, response duration, distance covered, maximum acceleration and velocity, and turning rate) related to escape performance were characterized in the tested fish. The results showed that a lower dietary n-3 HUFA content caused a significant reduction in the proportion of these fatty acids in fish muscle, both in membranes and in reserves. While the FA composition of the brain also reflected that of the diet in reserves, the membrane fatty acid composition of the brain remained similar between the two dietary groups, suggesting the preservation of neural and cognitive functions of the fish. Neither growth rate nor escape response variables were significantly different between the two diets. However, some escape response variables (e.g., latency, duration, maximum velocity and acceleration, and turning rate) were highly correlated with fish n-3 HUFA content in brain or muscle, and these correlations were tissue specific. While response duration and latency seemed to be more correlated with n-3 HUFA content in the brain membrane, other escape response variables such as turning rate, maximum velocity, cumulative distance, and maximum acceleration seemed to be correlated with n-3 HUFA content in the lipid reserve, both in the brain and in the muscle. Our results indicate that the reduction of n-3 HUFA in the dietary sources of marine fish appears to reduce the performance of the escape response, suggesting some impact of n-3 HUFA dietary changes with global change on predator-prey relationships within the marine ecosystem.

35 Role and mechanism of supplemental methionine in metabolic stress of broilers raised at high ambient temperature or stock density

Abstract Current poultry production practices may render fast-growing broilers prone to metabolic stresses induced by high ambient temperatures and(or) high stocking densities. As the first limiting amino acid of broilers fed corn-soy diets, methionine also serves as a free radical scavenger. Our laboratory has explored metabolic effects and biochemical mechanisms of supplemental methionine in grower and finisher diets for broilers raised at high temperature or high stock density. In Experiment 1, a total of 360 male, 1 d-old Cornish cockerel chicks were fed four diets (10 pens/treatment, 9 chicks/pen): 100 or 130% required methionine in the diets as DL-methionine (DL-MET) or 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)butanoate (HMTBA). The room was maintained at 4 to 13oC above the suggested thermoneutral temperature. The 130% DL-MET and HMTBA diets enhanced (P &amp;lt; 0.05) hepatic GSH concentrations of growers and plasma ferric reducing ability of finishers than the 100% diets. The DL-MET-fed growers had greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05%) muscle GSH and hepatic unsaturated fatty acid concentrations than those fed HMTBA. The methionine form and concentration exerted an interaction effect (P &amp;lt; 0.05) on the expression of inflammation-related genes in the liver of finishers. In Experiment 2, we determined if 30% extra DL-MET alleviated adverse effects of a greater stocking density on broilers. A total of 560 male, 1 d-old Cornish cockerels were housed at two stocking densities (9 and 12 birds/m2) and fed two concentrations of DL-MET (grower: 2.90 or 3.77 g/kg and finisher: 2.60 or 3.38 g/kg). The high stocking density decreased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) body weight and growth performance of growers and(or) finishers. Those differences were largely removed or attenuated by the 130% DL-MET diet. There were interaction effects (P &amp;lt; 0.05) between dietary DL-MET concentrations and stocking densities on activities of glutathione S-transferase in the liver of growers and the breast, thigh, and adipose tissue of finishers as well as on activities of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase in the thigh of growers. The 130% DL-MET diet decreased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) hepatic gene expression of heat shock protein 90 (18%) and malondialdehyde concentrations in the thigh and breast of finishers (35%). In summary, the high ambient temperature-induced metabolic responses of broilers were mediated by the extra methionine supplementation. That function varied with the chicken age and(or) tissue and the methionine form. Meanwhile, the 30% extra DL-MET addition partially reversed adverse effects caused by the greater stocking density, partially via improving tissue redox status. (This research was supported in part by Evonik Nutrition &amp; Care GmbH, and was published: J. Anim. Sci. 97:4883-4894; J. Anim. Sci. 98:skaa092. doi: 10.1093/jas/skaa092).

Microencapsulation of fish oil by spray drying, spray freeze-drying, freeze-drying, and microwave freeze-drying: Microcapsule characterization and storage stability.

The objective of this paper was to evaluate the effect of spray drying (SD), spray freeze-drying (SFD), freeze-drying (FD), and microwave freeze-drying (MFD) on the characteristics of fish oil (FO) microcapsules. The physicochemical properties, morphology, fatty acid composition, and stability of the microcapsules were analyzed. The encapsulation efficiencies of microcapsules dried by SD, SFD, FD, and MFD were 86.98%, 77.79%, 63.29%, and 57.89%, respectively. SD microcapsules exhibited superior properties in terms of effective loading capacity, color, and flowability. Conversely, SFD microcapsules demonstrated improved solubility. Microencapsulation positively affected the thermal stability of FO, but the content of unsaturated fatty acids decreased. The findings from the storage experiment indicated that the oxidative stability of SD fish oil microcapsules was marginally lower compared to microcapsules produced through three alternative drying techniques, all of which were based on the FD concept. The comparison of various drying methods and their effects on the quality of FO microcapsules offers valuable insights that can serve as a foundation for the industrial production of high-quality microcapsules.

Plasma activated water (PAW), Ozonated water (OW) and Slightly acidic electrolytic water (SAEW) treated tilapia fillets during chilled storage: A comparative study on quality changes and related mechanisms

Changes in protein degradation and lipid oxidation in tilapia fillets treated with plasma-activated water (PAW), ozonated water (OW), and slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) were investigated during refrigeration (12 d) at 4 °C. Compared to the control group, PAW, OW, and SAEW effectively delayed the formation of trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-soluble peptides and free amino acids, and significantly reduced the drip loss rate by 1.52–3.60% after 12 d (P < 0.05). However, the total content of unsaturated fatty acids in all treatment groups decreased after 12 d. Compared to PAW and OW, SAEW better-maintained protein secondary and tertiary structure stability and preserved the most polyunsaturated fatty acids (27.32%). UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS analysis showed that accumulation of dipeptides/tripeptides (such as Trp-Trp-Pro, Tyr-Thr-Trp, Leu-Gln-Phe) enhanced the bioavailability and potential bioactivity of the proteins in all treatment groups. The 4-hydroxy-octanoic acid and 4-amino-pentanoic acid from fatty acid oxidation were significantly (P < 0.05) down-regulated in PAW and SAEW. Overall, PAW, OW, and SAEW may be feasible techniques for improving the quality of tilapia fillets during cold storage.

Effect of feeding Moringa oleifera based complete pellet feed on milk yield, composition, fatty acids, somatic cell count and cell mediated immunityin lactating goats

Lactation cum feeding trial was conducted on 12 female Barbari goats (Age approx. 2-3 years and mean body weight 34.72 ±1.28 kg) for 120 days after approximately one month of kidding and effect on milk production, milk constituents, somatic cell count, milk fatty acid profile and cell mediated immunity was studied. Animals were divided into two groups (Gr G and Gr M) of six each as per completely randomized design. Two types of complete pellet (Moringa oleifera and Cicer arietinum) based was formulated containing sundried Moringa biomass and Gram straw along with conventional feed ingredients. Lactating goats of Gr G was fed with gram straw based complete pellet feed while goats of Gr M was fed with Moringa based complete pellet feed. Both the complete pellet feeds were iso nitrogenous. No significant difference in body weight changes was recorded between groups. The milk production (g/day) was higher (Avg. 14.54%) in Gr M as compared to Gr G at different fortnight. No significant difference was reported in the milk composition. Milk fat, SNF, Protein and lactose was similar in both the groups. Milk Somatic cell count (×10 3/ml) was significantly (P&lt;0.05) lower in lactating goats fed with Moringa based feed. Cell-mediated immune response assessed through delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction against phyto haemagglutinin (PHA-P) was more pronounced in Gr M at 72 and 96 hrs.Higher concentration of unsaturated fatty acids (about 16.19%) and lower saturated fatty acids (about 5.49%) was reported in Gr M. Milk fatty acid profile indicators like Index of atherogenicity (IA) was lower while hypo/hyper cholesteremic ratio and health promoting index was higher in milk of moringa based pellet fed goats. Present study concluded that Barbari goats fed with Moringa based complete pellet feed produced higher milk yield with healthier fatty acid profile with low somatic cell counts.