Serum Electrolyte Concentrations Research Articles

Impact of aqueous leaf-extract of psychotria vogeliana (benth) on serum electrolytes concentration in wistar rats with complete freund's adjuvant-induced rheumatoid arthritis

Plant extracts can influence electrolytes concentration and potentially have implications for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) management. 48 female albino rats weighing between 100 and 200g were used in this study. RA was induced in the rats using 0.1ml of complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA). Arthritis index was tracked following the Chondrex technique, which only showed signs of inflammation such as redness, edema in the injected paw. Experimental animals were divided into six groups. Group 1 (control) received feeds and water only. Group 2 (toxic) was induced with RA and left untreated. Group 3 (Standard) was induced with RA and treated with standard drug (methotrexate at the dose of 0.225 mg/kg daily). Groups 4, 5 and 6 (treated groups) were induced with RA using CFA, 3 hours later, administered orally with Psychotria vogeliana aqueous leaf-extract at the doses of 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg and 600 mg/kg respectively. Standard methods were employed to determine serum electrolytes concentration. Psychotria vogeliana leaf extract at 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg, and 600 mg/kg significantly raised the levels of serum electrolytes of RA rats in a manner comparable to the group that was treated with standard drug and the normal control group. Our findings revealed that rheumatoid arthritis (RA) causes a notable decrease in the concentration of sodium, potassium, calcium, and bicarbonates, which can lead to a depletion of the serum electrolyte balance. Nonetheless, Psychotria vogeliana leaf extract showed a lot of potential for resupplying these vital bodily electrolytes.

Dynamics of Urine Electrolytes in Term Neonates during the 1st Week of Life

Abstract Background: Urine electrolyte assessment is vital for diagnosing and managing neonatal conditions. However, the challenge of urine collection in neonates has resulted in a lack of standardized urine electrolyte reference values. Aim: This study seeks to explore the reference levels and potential trends in serum and urine electrolytes to better understand how the kidneys handle these substances. Methods: Healthy neonates were prospectively enrolled following normal births. Using biochemical methods, blood and urine samples were collected and analyzed on the 1st and 5th postnatal days. Statistical analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and the Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test. Results: This prospective study enrolled 55 healthy neonates. Significant changes in serum electrolyte concentrations were observed between the 1st and 5th days after birth. Notably, sodium, creatinine, urea nitrogen, and uric acid levels decreased, whereas potassium, calcium, and phosphate levels increased. Urine analysis revealed significant increases in the tubular maximum phosphate reabsorption per glomerular filtration rate and decreases in the fractional excretion of potassium and uric acid by Day 5. Conclusion: This study challenges prevailing assumptions about the stability of neonatal urine electrolytes and highlights dynamic changes in the first postnatal week. These insights lay the groundwork for further research into electrolyte disorders in newborns and have potential implications for improving neonatal care practices.

Serum electrolyte concentrations and risk of atrial fibrillation: an observational and mendelian randomization study

BackgroundAtrial fibrillation (AF) is a prevalent arrhythmic condition resulting in increased stroke risk and is associated with high mortality. Electrolyte imbalance can increase the risk of AF, where the relationship between AF and serum electrolytes remains unclear.MethodsA total of 15,792 individuals were included in the observational study, with incident AF ascertainment in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. The Cox regression models were applied to calculate the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for AF based on different serum electrolyte levels. Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses were performed to examine the causal association.ResultsIn observational study, after a median 19.7 years of follow-up, a total of 2551 developed AF. After full adjustment, participants with serum potassium below the 5th percentile had a higher risk of AF relative to participants in the middle quintile. Serum magnesium was also inversely associated with the risk of AF. An increased incidence of AF was identified in individuals with higher serum phosphate percentiles. Serum calcium levels were not related to AF risk. Moreover, MR analysis indicated that genetically predicted serum electrolyte levels were not causally associated with AF risk. The odds ratio for AF were 0.999 for potassium, 1.044 for magnesium, 0.728 for phosphate, and 0.979 for calcium, respectively.ConclusionsSerum electrolyte disorders such as hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia and hyperphosphatemia were associated with an increased risk of AF and may also serve to be prognostic factors. However, the present study did not support serum electrolytes as causal mediators for AF development.

No Effect of Serum Electrolyte Levels on Electroconvulsive Therapy Seizure Quality Parameters.

Seizure quality is considered to be associated with treatment outcomes of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). A wide range of treatment parameters and patient characteristics are known to influence seizure quality. However, conflicting results exist for the role of serum electrolyte levels and seizure quality. We retrospectively analyzed a total of 454 patients and a total of 2119 individual acute ECT sessions irrespective of diagnosis where a clinical evaluation of serum levels of sodium, potassium, and calcium took place routinely up to 2 days before the ECT session. To assess the impact of serum electrolyte levels on seizure quality parameters, we used mixed-effects linear regression analysis with Bonferroni correction for multiple testing. Serum sodium, potassium, and calcium levels were not associated with seizure quality markers after correcting the significance level for multiple testing. Younger age was consistently associated with higher postictal suppression, interhemispheric coherence, midictal amplitude, and peak heart rate. Lower dose was consistently associated with longer electroencephalogram and motor seizure duration. Our results suggest that there is no clinically relevant effect of serum electrolyte levels on seizure quality, at least within clinically commonly observed ranges of serum electrolyte concentrations.

Water Intake and Hydration Status among Pregnant Women in the Second Trimester in China: A Three-Day Metabolic Trial.

Adequate water intake and optimal hydration status during pregnancy are crucial for maternal and infant health. However, research on water intake by pregnant women in China is very limited. This study mainly aimed to observe the daily total water intake (TWI) of pregnant women and its different sources and to investigate the relationship between their water intake and hydration biomarkers. From October to November 2020, a convenience sample of pregnant women in the second trimester (n = 21) was recruited. Under conditions close to daily life, they undertook a 3-day metabolic trial. Each participant was provided with sufficient bottled water, and the weight of what they drank each time was measured. The intake of other beverages and foods was measured using a combination of weighing and duplicate portion method. Fasting venous blood and 24 h urine samples were collected and analyzed for the hydration biomarkers, including the serum/urine osmolality, urine pH, urine specific gravity, and the concentrations of major electrolytes in urine and serum. The results showed that the mean daily TWI was 3151 mL, of which water from beverages and foods accounted for 60.1% and 39.9%, respectively. The mean total fluid intake (TFI) was 1970 mL, with plain water being the primary contributor (68.7%, r = 0.896). Among the participants, 66.7% (n = 14, Group 1) met the TWI recommendation set by the Chinese Nutrition Society. Further analysis revealed that the TFI, water from beverages and foods, plain water, and milk and milk derivatives (MMDs) were significantly higher in Group 1 than those who did not reach the adequate intake value (Group 2) (p < 0.05). The results of hydration biomarkers showed that the mean 24 h urine volume in Group 1 was significantly higher than that in Group 2 (p < 0.05), while the 24 h urine osmolality, sodium, magnesium, phosphorus, chloride, and creatinine concentrations in Group 1 were significantly lower than those in Group 2 (p < 0.05). However, no significant differences were observed in serum biomarkers. Partial correlation analysis showed that TWI was moderately positively correlated with 24 h urine volume (r = 0.675) and negatively correlated with urine osmolality, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, and chloride concentrations (r = from-0.505 to -0.769), but it was not significantly correlated with serum biomarkers. Therefore, under free-living conditions, increasing the daily intake of plain water and MMDs is beneficial for pregnant women to maintain optimal hydration. The hydration biomarkers in urine are more accurate indicators of water intake and exhibit greater sensitivity compared to serum biomarkers. These findings provide a scientific basis for establishing appropriate water intake and hydration status for pregnant women in China.

Amelioration of 5-Fluorouracil Induced Nephrotoxicity by Acacia catechu through Overcoming Oxidative Damage and Inflammation in Wistar Rats.

The research intended to explore the possible nephroprotective potential of the ethyl acetate fraction derived from Acacia catechu leaves against nephrotoxicity brought about by 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in Wistar rats. While possessing strong anticancer properties, 5-FU is hindered in its therapeutic application due to significant organ toxicity linked to elevated oxidative stress and inflammation. The study is undertaken to conduct an analysis of the ethyl acetate fraction of A. catechu leaves both in terms of quality and quantity, examining its impact on different biochemical and histopathological parameters within the context of 5-FU-induced renal damage in rats and elucidation of the mechanism behind the observed outcomes. Intraperitoneal injection of 5-FU at a dosage of 20 mg/kg/day over 5 days was given to induce nephrotoxicity in rats. The evaluation of nephrotoxicity involved quantifying serum creatinine, urea, uric acid, and electrolyte concentrations. Furthermore, superoxide dismutase, catalase antioxidant enzymes, and TNF-α concentration in serum were also measured. 5-FU injection led to the initiation of oxidative stress within the kidneys, leading to modifications in renal biomarkers (including serum creatinine, urea, uric acid, and Na+, K+ levels), and a reduction in antioxidant enzymes namely superoxide dismutase and catalase. Notably, the presence of the inflammatory cytokine TNF-α was significantly elevated due to 5-FU. Microscopic examination of renal tissue revealed tubular degeneration and congestion. However, treatment involving the ethyl acetate fraction derived from A. catechu leaves effectively and dose-dependently reversed the changes observed in renal biomarkers, renal antioxidant enzymes, inflammatory mediators, and histopathological features, bringing them closer to normal conditions. The observed recuperative impact was mainly attributed to the antioxidant and antiinflammatory properties of the fraction. The ethyl acetate fraction of A. catechu leaves exhibited a mitigating influence on the renal impairment caused by 5-FU, showcasing its potential as a nephroprotective agent capable of preventing and ameliorating 5-FU-induced nephrotoxicity.

Serum Cytokine Levels As Critical Parameters in Early Diagnosis of Disease Progression in COVID-19: A Pilot Study

Background: The severity of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been proposed to be associated with cytokine dysregulation. A significant number of patients become serious and need intensive care in hospitals.&#x0D; Methods: The concentrations of cytokines interleukin (IL-6, IL-10) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) were estimated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in serum samples of 60 adult patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 along with 50 healthy controls of the same age. The mean age of the subjects was 50-52 years and included an equal number of males and females. The patients were further grouped as severe (38 patients) and non-severe cases (22 patients).&#x0D; Results: The mean serum cytokine levels were significantly higher in the COVID-19 patients than in the healthy controls. IL-6 was excessively elevated in comparison to IL-10 and TNF. Comparative analysis of severe versus non-severe cases revealed only slight alterations in the cytokine levels: IL-6 being the most elevated in severe cases. The concentration of the liver enzyme ALT was higher than AST in both severe and non-severe cases. The mean concentration of serum electrolytes (Na, K, and Ca) did not vary much between the patients and healthy controls.&#x0D; Conclusion: There was a significant positive correlation between the levels of cytokines serum biomarkers in COVID-19 patients. It may be suggested that early detection of cytokines, especially IL-6 and serum biomarkers can help predict disease prognosis and severity in COVID-19 patients.

Hematology and serum biochemistry variables in apparently normal Arabian Oryx (Oryx leucoryx).

Hematology and serum biochemical analyses are integral parts of the clinical evaluation of sick animals. This is especially true regarding the clinical care of wildlife species, where clinical signs and historical data relating to the particular illness are often not available. Therefore, this study was designed to report various hematology and serum biochemistry parameters in Arabian oryx (Oryx leucoryx). Various hematology and serum biochemistry parameters were determined in 49 Arabian oryx of various ages and sexes. Hematology parameters included total red blood cells (RBC), packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), MCH concentration, and total leukocyte count (white blood cell) using an automated hematology analyzer. Serum biochemistry variables included glucose (Trinder method), total protein (biuret method), albumin using the Bromcresol Green (BCG) method, and blood urea nitrogen (colorimetric method). In addition, serum electrolyte concentrations of calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus were determined using colorimetric methods. There was a significant difference in RBC count, PCV, and serum glucose concentration between adult and young Arabian oryx. The RBC count was significantly higher in males than in females, whereas the serum glucose concentration was significantly higher in females. Results of this study showed significant differences in RBC, PCV, and serum glucose concentration between apparently normal young and Adult Arabian oryx. Similar differences were also detected between normal males and females. Knowledge of these data could prove vital in the clinical evaluation of the health status of this wildlife species.

Effects of calcium supplementation to resuscitation fluids in endurance horses: A randomized, blinded, clinical trial.

The addition of calcium to resuscitation fluids is a common practice in horses, but studies evaluating the effects of calcium supplementation are limited. In healthy horses, decreases in heart rate and changes in serum electrolyte concentrations have been reported. Calcium gluconate administration at a rate of 0.4 mg/kg/min to eliminated endurance horses with metabolic problems will affect heart rate, gastrointestinal sounds, and serum electrolyte concentrations. Endurance horses eliminated from the Tevis Cup 100-mile (160 km) endurance ride for metabolic problems and requiring IV fluid therapy were eligible. Sixteen horses were randomly assigned to receive 0.4 mg/kg/min of calcium (23% calcium gluconate solution) over 1 hour diluted in 10 L of a non-calcium containing isotonic crystalloid (CAL group) or 10 L of a non-calcium containing isotonic crystalloid (CON group). Staff members administering the fluids were blinded to treatment group. Blood samples were collected and physical examinations performed before and after treatment. Heart rates were recorded every 15 min during fluid administration. Data were compared using 2-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures for continuous variables and Fisher's exact test for categorical variables. Calcium was associated with lower heart rates 45 min after starting the infusion (P = .002). Gastrointestinal sounds were less likely to improve in the calcium group compared with the control group (P = .005). An increase in plasma phosphorus concentration (P = .03) was associated with calcium administration. Intravenous calcium supplementation to endurance horses eliminated from competition after development of metabolic problems may decrease heart rate but impairs improvement in gastrointestinal sounds.

Comparative analysis of serum magnesium level in diabetic and non-diabetics presented with acute myocardial infarction

Background: Serum concentrations of electrolytes have been shown to change with plasma glucose levels. Magnesium, the second most abundant intracellular cation plays a key role in cellular metabolism. The level of glycemic control is found to be inversely proportional to magnesium deficiency.&#x0D; Objectives: To assess the changes in serum magnesium level between T2DM and non-diabetic patients presented with acute myocardial infarction.&#x0D; Material &amp; Methods: This cross sectional research was carried out at cardiac care centre of teaching hospital of Lahore from June to December 2020. In this study overall 200 T2DM and non-diabetic patients aged 20-60 years of either gender were inducted via non probability sampling technique. These patients were presented in emergency with acute myocardial infarction within 12 hours from the beginning of symptoms determined by history and medical records. Serum magnesium level between two groups was compared by t-test. The difference was considered significant with p value &lt;0.05.&#x0D; Results: The mean age among study participants was 52.72±6.24 years. The majority 70% of the participants were male while 30% were female. Group A comprised of 110(55%) type 2 diabetic patients while group B comprised of 90(45%) non diabetic patients with acute myocardial infarction. Mean serum magnesium level of the study participants was 1.56±0.42 mg/dl. Mean serum magnesium level in group A was 1.25-0.42 mg/dl and in group B was 1.84-0.32 mg/dl. Mean serum magnesium level was significantly lowered in group A (diabetics) as compared to group B (non-diabetics) with p-value=0.000. Study found that low serum magnesium level showed significant association with age, gender, glycemic control and diabetes duration with p-value=0.000. &#x0D; Conclusion: In comparison with non-diabetic patients, serum magnesium level was significantly lowered in diabetic patients presented with acute myocardial infarction. Hypomagnesaemia was directly related to age, gender, glycemic control and duration of diabetes.&#x0D; Keywords: Magnesium level, T2DM, Acute Myocardial Infarction, Glycemic control

Ginger or Black Pepper Supplements Attenuate Oxidative stress and Renal Damage in Metabolic Syndrome-induced Wistar Rats

There has been an increasing occurrence of cardio-metabolic risk factors globally due to increasing consumption of fructosesweetened foods and drinks that cause excessive generation of free radicals. This research investigated the inclusion of ginger and black pepper in the diet as an easy and affordable means of managing oxidative stress and kidney damage in metabolic syndrome-induced rats. Fifteen metabolic syndrome-induced rats were divided into three groups and fed on diets supplemented with 2 % inclusions of ginger or black pepper. Serum activities of antioxidant enzymes and some indices of renal functions were determined. Compared with the normal control, there were significantly (p&lt;0.05) lower activities of all the studied antioxidant enzymes (Superoxide dismutase, Glutathione peroxidase, Catalase, and glutathione reductase) in the groups of metabolic syndrome induced-rats fed ginger or black pepper-supplemented diets which had significantly higher activities of these enzymes if compared with the group of metabolic syndrome- induced rats fed standard diets. The serum concentrations of malondialdehyde in all the groups of metabolic syndrome-induced rats fed the spices-supplemented diets did not significantly (p&gt;0.05) differ from the concentration in the control group. The groups of metabolic-syndrome-induced rats fed ginger or black pepper-supplemented diets had significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher concentrations of urea, uric acid, and creatinine in comparison with the normal control, but significantly (p&lt;0.05) lower concentrations of these metabolites if compared with the metabolic syndrome-induced rats fed a standard diet. Similarly, the concentrations of serum electrolytes were significantly higher (p&lt;0.05) in the groups of metabolic-syndrome-induced rats fed spices-supplemented diets compared with the normal control. From the findings, it is concluded that including ginger or black pepper in diets could be useful in managing oxidative stress and kidney dysfunction resulting from the consumption of metabolic syndrome-causing diets.

Changes in the Metabolic Profile of HIV Infected Subjects on Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART)

The metabolic profile of HIV/AIDS patient on HAART was investigated in comparison with HIV/AIDS patient who are HAART naive and also with the zero negative controls. Sixty (60) HIV subjects were used for the study and were carefully divided into two groups of thirty (30) each; group one were those on HAART and the other HAART naive while thirty (30) zero negative subjects were used as the control. Patients used for these studies are those who have been on the treatment for at least a year and not more than three years. Metabolic parameters assessed included serum total protein, albumin, globulin, electrolytes, creatinine and lipid profile. Results obtained reveals no significant (P &gt; 0.05) changes in the serum electrolyte and creatinine concentrations in all groups and similar trend was also observed for total protein and albumin levels but a significant (P&lt; 0.05) reduction was observed in the level of serum globulin concentration of patients on HAART (2.86±0.67) compared with the HAART naive (3.41±0.62). More so, there was significant (P&lt;0.05) elevation in the serum total cholesterol concentration for the HAART group (150.9±15.01) compared with HAART naive (114.5±17.04) and similar trend was also observed for LDL-cholesterol which may be a possibly indication of altered lipid metabolism. Thus, patients on HAART should carry out routine biochemical check most especially lipid panel assessment to avoid risk of altered metabolism; lipid dystrophy etc.

The Effect of Starting Blood Glucose Levels on Serum Electrolyte Concentrations during and after Exercise in Type 1 Diabetes.

Fear of hypoglycemia is a major exercise barrier for people with type 1 diabetes (PWT1D). Consequently, although guidelines recommend starting exercise with blood glucose (BG) concentration at 7-10 mmol/L, PWT1D often start higher, potentially affecting hydration and serum electrolyte concentrations. To test this, we examined serum and urine electrolyte concentrations during aerobic exercise (cycling 45 min at 60%VO2peak) in 12 PWT1D (10F/2M, mean ± SEM: age 29 ± 2.3 years, VO2peak 37.9 ± 2.2 mL·kg-1·min-1) with starting BG levels: 8-10 (MOD), and 12-14 (HI) mmol/L. Age, sex, and fitness-matched controls without diabetes (CON) completed one exercise session with BG in the normal physiological range. Serum glucose was significantly higher during exercise and recovery in HI versus MOD (p = 0.0002 and p < 0.0001, respectively) and in MOD versus CON (p < 0.0001). During exercise and recovery, MOD and HI were not significantly different in serum insulin (p = 0.59 and p = 0.63), sodium (p = 0.058 and p = 0.08), potassium (p = 0.17 and p = 0.16), calcium (p = 0.75 and 0.19), and magnesium p = 0.24 and p = 0.09). Our findings suggest that exercise of moderate intensity and duration with higher BG levels may not pose an immediate risk to hydration or serum electrolyte concentrations for PWT1D.

Effects of double intravenous furosemide administration at different doses on clinical variables, electrocardiographic indices and serum electrolytes in miniature donkeys.

The intravenous (IV) usage of diuretics such as furosemide may cause changes in clinical variables, electrocardiographic (ECG) indices and some serum electrolytes concentrations in miniature donkeys. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of double intravenous (IV) administration of furosemide at different doses on the clinical variables, ECG indices and serum electrolytes levels in miniature donkeys. A total of 21 clinically and para-clinically healthy miniature donkeys with a mean age of 6.00 ± 1.00 years and weight of 95.00 ± 5.00 kg were used. The animals were randomly divided into three groups of control (normal saline) and low- (1.00 mg kg-1) and high-dose (2.00 mg kg-1) of furosemide. Two IV injections with 12-hr interval were administered in each animal. The clinical and ECG parameters were measured at 0 (baseline), 2 (T2), 24 (T24) and 48 (T48) hr after drug administration. Serum concentrations of electrolytes were measured at T0, T24 and T48. The results of this study showed no changes in clinical variables (heart rate, rectal temperature and respiratory rate) and ECG indices (amplitude and duration of P, QRS and T waves and duration of PR, QT and RR intervals) as well as no significant changes in serum electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride, phosphorus, calcium and magnesium) levels. Although no significant effect on clinical variables, electrolytes levels and ECG indices after double IV administration of furosemide (1.00 and 2.00 mg kg-1) in miniature donkeys was observed, absence of these effects does not mean that furosemide had no pharmacological effect.

Specifičnost antibiotske terapije kod pacijenata sa hroničnom insuficijencijom bubrega

Chronic kidney diseases cause disruption of kidney function, but also of other organs which affects both the pharmacodynamics and the pharmacokinetics of many drugs. Prescribing drugs to patients with chronic kidney disease requires knowledge of changes in absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs and their metabolites. Avoiding nephrotoxic drugs is the most important principle that we must follow in patients with chronic kidney disease. If administration of nephrotoxic drugs is necessary, regular control of glomerular filtration rate, serum electrolyte concentration, and serum drug concentration is required if possible. The dosing of drugs in patients with chronic renal insufficiency is very delicate, both when determining the initial dose and during the maintenance dose, so it is necessary to adjust the doses for each patient individually, depending on the degree of kidney damage. For most drugs, there are recommendations from the Agency for Drugs and Medical Devices of the Republic of Serbia on how to correct the dose of the drug in chronic kidney failure. If such a recommendation does not exist, general rules are used: the maintenance dose can be adapted to kidney function by reducing the dose, extending the intervals in which the unchanged dose of the drug is administered, or a combination of these two methods. In patients with chronic kidney damage, the infection accelerates the progression towards the terminal stage, when it is necessary to apply one of the methods to replace kidney function. The infection should be treated with appropriate doses of antibiotics and/or antifungals and for a sufficient period of time. Likewise, in dialysis patients, there are various causes of infections that must also be adequately treated in order not to compromise the dialysis method or endanger the patient's life. There are recommendations for the use of antibiotics and antimycotics in these cases, which should be applied and adjusted to the individual patient. In intensive care units, in hemodynamically unstable patients with sepsis and acute chronic kidney failure, instead of intermittent hemodialysis, the following methods can be used: prolonged intermittent hemodialysis (PID) and continuous procedures - continuous venovenous hemodialysis (CVVHD), continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH) and continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF). The dosage of antibiotics in these patients is specific and adjusted to the individual patient and his kidney function. Peritoneal dialysis patients in the terminal phase of chronic kidney failure are at risk of developing peritonitis. The guides describe which antibiotics are used to start the treatment of peritonitis and how the antibiotics are then adjusted, according to the causative agent, after the dialysate culture is obtained. Treatment of peritonitis is mainly by intraperitoneal administration of antibiotics, but it is also possible with oral or parenteral antibiotics, i.e. their combination. The guidelines describe the initial and maintenance doses of antibiotics and antifungals. If treatment is not started on time, the dialysis method may be compromised and the patient may die. If fungi are isolated by culture, the treatment of the patient with peritoneal dialysis is stopped and the dialysis catheter is removed, and the treatment is continued with the administration of antibiotics intravenously.

Clinicopathological Patterns and Biochemical Markers in Serum of Uterine Leiomyoma Patients

Background: Uterine fibroids (leiomyomas) are exceedingly common reproductive neoplasms with foremost public health impact. A cross-sectional study was performed to systematically investigate the marker enzymes, clinicopathological correlations, and electrolyte profile in myoma Method: This study enrolled 44 control and 46 leiomyoma subjects, aged 21- 50 years. Anthropometric parameters, detailed history of disease and clinicopathological outcomes were documented via a standardized questionnaire followed by uterine ultrasound investigation. Venous blood samples were taken for the measurement of marker enzymes and serum electrolyte concentration with commercially accessible kits Results: In the age group between 30-40 years high incidence of myoma (43.5%) was found. Majority of fibroids were observed single (52%) and Intramural uterine fibroids were found more common type (61%) of leiomyomas. Menorrhagia was frequent clinical demonstration with 63% leiomyoma cases. In 26% myoma women positive family history of leiomyomas was also observed. A significant increase in diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and body mass index (BMI) while in parity a significant decrease was recorded in leiomyoma patients in comparison with controls. Serum electrolytes investigation revealed a substantial increase in the calcium (Ca2+) as well as chloride (Cl–) concentration and significant drop in potassium (K+) concentration in myoma subjects when compared to the controls. While for serum sodium (Na+) concentration, a non-significant difference was documented between comparable groups. Analysis of marker enzymes manifested a significant increase in the serum concentration of aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT) and acid phosphatase (ACP) in fibroid patients in comparison to controls whereas non-significant variations were recorded for serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) concentration. Conclusion: A reduced serum K+ concentrations and raised Ca2+, Cl–and Na+ levels in the leiomyoma patients illustrate increased estrogen concentration, that may be responsible for fibroid growth and serum concentration of AST, ACP and ALP are sustainable diagnostic markers of uterine fibroids.

Retrospective evaluation of risk factors for development of kidney injury after parenteral furosemide treatment of left-sided congestive heart failure in dogs.

Kidney injury (KI) has been documented in dogs treated with furosemide for left-sided congestive heart failure (CHF). Determine risk factors for development of KI in furosemide-treated dogs and determine the effect of KI on survival. Seventy-nine client-owned dogs receiving parenteral furosemide for CHF. Serum creatinine (sCr) and electrolyte concentrations were determined during hospitalization and at first outpatient reevaluation to detect and stage KI (increase in sCr ≥0.3mg/dL). Furosemide dosage administered between timepoints was calculated. Multivariable modeling was performed to identify predictors of KI and percent change in serum biochemistry results over time. Kidney injury was identified in 38/79 (48%) dogs and mostly occurred during hospitalization. Kidney injury was Grade I in 25 dogs, Grade II in 9 dogs, and Grade III in 4 dogs. Higher blood pressure was associated with acute KI during hospitalization (odds ratio, 1.03; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.01-1.07; P= .03) whereas PO furosemide dosage was associated with KI after hospital discharge (odds ratio, 7.77; 95% CI, 2.05-68.6; P= .02). Baseline sCr and use of a furosemide continuous rate infusion were not associated with increased risk of KI. Kidney injury was not associated with long-term outcome. Of 13 dogs with Grade II-III KI, azotemia was reversible in 9 dogs, and 6 dogs survived >1 year after KI. In this cohort of dogs receiving parenteral furosemide for CHF, KI was common, mostly nonazotemic (Grade I), and did not impact survival.

Electrolyte level changes and their correlation with echocardiographic parameters in patients with acute coronary syndrome patients as compared to healthy individuals in Iraq

Acute coronary syndrome (ACS), a common complication of coronary heart disease. Serum electrolytes changes in ACS have not been studied extensively and there is paucity of information in the literature in this regard, electrolyte imbalance is one of the probable causes of ventricular tachycardia in patients with ACS. 143 people were included in study divided to 93 patients and 50 as control groups. Study group comprised confirmed diagnosis of recent onset of ACS. The blood samples of both groups were analyzed for Serum electrolytes (Na+, K+) by flame-photometry (Bio-Lab Diagnostic kit). Serum levels of glucose and lipid profile were obtained by calorimetry. There was statistically significant increase in serum sodium and potassium levels in across all age groups &amp; in both sexes of study group compared to control group. The mean (± SD) value of serum sodium and potassium concentrations was found non-significantly higher in Female group than Male group, (Pvalue=0.3 ). t-test revealed there was no significant difference in the mean±SD levels of serum sodium and potassium in the presence or absence of diabetes mellitus, Dyslipidemia, Hypertension, Smoking, and obesity, there were non-significant difference in mean (±SD) values of serum Na and K levels among stages of diastolic dysfunction. The mean (±SD) values of serum sodium and potassium concentrations were increased with increase MR severity. The study showed that there was non-significant positive correlation between age values and serum k levels (r = 0.2) (P= 0.1), while there was non-significant negative correlation between age values and serum Na levels (r = - 0.04), (P = 0.8). Non-significant inverse relationship was noted between serum Na, K concentrations and left ventricular ejection Fraction (LVEF) (r = -0.04, -0.3) (P = 0.8, 0.07). In conclusion, early assessment of serum electrolyte concentration is needed in order to implement proper supplementation and serve as important aid in diagnosis of ACS. The value of serum sodium and potassium concentrations increased with increased MR severity.

120 Seasonal Variation of Select Serum Electrolyte Concentrations in Siberian Huskies Housed Outside in Ontario Canada from may Until October

Abstract The effect of season has been recognized in both human and veterinary medicine for its influence on various hematological and biochemical parameters. However, limited research has been conducted in dogs regarding seasonal electrolyte changes, especially in those non-exercising and housed outdoors. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of seasonal variation in ambient conditions on electrolyte status in 28 outdoor-housed adult Siberian huskies (13 females: 8 spayed, 5 intact and 15 males: 9 neutered, 6 intact). Dogs had an average age of 5.3 ± 2.8 years and body weight of 23.22 ± 3.73 kg. Dogs were fed one of four dry extruded diets formulated with the same mineral premix. Fasted blood samples were collected monthly from May until October and sera were analyzed for Cl-, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and P using photometric analysis. Data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX of SAS with dog as a random effect and temperature, spay-neuter status, and age as fixed effects. Serum Na+, K+, Ca2+, and P concentration were least in May, and greatest in September, October, October, and June, respectively (P&amp;lt; 0.05). Conversely, serum Mg2+ were greatest in May and September, and least in August (P&amp;lt; 0.05). Serum Cl- were greatest in May and October, and least in July (P&amp;lt; 0.05). Across all months, females had decreased serum Ca2+ than males, intact dogs had greater serum Cl-, and younger dogs (&amp;lt;3 years of age) had greater serum P compared with older dogs (P&amp;lt; 0.05). These results suggest that dogs experience significant changes in electrolyte balance due to seasonal and ambient variation. Those that are higher risk for electrolyte loss and imbalance may benefit from supplementation during the summertime. Further research is needed to understand if seasonal or ambient variations drive these changes and if they compromise athletic performance.

The effects of feeding and transport length on the welfare of white rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum simum) during long-distance translocations: a preliminary study.

Translocation is a valuable conservation tool, but poses significant risks for the transported rhinoceroses. Interventions reducing these risks are required to ensure positive welfare during transportation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of journey duration and feeding during the transport of white rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum simum). A total of 32 animals were transported by road during two events, five days apart. Fifteen rhinoceroses in the first transport event (37.0 ± 2.4 hr duration) were not fed, while 17 rhinoceroses in the second event (32.2 ± 1.5 hr duration) were offered lucerne. Blood samples were collected at capture and after transport for the evaluation of changes in serum clinical chemistry analytes. The Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to compare differences between the groups. In all rhinoceroses, transport resulted in changes in serum electrolyte, metabolite and enzyme concentrations, indicating a loss in total body water, nutritional shifts, stress and fatigue. Fed rhinoceroses, transported over a shorter time, displayed greater changes in osmolality (p < 0.006), serum sodium and chloride concentrations (p = 0.005 and = 0.001, respectively) indicating a greater degree of total body water loss than non-fed rhinoceroses. Feeding and a shorter transport duration reduced, but did not prevent, nutritional challenges. A greater increase in the muscle enzymes CK and AST (p = 0.027 and = 0.001, respectively), indicated greater fatigue in non-fed rhinoceroses transported over a longer time. Further work to distinguish the effects of feeding and journey duration is required to better understand the role feeding may play in mitigating welfare challenges during rhinoceros translocation.