Concentrations Of Sodium Lauryl Sulfate Research Articles

Pengaruh Penambahan Sodium Lauryl Sulfat terhadap Karakteristik Sabun Padat pada Mata Kuliah Praktikum Analitik Proses

Solid soap as a result from process analysis practicum can be produced using with hot process method using raw material of palm oil and a strong base in the form of NaOH. The aim of this research is that apart from fostering student inquiry regarding the soap making process, they are also able to analyze the parameters of solid soap over a certain period based on variations in the amount of added surfactant. The methods used in practicum activities are dividing practicum groups, making solid soap, and collecting practicum reports. In the activity of making solid soap, the concentration of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) was varied for each group, 0, 1, 2 and 3% w/w respectively. The parameters measured in this research were the pH value, water content, ability to form foam, free fatty acid content and ethanol insoluble material in solid soap. The pH characterization of the results of the saponification process shows that soap at all variations in SLS concentration is predominantly alkaline. The characterization carried out showed that the levels of free fatty acids and ethanol insoluble substances met SNI 3532:2016 standards. Water content parameters do not meet these standards because the measurements were carried out during practical activities and without the process of holding the soap product. From the results of observing these parameters, in general it can be concluded that the solid soap products resulting from the practical work have the best quality under the condition of adding SLS with a concentration of 1%.

Sodium lauryl sulphate-mediated synthesis: Unravelling the optimization path for enhanced stability and optical properties of cadmium sulphide nanoparticles

This research paper explores the synthesis of cadmium sulphide nanoparticles using sodium lauryl sulphate as a stabilizing agent through the co-precipitation method. The structural properties were investigated using X-ray diffractometry, while optical properties were analysed through UV–visible absorption spectroscopy. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were employed to study the morphology and elemental mapping of the nanoparticles. The co-precipitation synthesis, synergized with sodium lauryl sulphate assisted stabilization, affords a scientific vantage point into the intricate mechanisms through which sodium lauryl sulphate intricately tailors the optical and stability profiles of nanoparticles. Additionally, the effects of different concentrations of sodium lauryl sulphate were examined to determine the optimal concentration for desired properties. The optimal concentration of 1.5 g yielded cadmium sulphide nanoparticles with desirable characteristics, featuring a band gap of 2.07 eV. The findings presented herein contribute significantly to advancing our understanding of sodium lauryl sulphate capped cadmium sulphide nanoparticles and highlight their potential application in enhancing photocatalyst efficiency.This research holds exciting prospects for the creation of eco-friendly and highly efficient innovations, with extensive implications for the environmental and industrial sectors.

Continuous preparation of sustained release vildagliptin nanoparticles using tubular microreactor approach

This investigation used a tubular microreactor to produce Vildagliptin (VLG) loaded ethyl cellulose (EC) nanoparticles (NPs) for sustained delivery of a drug. A central composite design was used to quantify the influence of independent variables on the desired responses. The independent factors selected to achieve the desired entrapment efficiency and sustained drug release were EC concentration and sodium lauryl sulfate concentration. On the other hand, the dependent variables chosen for assessment were particle size (Y1) and encapsulation efficiency (Y2). The nanoparticles produced were analyzed, which included particle size measurement, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, encapsulation efficiency (EE) determination, and in vitro drug release study. The optimized samples TEM investigation verified the nanoparticles’ spherical shape and particle size distribution, ranging from 160 to 250 nm. The entrapment efficiency (EE) fell within the range of 63–87%. In the in-vitro drug release study, VLG-loaded EC nanoparticles exhibited sustained release over 12 h. Applying various kinetic equations to the in-vitro drug release data demonstrated that the drug release mechanism involved diffusion. This comprehensive study concluded that the VLG-EC-NPs achieved optimal particle size, EE, and desirable level of sustained drug release.

Antimicrobial Activity Of Mouthwash Ethanol Extract of Curcuma purpurascens Bl. (Temu Blenyeh) as Affected by Sodium Lauryl Sulfate Concentration Variations

Oral and dental health problems are usually caused by pathogenic microbes such as Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans. Sodium lauryl sulfate is a foamer that can remove microorganisms in the oral cavity. Using mouthwash is considered the easiest and most effective because it can reach between the teeth. Therefore, the aim of this research is to create and see the effect of varying the concentration of sodium lauryl sulfate in mouthwash preparations of ethanol extract of temu blenyeh (Curcuma purpurascens Bl.) on inhibiting the growth of microbes such as Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans. The results of testing the antimicrobial activity of mouthwash preparations against Streptococcus mutans bacteria were classified as very weak in formulation (0), namely 3.00 mm, then in the medium category, namely in formulation (I) 5.30 mm, formulation (II) 6.66 mm, and formulation (III) 10.33 mm, while the fungus Candida albicans is classified as very weak in formulation (0), namely 4.00 mm. Then it is classified as medium with an average diameter of the inhibition zone, namely formulation (I) of 5.53 mm, formulation (II) of 8.00 mm, and formulation (III) of 8.58 mm. From these results, it can be concluded that there is an effect of using varying concentrations of sodium lauryl sulfate in each formula on the antimicrobial activity of Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans.

Enhancement of Liver Targetability through Statistical Optimization and Surface Modification of Biodegradable Nanocapsules Loaded with Lamivudine.

The intention of the current work was to develop and optimize the formulation of biodegradable polymeric nanocapsules for lamivudine (LMV) in order to obtain desired physical characteristics so as to have improved liver targetability. Nanocapsules were prepared in this study as aqueous-core nanocapsules (ACNs) with poly(lactide-co-glycolide) using a modified multiple emulsion technique. LMV was taken as a model drug to investigate the potential of ACNs developed in this work in achieving the liver targetability. Three formulations factors were chosen and 33 factorial design was adopted. The selected formulation factors were optimized statistically so as to have the anticipated characteristics of the ACNs viz. maximum entrapment efficiency, minimum particle size, and less drug release rate constant. The optimized LMV-ACNs were found to have 71.54 ± 1.93% of entrapment efficiency and 288.36 ± 2.53 nm of particle size with zeta potential of -24.7 ± 1.2 mV and 0.095 ± 0.006 h-1 of release rate constant. This optimized formulation was subjected to surface modification by treating with sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS), which increased the zeta potential to a maximum of -41.6 ± 1.3 mV at a 6 mM concentration of SLS. The results of in vivo pharmacokinetics from blood and liver tissues indicated that hepatic bioavailability of LMV was increased from 13.78 ± 3.48 μg/mL ∗ h for LMV solution to 32.94 ± 5.12 μg/mL ∗ h for the optimized LMV-ACNs and to 54.91 ± 6.68 μg/mL ∗ h for the surface-modified LMV-ACNs.

Development and In-vitro Effectiveness of Tooth-gel containing Herbal Extracts

The aim of the current research was to formulate and evaluate herbal extracts tooth gel of of Emblica officinalis, Terminalia bellirica, Terminalia chebula, Trachycpermum ammi, Embelia ribes and Syzygium aromaticum, which are used for oral hygiene, plaque control, gingivitis, anti-bacterial, astringent and prevent tooth decay. Powders were extracted separately and further evaluated for phytochemical screening which showed presence of phytoconstituents like alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids and carbohydrates. A 23 factorial design was used to optimize tooth gel using independent variables: concentration of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (X1) (2 and 3 %); concentration of Gantrex (X2) (0 and 1%) and concentration of sodium lauryl sulphate (X3) (1.5 and 2.5 %) and dependent variables foaming capacity (Y1) and zone of inhibition (Y2). Tooth gel was evaluated for color, odor, taste and pH. Gel exhibited good viscosity, extrudability, spreadability and antimicrobial activity. Formulation F5 showed highest foamability (48.2±0.4ml) and zone of inhibition (4.4±0.2cm) with the desirability value 1 (most desirable response) at design space X1 = 2%, X2 = 0%, X3 = 2.5 % and was therefore considered optimize formulation. Formulation was found stable after 3 months of stability studies. Thus, formulated toothgel had better results when compared with marketed formulation. In conclusion, formulated toothgel was considered as helpful to take care of oral hygiene of human being.

Formulation of Herbal Toothpaste Combination of Anna Apple Peel and Kaffir Lime Peel with Variation of Sodium Lauryl Sulfate Concentration

Toothpaste is a preparation whose use aims to clean the mucous membranes of the mouth. Anna's apple is a fruit that contains malic acid which has the ability to whiten teeth. Kaffir lime contains essential oils that have effects as antibacterial, antifungal and refreshing. This study aims to formulate herbal toothpaste preparations a combination of Anna Apple Skin extract (Malus domestica) and Purut Orange Peel extract (Citrus hystrix) and determine the physical quality of the preparation made. This type of research is experimental research using maceration methods with physical quality stability testing, namely organoleptic observations, homogeneity, pH, foam height, viscosity, and dispersion. In this study, two herbal toothpaste formulations were made with variations in the concentration of Sodium Lauryl Sulfate as a foaming agent in toothpaste. From the results of the study, it was obtained that the combination of the two extracts can be formulated into herbal toothpaste preparations and based on the results of physical quality tests, both formulations with variations in the concentration of Sodium Lauryl Sulfate 1.5% and 2.5% meet the requirements of the established standards.

Solvothermal Synthesis of Calcium Hydroxyapatite via Hydrolysis of Alpha-Tricalcium Phosphate in the Presence of Different Organic Additives

In this study, the effects of sodium lauryl sulfate and various amino acids (DL-aspartic acid, dodecanedioic acid, and suberic acid) on the formation of calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite via hydrolysis of α-tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) were investigated; moreover, a combined effect of these additives and ethylene glycol as a synthesis medium was also estimated. The hydrolysis reaction was performed in solutions containing different concentrations of additives in aqueous and mixed aqueous–organic media under solvothermal conditions. It was demonstrated that the nature and the concentration of organic additives influence the phase purity and morphology of the final product. Higher concentrations of sodium lauryl sulfate and dodecanedioic acid induced the formation of impurities in addition to hydroxyapatite, while aspartic and suberic acid did not affect the phase purity. The morphology of the samples varied from plate- to rod-like depending on the concentrations of specific organic additive.

FORMULATION AND STABILITY TEST OF CREAM FROM JUICE OF BELIMBING WULUH (AVERRHOA BILIMBI l.)

Research on cream formulations using starfruit (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) juice has been carried out to determine the effect of sodium lauryl sulfate on the physical stability of cream from starfruit juice. Carambola wealth as an active substance is made in cream with varying concentrations of sodium lauryl sulfate of 1%, 1.5%, 2%, and 2.5%. The evaluation was carried out in the form of organoleptic tests, homogeneity, cream type, pH, viscosity, centrifugation, and freeze-thaw. Data analysis was carried out using statistical tests using ANOVA which has a 95% confidence level (α = 0.05), the test is continued with the Tukey HSD test, and the analysis results show significant differences in each formula. The research results concluded that the higher the concentration of sodium lauryl sulfate as an emulsifying agent, the physical stability of the viscosity of the cream from starfruit juice increased.

Formulation and evaluation of antidandruff shampoo using mannosylerythritol lipid (MEL) as a bio-surfactant

Abstract Dandruff is a dermatological, harmless, non-inflammatory, chronic scalp condition caused by Malassezia species and recognisable by the white flakes of dead skin in the hair. Mannosylerythritol lipids (MEL) are non-ionic glycolipid surfactants (biosurfactants) with excellent surface-active properties. Their skin compatibility, biocompatibility, biodegradability and remarkable antimicrobial properties make them a potential alternative to conventional surfactants. In the current study, an anti-dandruff shampoo was formulated with different concentrations of sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) and MEL as surfactants. Two anti-dandruff agents, salicylic acid and benzoic acid, were used. The other ingredients used were xanthan gum, sodium EDTA, urea, Tween 80 and distilled water. The various physicochemical parameters evaluated were colour, clarity, odour, texture, pH, skin irritation, percentage of solid content, dispersibility for dirt, foam formation and foam stability, critical micelle concentration, washability, surface tension, visual stability and antimicrobial test using recommended procedures. The pH ranged from 5.15 to 6.5, the physical appearance was golden yellow, the solids content ranged from 25.1% to 28%, surface tension ranged from 30.64 mN m−1 to 38.00 mN m−1, CMC concentration ranged from 30.14 g/L to 30.16 g/L and foam value ranged from 190 mL to 105 mL. Antimicrobial activity was determined with Staphylococcus aureus (DSM 3463) and Malassezia furfur (ATCC14521). The zone of inhibition ranged from 10 mm to 17 mm (S. aureus) and 14.5 mm to 24 mm (M. furfur), respectively. The shampoo formulated with MEL only (formulation C) showed lower foaming and anti-dandruff activity than the synthetic shampoo (formulation A). However, the anti-dandruff activity increased when MEL was used in combination with SLS (formulation B). This shows that the antimicrobial properties of MEL and SLS together with other antimicrobial agents such as salicylic acid and benzoic acid enhance the properties of the shampoo. SLS can be completely replaced by a combination with biosurfactants to reduce the use of chemical surfactants and improve the anti-dandruff properties.

Characterization of PbS nanoparticles synthesized using sodium lauryl sulfate at room temperature

Synthesis of lead sulfide (PbS) nanomaterials was carried out via an anionic surfactant-assisted co-precipitation route at room temperature. The anionic surfactant used in this process was Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS). X-ray diffraction (XRD) was carried out for characterizing the synthesized PbS nanoparticles. Peak broadening analysis was done to investigate crystallite size using Scherrer, Williamson-Hall, modified Scherrer, and Size-Strain method. Uniform Deformation Model (UDM) was assumed to calculate lattice strain for all peaks of XRD data of PbS nanoparticles via the Williamson-Hall plot method. The Size-Strain method was also used to estimate strain more accurately. The surface structures of the synthesized PbS nanoparticles were studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The synthesized PbS sample was also analyzed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) to ascertain the phases. It was observed that the Size-Strain method gives the most adequate approximation of average particle size having a diameter of 21.29 nm for PbS synthesized with 0.01 M SLS concentration at room temperature.

Hydroquinone loaded solid lipid nanoparticles comprised of stearic acid and ionic emulsifiers: Physicochemical characterization and in vitro release study

Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) were successfully prepared using stearic acid and cationic/anionic emulsifiers by ultrasonication method. The model drug hydroquinone (HQ) which is used for the treatment of hyperpigmentation was loaded into SLNs. HQ loaded SLNs help to overcome drawbacks of hydroquinone including instability due to its rapid oxidation and its severe side effects on the skin. Six free SLN formulations (without HQ) and six HQ loaded SLN formulations were prepared using stearic acid and various concentrations (5 %, 10 % and 15 %) of cationic emulsifier cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and anionic emulsifier sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS). The detailed physicochemical characterization of SLNs was performed using a combination of light scattering, microscopic, calorimetric and spectroscopic techniques. All the prepared SLNs were in nanometer range (150–275 nm) and contain stearic acid in stable polymorphic form. The drug in vitro release behaviour from SLNs was studied using novel electrochemical method based on differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). HQ entrapment increases with increase in emulsifier concentration. CTAB stabilized SLNs displayed continuous prolonged release of HQ whereas, SLS stabilized SLN at higher concentration (15 %) gives burst release of HQ. The burst release can be correlated with smallest particle size of HQ-SLNs, lowest crystallinity and partitioning of drug into aqueous emulsifier phase at higher SLS concentration. Thus validated electrochemical DPV method proved to be highly applicable for quantification of HQ in SLN and release behaviour of HQ from SLNs.

High Surface Area Silica Particles Using Anionic Surfactant Template Prepared by One-step Spray Drying System for Dye Removal Application

This study reported the effect of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) as a template on silica morphology and its properties. The precursor was prepared by producing silica nanofluid by the sol-gel method and mixed with various SLS concentrations. After that, the precursor was spray-dried to generate silica powder. An increase in SLS concentration up to 2 critical micelle concentration (CMC) indicates an increase in the silica particle size from 2.12 μm in untemplated silica particles to 2.58 μm. On the other hand, when the SLS concentration increases to 3 CMC, the particle size decreases to 2.19 μm. A significant increase in total pore volume and surface area is obtained for silica particles synthesized at least at the SLS concentration of 2 CMC, around eight higher volumes than without SLS addition. In addition, they have a macropore compared to silica particles synthesized without SLS addition that only exhibits mesopore. The surface area was 1,011 m2/g for the SLS concentration at 3 CMC, whereas the silica without SLS has only a surface area of 131 m2/g. The SLS concentration at 2 CMC or higher leads to a significant increase in its physical properties because the micelle formation is enough for sacrificed template formation. Methylene blue solution was used as an adsorbate for evaluating the dye adsorption capacity that followed the Langmuir isothermal adsorption model. The highest theoretical maximum monolayer adsorption capacity was 142.9 mg/g, obtained by silica adsorbent with the SLS concentration at 3 CMC.

Toxic Effects of Sodium Lauryl Sulfate on Antioxidant Defense System and DNA Damage in Fish Primary Hepatocyte Cultures

Abstract Synthetic detergents which have a major role in environmental pollution accumulate over time and reach levels that harm nature. The surfactants which are abundantly used as cleaning components are discharged into the Van Lake with the sewage water. These chemicals accumulating in the lake may reach a level that could affect the only fish species of the lake, the Van fish. This study aimed to determine the antioxidant levels of Van fish hepatocyte cell culture medium treated with sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) and to assess the DNA damage. The effect of SLS was assessed by its dose (1x10−5, 1x10-6, 1x10−7 M) and treatment time (24 h, 48 h). Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), malondialdehyde (MDA), and DNA damage (8-OHdG) were determined in the SLS hepatocyte culture. SOD and GSH-Px were higher on 24 h and 48 h compared to the control group. A significant increase was observed in CAT level in the first 24 h, especially in 1x10−6 and 1x10-5 M concentration. At 48 h, it was observed that the CAT level decreased significantly as the concentration increased. It was determined that MDA and 8-OHdG levels increased depending on concentration and time. In conclusion, different concentrations of SLS affected antioxidant levels in the primary hepatocyte culture of Van Fish and were found to cause an increase in the levels of MDA and 8-OHdG.

PENGARUH KOMBINASI SODIUM LAURIL SULFAT DAN NATRIUM KLORIDA TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK SAMPO EKSTRAK LIDAH BUAYA

The shampoo industry in Indonesia is growing. The shampoo formulation contains 2 main ingredients, namely sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and sodium chloride (NaCl). One example of natural ingredients in the manufacture of shampoo is Aloe Vera (Aloe vera L.). This study aims to determine the effect of variations in the concentration of SLS and NaCl on the physical and chemical properties of shampoo. This research is an experimental study with 8 formulas. Includes organoleptic test, homogeneity test, viscosity test, foam height test, specific gravity test, and pH test. Making shampoo preparations by weighing all ingredients according to each formulation, leaving the shampoo for 1 day before testing for 4 weeks of storage.The results showed that the organoleptic test and the homogeneity test of NaCl and SLS had no effect on shampoo. In the specific gravity test and the pH test of NaCl and SLS there was no dominant influence on the specific gravity of shampoo. In the foam height test, the SLS coefficient value is higher than NaCl so that SLS dominantly affects the height of the shampoo foam. In the viscosity test the coefficient value of NaCl is higher than SLS so that NaCl dominantly affects the viscosity of the shampoo. The conclusion from this research is that NaCl has a dominant influence on the physical properties, namely viscosity, while SLS has a dominant influence on the physical properties, namely the height of the shampoo foam.

Tablet Formulation of 2-((3-(Chloromethyl)benzoyl)oxy)benzoic Acid by Linear and Quadratic Models

Purpose: This research determines the effect of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) as a surfactant, croscarmellose sodium (CS) as a disintegrating agent, and SLS–CS combinations on 2-((3-(chloromethyl)benzoyl)oxy)benzoic acid (3CH2Cl) (log P = 3.73) tablet formulations. In addition, this study aims to determine the optimum of the 3CH2Cl tablet formula. Methods: The tablets are manufactured through direct compression according to the simplex lattice design. The optimal SLS and CS concentration was determined in vitro using linear and quadratic models to achieve better tablet disintegration and dissolution. Results: The same linear and quadratic coefficient profiles of SLS and CS indicate that the combined coefficient of SLS–CS with a quadratic model can be used to predict the effect of the SLS–CS combination. Based on the linear model coefficients, SLS and CS increase the value of flow time (9.35; 7.65), Carr index (26.17; 21.17), hardness (9.84; 7.44), friability (0.38; 0.31), disintegrating time (5.74; 2.62), and drug release (84.28; 58.65). The quadratic model coefficient shows that SLS–CS combinations increase flow time (0.60), Carr index (2.00), hardness (1.00), and disintegrating time (1.04). Meanwhile, they decrease friability (−0.02) and drug release (−9.10). Conclusions: SLS, CS, and SLS–CS combinations affect the quality of tablet mass and tablets. The optimum tablet formula was 3CH2Cl (300 mg), Ne (9.38%), SLS (0.92%), CS (2.33%), MCC (5%), and SDL (ad 800 mg). 3CH2Cl has analgesic activity despite the presence of tablet excipients. The 3CH2Cl tablet is an innovative formulation and a new alternative for future analgesic drugs.

Formulation, optimization, and in-vivo evaluation of nanostructured lipid carriers loaded with Fexofenadine HCL for oral delivery

The aim of this study is to develop and optimize nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) for the delivery of fexofenadine hydrochloride (FEX). The goal is to prolong its action and improve its oral bioavailability. The solvent injection approach was used to successfully formulate Fexofenadine HCL loaded NLCs. The influence of the stearic acid/oleic acid ratio (X1) and sodium lauryl sulfate concentration (X2) on particle size (Y1) and entrapment efficiency (Y2) was investigated using a full factorial design (32), where a two factor was utilized in three levels. The optimized formula showed an average size of 127.5 ± 4.5 nm, a PDI of 0.205 ± 0.013, a zeta potential of −48.9 ± 2.5 mV, and an entrapment efficiency of 81.31 ± 2.4%. FT-IR, DSC, XRD, morphology, in-vitro release, stability analysis, and in-vivo study were performed on this formula. The results of the FT-IR experiments showed that there is no chemical interaction between FEX and the contents of NLCs. Due to the dispersion of the drug in the lipid mixture observed by DSC and confirmed by XRD, the crystallinity of FEX was reduced. SEM revealed that the NLCs were spherical particles. FEX-NLCs showed 82.11 ± 2.5% sustained release behavior over 48 h and significant stability in the refrigerator and at room temperature. When compared to the commercial Telfast® oral suspension, the optimized formula increased Fexofenadine HCL oral bioavailability by 2.57 times.

FORMULASI SEDIAAN ANTIOKSIDAN FACIAL WASH EKSTRAK METANOL DAUN GANITRI (Elaeocarpus ganitrus Roxb.) DENGAN VARIASI SODIUM LAURIL SULFAT SEBAGAI SURFAKTAN

Ganitri leaves (Elaeocarpus ganitrus Roxb.) contain flavonoid compounds that function as antioxidants. Antioxidants in cosmetics are used to prevent skin damage due to exposure to free radicals. Facial Wash is a cosmetic preparation to help remove dead skin cells, rejuvenate the skin, remove dirt, oil and provide moisture. This study aims to obtain a facial wash formula that has good characteristics and is effective as an antioxidant by varying the concentration of sodium lauryl sulfate, namely F1 (0.25%), F2 (0.5%) and F3 (1%) as surfactant. The results showed that variations in SLS concentration had a significant effect on the physical evaluation of the preparation with a p value of <0.05. Formula 3 (SLS 1%) provides the best facial wash characteristics with the results of the test parameters meeting the standards. The results of the antioxidant activity test showed that formula 3 had an IC50 value of 17.36 ppm which was categorized as very strong with ascorbic acid as a comparison of 10.70 ppm and a negative control of 54.11 ppm.

Quality by design-based optimization of formulation parameters to develop quercetin nanosuspension for improving its biopharmaceutical properties

The present study describes the formulation, optimization and characterization of quercetin loaded nanosuspension. The formulation was prepared using liquid antisolvent precipitation technique. Optimization of formulation was done using Box-Behnken design by varying the concentration of sodium lauryl sulfate and polyvinyl pyrrolidone that were used as solubilizers. The processing parameters varied in this study were mixing speed and solvent to antisolvent ratio. The optimized formulation showed particle size of 202.15 ± 3.56 nm, zeta potential -20.26 ± 1.32 mV and drug loading 95.22 ± 2.45%. The results of dissolution and permeability studies showed about 26 folds enhancement in dissolution rate and 3.35 folds enhancement in permeability of quercetin through nanosuspension as compared to its raw form. The results of cell viability studies performed on Caco2 cells indicated more than 90% cell viability upon using nanosuspension, indicating safety of developed formulation. Furthermore, the formulation was found stable at accelerated stability conditions indicating the marketing potential of the developed formulation. Overall results showed the appropriateness of the developed formulation in enhancing the biopharmaceutical properties of quercetin.

Formulation strategies for mitigating dissolution reduction of p-aminobenzoic acid by sodium lauryl sulfate through diffusion layer modulation

The use of the surfactant, sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), instead of enhancing drug dissolution, deteriorates the dissolution of some alkaline drugs through forming poorly soluble lauryl sulfate salts. The thermodynamic driving force for precipitation of such salts is the ratio of ion product in solution (Q) to the solubility product of the salt (Ksp). In this work, we have examined two formulation strategies for mitigating the negative effect of SLS on the dissolution of p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) by reducing the Q value of its LS salt in the diffusion layer: 1) introducing alkalizing excipient, Na3PO4, to reduce the concentration of PABAH+ by elevating the microenvironment pH, and 2) introducing NaCl to reduce the LS- monomer concentration by depressing the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of SLS.