Trisodium Citrate Concentration Research Articles

Next-Generation Optical Fiber Sensors: Gold Nanoparticle/Eu2O3-RGO Hybrid Coating for Phosphate Ion Detection

The investigation of optical sensors for the identification of particular ions is currently a highly active field of study. In this regard, gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) and rare-earth-doped materials, such as europium oxide (Eu2O3), are frequently employed due to their distinctive optical properties, which make them suitable for sensing applications. A cladding-modified optical fiber sensor coated with Eu2O3 modified reduced graphene oxide/tri-sodium citrate functionalized Au NPs is presented for phosphate ion sensing. The phosphate ion sensing of the optical fiber was studied for different tri-sodium citrate concentrations and different europium concentrations against a fixed concentration of phosphate ion. Upon the introduction of phosphate ions to the optical fiber sensor, a voltage shift is detected in all tested samples. The performance of the optical fiber sensor was evaluated throughout a wide range of phosphate ion concentrations, from 100 nM to 500 nM. The sensor's reaction to rising phosphate ion concentrations follows a polynomial pattern. Furthermore, selectivity experiments demonstrate that the optical fiber sensor displays a more pronounced response to phosphate ions when compared to various other ions, including potassium, ammonium, calcium, copper, manganese, magnesium, nitrate, sulfate, bromine, carbonate, chlorine, and others. The sensor characteristics like repeatability, response time variation, and stability were also studied.

Efficient epoxidation of (R)-(+)-limonene to limonene dioxide through peracids generated using whole-cell Rhizopus oryzae lipase

Limonene dioxide (LDO) is essential for manufacturing bio-based polycarbonate and non-isocyanate polyurethanes. Herein, we report a strategy for the chemoenzymatic epoxidation of (R)-(+)-limonene to LDO with high selectivity using Rhizopus oryzae whole cells. The presence of sufficient excess acid in the system is essential, in addition to overcoming the hydrolysis of the intermediate product, 1,2-limonene oxide, to accomplish the double epoxidation of limonene. When using a high concentration of H2O2 and trisodium citrate, the conditions were effectively established, even when Novozym 435 was substituted, which had previously been reported to be ineffective in achieving high-yield double epoxidation of limonene. The transfer of H2O2 and peracids between the cell and solvent slowed production. The total amount of peracids generated remained constant, but their concentrations remained moderate, favoring the double epoxidation of limonene. An LDO yield of 93 % and no intermediate product, limonene oxide, were obtained under optimized conditions within 20 h.

Influence of calcium sequestering salt type and concentration on the characteristics of processed cheese made from Gouda cheese of different ages

The effect of 90, 180 and 270 mEq/kg of the calcium sequestering salts (CSS) disodium phosphate (DSP), trisodium citrate (TSC) and sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) on the solubilisation of proteins and minerals and the rheological and textural properties of processed cheese (PC) prepared from Gouda cheese ripened for 30–150 d at 8°C was studied. The solubilisation of individual caseins and Ca and the maximum loss tangent during temperature sweeps of PC made from Gouda cheese increased, while hardness of PC decreased with ripening duration of the Gouda cheese. Levels of soluble Ca in PC increased with increasing concentration of TSC and SHMP, but decreased with increasing concentration of DSP. The solubilisation of casein and Ca due to ripening of Gouda cheese used for manufacturing PC could explain the changes in texture and loss tangent of PC. The results suggest that DSP, TSC or SHMP in PC formulation can form insoluble Ca-phosphate, soluble Ca-citrate or insoluble casein-Ca-HMP complexes, respectively, that influence casein solubilisation differently and together with levels of residual intact casein determine the functional attributes of PC.

A Novel Electrochemical Modification Combined with Heat Treatment for Production of Ag NPs and Efficient Antibacterial Ag NPs-Coated Nonwoven Fabrics

Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were quick synthesized by electrochemical method combined with heat treatment using silver electrodes and trisodiumcitrate (TSC) as reducing agent. This method is highly productive, with simple equipment, which is easily deployed on an industrial scale. The size of the Ag NPs is controlled through the amperage and the concentration of TSC. The effect of the synthesis' conditions on optical properties of Ag NPs was surveyed. The Ag NPs were used to fabricate the Ag NPs-coated nonwoven fabrics. The bactericidal testing showed that Ag NPs-coated nonwoven fabrics were able to kill over 80% of E. coli and 96.9% of B. subtilis bacteria. These results can be considered as a new choice to prevent the spread of diseases caused by bacteria and viruses, thereby contributing to the protection of human health.

Effect of complexing agent on structural, morphological, and optical properties of ZnS thin films prepared using uniform heating technique

Zinc sulphide (ZnS) thin films were deposited on a glass substrate by using uniform heating technique achieved in the water bath. The ZnS thin films were deposited by changing the concentration of the complexing agent. The obtained thin films were characterized with XRD, FESEM, EDX and UV–visible spectroscopy. The amorphous nature of the films was confirmed from XRD spectras. FESEM images showed uniform grains with higher concentration of complexing agent. By using Tauc’s relation, energy band gap of all the thin films was calculated from UV–visible spectras and it was observed that with increase in the concentration of trisodium citrate, the energy band gap increased from 3.65 eV to 3.74 eV.

Effect of the tri-sodium citrate as a complexing agent in the deposition of ZnS by SILAR

Using the SILAR method Zinc sulfide coatings were deposited on glass slices. The physical properties and the chemical mechanism throughout the variation in concentration of tri-sodium citrate (TSC) as a chelating agent in the synthesis of thin films were investigated. Results shows that ZnS thin films exhibit an average transmittance of 16% in visible light spectra region and a zinc blende structure. The ZnS films synthesized using TSC as a complexing agent, present a smaller average particle size, an average transmittance of 85%, and an adsorption edge at 300–340 nm. Based on our experimental data and analysis, we conclude that the contribution of the oxychloride species, a subproduct in the chemical deposition, is suggested to be related as an impurity level former in the synthesis of ZnS thin films. TSC as a complexing agent in the SILAR technique is a non-toxic option to reduce the generation of the oxychloride species and synthesize a wide band gap semiconductor. Moreover, the use of complexing agents could be extended to other types of semiconductors deposited by SILAR.

Trisodium citrate assisted morphological evolution of α-MoO3 via a facile hydrothermal route and its application to improve the corrosion resistance of zinc coating

ABSTRACT A facile trisodium citrate-assisted hydrothermal route was demonstrated for the synthesis of α-MoO3 nanostructures. Trisodium citrate concentration-dependent morphological evolution of α-MoO3 was achieved in hydrothermal process. The morphological evolution from nanorods to nanoplates was observed with increase in trisodium citrate concentration, owing to its shape directing effect by hindering the growth of α-MoO3 crystal along [001] direction. The time-dependent hydrothermal experimental results suggested that the formation and growth of α-MoO3 nanorods proceed through ‘Ostwald ripening-splitting’ mechanism. The synthesised α-MoO3 nanorods were successfully used to produce Zn – α-MoO3 coatings on mild steel using an acid sulphate bath, and the corrosion behaviour of the generated coatings was also investigated.

Magnetoimpedance effect in electrodeposited NiFe/Cu wire using trisodium citrate additive in plating bath

Magnetoimpedance (MI) and magnetic properties of the electroplated NiFe/Cu thin films with a steadily rising concentration of trisodium citrate (TSC) additive in the plating bath is systematically examined in a wide frequency range of 10 kHz–8 MHz. The addition of TSC to the plating bath reduces the crystalline size and coercivity of the NiFe film, resulting in increased magnetic softness and MI ratio. The grain refining action of TSC additive is responsible for the random distribution of magnetic anisotropy axis in individual tiny crystallite which enhance circumferential permeability of deposited film and its MI ratio. The optimum concentration of TSC additive is found to be 40 g/l and sample electrodeposited at that TSC concentration boosts the MI ratio to 113% as compared to 28% when no TSC is used. When the film is deposited without any additive, a typical double peak behavior of the MI response curve is exhibited at higher frequency. This feature is eradicated with slightest inclusion of TSC additive in the electrodeposition bath which is an indication that inclusion of trisodium citrate weakens the circumferential anisotropy in plated film. Based on the analytical formulation of circumferential permeability the results of MI measurements are mapped with the theoretical framework, and the circumferential permeability of the NiFe magnetic film is reconstructed by curve fitting. Through the investigation of the fitting parameters, it is found that the addition of TSC to the bath completely annihilates the circumferential anisotropy found in as deposited permalloy film which is responsible for the transition from double to single peak behavior of MI response at higher frequencies.

Divalent metal ion removal from simulated water using sustainable starch aerogels: Effect of crosslinking agent concentration and sorption conditions

This paper evaluates corn starch aerogels, studying different crosslinking agent (trisodium citrate) concentrations (1:1, 1:1.5, and 1:2) and sorption conditions (contact time, adsorbent weight, and initial concentration) regarding the potentially toxic elements (PTEs) [Cd(II) or Zn(II)] adsorption of the aqueous systems. Besides, other properties of aerogels, such as structural properties, specific surface area, and mechanical performance, were evaluated. For adsorption results, better values were observed in adsorption capacity and efficiency for the initial concentration of 100 ppm. In addition, an adsorption time of 12 h and an adsorbent weight of 3.0 g obtained better results due to the possible balance in this time and the high specific surface area available for Cd(II) adsorption. As for the type of adsorbent, the Aero 1:1.5 sample (intermediate crosslinking agent concentration) obtained better results, possibly due to the high porosity, smaller pore sizes, high pore density, and high specific surface area (198 m2·g−1). In addition, hydroxyl groups in the starch aerogel removed Cd(II) ions with 30 % adsorption efficiency. Lastly, Aero 1:1.5 obtained a high mechanical strength at compression and a satisfactory compressive modulus. In contrast, starch aerogels did not absorb the Zn(II) ion.

Intrinsic properties of chitosan on the characteristics of gold nanoparticles and its application as smart packaging device.

Storage temperature fluctuation is a major problem faced in food and pharmaceutical industry, apart from prevailing fraud in marketing frozen products as fresh. The present work aimed to study the effect of intrinsic properties of chitosan on synthesis and performance of gold nanoparticles as smart packaging devices. Different types of Chitosan from shrimp waste were used as reducing and capping agent in the synthesis of metal nanoparticle. Time is taken to reduce gold atom to gold nanoparticles varied with the type of reducing agent, between 6 min 40 s to 15 min 02 s. The maximum absorbance (λmax) for AuNPs was observed between 517 and 530 nm. An increase in the concentration of chitosan resulted in smaller and uniform size AuNPs with size ranging from 8.09 to 9.95 nm compared with 14.44 to 19.88 nm for lower concentration of chitosan. Visible ruby red colour of AuNPs synthesised using trisodium citrate (TSC) and lower concentration of chitosan (0.1%) changed to colourless and grey to blue, respectively upon exposure to frozen condition (-18 °C ± 1 °C). UV Visible spectra indicated distinctly different (broader) spectrum with reduced peak intensity. A visible change in colour from ruby red to bluish and colourless state indicates that irrespective of the properties of available chitosan, it can be used for synthesis of gold nanoparticles as smart packaging to distinguish packed fresh/chilled/refrigerated products from frozen ones.

Revealing the Synthesis of Triangular Silver Nanoplates: A Study of the Photochemical Growth Mechanism around the pH and Trisodium Citrate Variations

Triangular silver nanoplates (T‐SNPs) are synthesized via a facile, low‐cost photochemical process. It is proved that both the pH and the concentration of trisodium citrate (TSC) are the key factors to describe the mechanism for the photochemical growth and modulation of the extinction band along the formation of T‐SNPs. A precise photoreduction growth mechanism of T‐SNPs is proposed and confirmed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) considering the face block theory and the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) in T‐SNPs revealing the optimal conditions for their growth to be at a neutral pH of 7, a concentration between 1.0 and 2.0 mm of TSC preferentially monodentate, and using a 520 nm excitation energy. These results exhibit important implications for the behavior of T‐SNPs in a wide variety of plasmonic applications that can be further moved to controlled surface‐enhanced biomedical applications.

Anticoagulant effect of low concentration plasma trisodium citrate in continuous veno-venous hemofiltration.

Effective anticoagulation is a prerequisite of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). During CRRT, prolonged anticoagulant therapy should be administered to prevent extracorporeal clotting. The purpose of our study was to evaluate whether a low concentration of plasma trisodium citrate (TCA) was effective as an anticoagulation treatment for continuous veno-venous hemofiltration (CVVH). We also retrospectively analyzed the complications of regional citrate anticoagulation (RCA) in our hospital. We conducted this single-center retrospective study at a tertiary academic hospital. The study period was from July 1, 2019 to January 1, 2021. CVVH using the RCA protocol during the study period was performed. The RCA protocol and complications were included and analyzed. The concentrations of citrate in the blood and plasma were calculated. In the current study, we used low-dose TCA as an anticoagulant in 288 CVVH runs for 78 patients. The median whole blood and plasma citrate concentrations were 2.13 mmol/L and 2.84 mmol/L, respectively. Although only a low concentration of citrate was used, RCA achieved expected anticoagulation and ensured the life span of the hemofilter during CVVH therapy. Although hypocalcemia was common during RCA, serious consequences could be prevented by timely adjustment of the protocol. Citrate intoxication was rare in patients without relative contraindications for citric acid. We did not find RCA-associated hypernatremia. We recommend the use of a low concentration of TCA (2.5-3.0 mmol/L in plasma) in extracorporeal solution in the RCA protocol. Although RCA may cause some complications, serious complications can be prevented. Mild hypocalcemia and transient metabolic alkalosis can be corrected in a timely manner. We do not believe hypernatremia is a complication of RCA if the RCA protocol is appropriately applied.

Self-Symmetrical 3D Hierarchical α-Calcium Sulfate Hemihydrate Twin-Flowers Composed of Microplates as a Renewable Material for Water Separation from Water-in-Oil Emulsion.

Novel three-dimensional hierarchical α-calcium sulfate hemihydrate twin-flowers with a self-symmetrical structure (3D α-HH HTFs) are synthesized successfully assisted by trisodium citrate (TSC). The morphology of α-HH is closely dependent on TSC, and with increasing TSC concentration from 0 to 15 mM, the morphology gradually evolves from a long column to rod, hexagonal plate, twin-flower-like, and eventually microgranule. 3D α-HH HTFs are formed via heterogeneous nucleation coupled with Ostwald ripening. The 3D α-HH HTFs are further used as an immobilized water material to separate water from a surfactant-stabilized water-in-oil emulsion, and exhibit excellent separation performance with a separation efficiency of 99.31 wt % and immobilization efficiency of 93.03 wt %. Impressively, the separated solid after water separation can be regenerated into 3D α-HH HTFs, which retain the high separation performance of the original 3D α-HH HTFs. This work demonstrates that 3D α-HH HTFs are highly promising in purifying oil with undesired water contamination.

Nanostructured Tin Sulfide Thin Films: Preparation via Chemical Bath Deposition and Characterization

Nanostructured tin sulfide (SnS) films were grown by chemical bath deposition (CBD) employing trisodium citrate (TSC) as complex agent. Investigation of the effect of different molar concentrations of TSC (0.10, 0.15 and 0.20 M) on the phases of SnS was done. Structure, morphology and optical properties were studied through the use of x-ray diffraction XRD, which proves that the as-prepared SnS films orthorhombic polycrystalline structure. XRD displays that peak of maximum intensity corresponds to the preferred orientation (002) of SnS films at TSC concentration 0.20 M. The decrement of average crystalline size values was due increment of TSC content. A study of SnS morphology indicates the presence of homogeneous grains, while when concentration of TSC of 0.20 M, the grains were not homogeneous and have different sizes. The AFM image showed that the grain size was observed in the area of 72.57 nm to 60.35 nm with concentration of TSC from 0.10 M to 0.20 M respectively. The results showed excellent optical transparency. The optical transmittance reduced from 95 to 80% with increasing TSC content. The ban gap was also reduced of 1.45 to 1.25 eV with increasing TSC content. The results refer that TCS act as a crucial role in the grown of SnS films.

Silver nanoparticle synthesis, UV-Vis spectroscopy to find particle size and measure resistance of colloidal solution

It is an important part in nanotechnology to produce nanoparticles with specific properties like particle size or resistance. To produce colloidal silver nanoparticles with specific size and resistance by Turkevich method, it is needed to synthesized silver nanoparticle with various molarity of AgNO3 and concentration of Trisodium citrate. UV-Vis spectrum was taken for the colloidal silver nanoparticle and analysed to roughly measure the particle size. That value was also cross checked by the optical theorem and weighed the resistance of colloidal solution for different parameters.

Adsorbed leucaena protein on citrate modified Fe3O4 nanoparticles: synthesis, characterization, and its application as magnetic coagulant

Natural coagulants from plants resources have gained a lot of attention as it is renewable, biodegradable, non-hazardous, lower cost, and less sludge generated compared to chemical coagulants. However there are still some drawbacks, namely long settling time and possible increase of dissolved organic carbon in the treated water. In this paper we tried to address these drawbacks by utilizing citrate modified Fe3O4 to adsorb protein from Leucaena leucocephala as the active coagulating agent. The effect of trisodium citrate concentration and protein adsorption pH to the adsorbed protein was investigated. It was found that the trisodium citrate concentration of 0.5 M and pH 4.0 gave the highest protein adsorption. The obtained magnetic coagulant was furthermore characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy, X-ray Diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, and Transmission Electron Microscopy to observe the characteristics before and after protein adsorption. Furthermore, the effect of pH (2 to 10) and coagulant dosage (60 to 600 mg L− 1) to the removal of synthetic Congo red wastewater and sludge volume formation was investigated. It was found that pH 3 was the best pH for coagulation due to charge neutralization mechanism of leucaena protein. Furthermore the highest removal was obtained at dosage 420 mg L− 1 with 80% removal. This result was comparable with crude extract of leucaena with half settling time (20 min) and lower increase of permanganate value, indicating lower increase of dissolved organics in the treated water.

Removal of Cadmium, Copper and Nickel in Thynnichthys thynnoides using Chelation Technique

Thynnichthys thynnoides is a freshwater fish that widely consumed by Malaysian society. Due to increasing in industrial activities, the presence of heavy metals in T. thynnoides has become a risk that can affect human health and environment. This research was studied on efficiency of chelation technique to remove heavy metals cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu) and nickel (Ni) from T. thynnoides. The treatment for chelation technique was observed under optimized conditions of trisodium citrate concentration of 400 ppm for five hours treatment at temperature of 29.50±0.50°C. Initially the concentration of Cd, Cu and Ni in T. thynnoides were 0.74 μg/g, 3.18 μg/g and 2.95 μg/g and successfully removed to 35.80%, 65.22% and 61.17% respectively.

Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles: Effect of Reaction Temperature and Precursor Concentration on Fluorescent Property

The fluorescent silver nanoparticles were synthesized using trisodium citrate as a reducing and stabilizing agent in a microwave-assisted reduction process. The influence of synthesizing parameters such as reaction duration, temperature, and trisodium citrate concentration (100, 200, and 400 ppm) were examined on the characteristics and fluorescent properties of synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The formation of AgNPs was studied by UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, ATR-FTIR spectra, and scanning electron microscopy. The low concentration compared to the high concentration of trisodium citrate resulted in a prolonged reduction process, and also the high concentration resulted in the formation of smaller AgNPs (44 nm). The fluorescence emission spectra of the synthesized colloidal AgNPs demonstrated a quite explicit emission peak centered around 335 nm. However, the higher reaction temperature (above 100 °C) resulted in a sharp and narrow emission peak. The synthesized silver nanoparticles exhibited a suitable fluorescent property, which was reliant on the size of synthesized AgNPs.

Poly (Vinyl Alcohol) Assisted Synthesis and Anti-Solvent Precipitation of Gold Nanoparticles.

Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are commonly synthesized using the Turkevich method, but there are limitations on the maximum concentration of gold nanoparticles that can be achieved using this method (often < 1 mM (=0.34 mg/mL) gold precursor loading). Here, we report an inverse Turkevich method which significantly increases the concentration of gold nanoparticles (up to 5-fold) in the aqueous phase by introducing poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) to the synthesis system for stabilization. The aim of this study is to understand the effect of PVA and other synthesis parameters, such as trisodium citrate and tetrachloroauric acid concentration, with the goal of maximizing concentration while maintaining gold nanoparticle morphology, stability, and narrow size distribution. The size distribution of GNPs is investigated for a range of parameters by dynamic light scattering and electron microscopy, and ultraviolet-visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy is also utilized to explore the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR). Further, the interaction between GNPs and PVA is investigated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. In addition to increasing the gold loading by varying synthesis parameters, we also develop a novel anti-solvent precipitation method for the PVA-coated GNPs, which enables continuous condensation and purification of GNPs by forming a gold/PVA nanocomposite.

Efficacy of 5%, 10% Trisodium Citrate and Heparin as Catheter-Locking Solution for Central Venous Hemodialysis Catheters: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Study

Background: The use of central venous catheter (CVC) is inevitable for hemodialysis in acute kidney injury (AKI) and in end-stage renal disease patients when arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is ineligible. The catheter-locking anticoagulant (CLA) is mandatory for maintaining the patency of CVCs. Trisodium citrate (TSC) is an alternative CLA to unfractionated heparin (UFH). However, the optimal concentration of TSC that yield the best efficacy and safety remains questionable. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of 5%, 10% TSC and UFH as CLA for CVCs. Materials and Methods: The present study was a randomized controlled study of patients with non-tunneled cuffed catheters (NTCC) and tunneled cuffed catheters (TCC). Patients were stratified according to types of CVCs and randomized to receive UFH, 5%, and 10% TSC as a CLA for three months. The primary outcome was the development of catheter dysfunction (CD), defined as a persistent inability to obtain blood flow rate of 250 mL or more per minute despite flushing and repositioning the patient, or the use of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator. The secondary outcomes are the rates of catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI), exit-site infection (ESI), bleeding, and all-cause death. Results: Three hundred forty patients were randomized, and 249 were analyzed. One hundred thirty-four patients were in the NTCC group , and 115 were in the TCC group. There were 83, 79, and 87 patients in UFH, 5%, and 10% TSC group. The CD rates were 2.2, 1.6, and 1.2 per 1,000 catheter-day in UFH, 5% and 10% TSC groups. Compared to UFH group, the incidence rate ratio (IRR) of CD in 5% and 10% TSC group were 0.74 (p=0.55) and 0.55 (p=0.24). The IRR for CRBSI, ESI, and all-cause death were not significantly different to UFH group in both types of TSC. There was no serious adverse events and major bleeding episodes. Conclusion: The efficacy and safety of UFH, 5% TSC, and 10% TSC as CLA were not significantly different. Keywords: Catheter-locking anticoagulant, Citrate, Hemodialysis