Probiotic Concentration Research Articles

In Vitro Digestion of Vacuum-Impregnated Yam Bean Snacks: Pediococcus acidilactici Viability and Mango Seed Polyphenol Bioaccessibility.

This study investigates the in vitro digestion of vacuum-impregnated yam bean snacks enriched with Pediococcus acidilactici and mango seed polyphenols, focusing on bacterial survival and polyphenol bioaccessibility. The snacks were prepared by vacuum impregnation (VI) with solutions containing either mango seed extract, P. acidilactici, or a combination of both, followed by dehydration. The antimicrobial activity of the treatments was assessed against pathogens, revealing limited effectiveness, likely due to insufficient concentrations of mango seed extract and the intrinsic resistance of the bacteria. VI of mango seed extract improved the total soluble phenols (TSP) content up to 400% and maintained the initial probiotic concentration (106 cell/mL). In vitro digestion was performed to simulate gastrointestinal conditions, measuring the stability of TSP and the survival of P. acidilactici. The results indicated that the viability of P. acidilactici fluctuated throughout the digestion process (106 to 104 log UFC/g), the polyphenols showed varying degrees of bioaccessibility (11 to 30%), and the TSP content in the intestinal fraction ranged from 1.95 to 6.54 mg GAE/g. The study highlights the potential of VI for incorporating functional components into plant-based snacks, though further optimization is necessary to enhance the stability of P. acidilactici and the effectiveness of the bioactive ingredients.

When less is more for dietary Lactobacillus rhamnosus IMC 501: The complex role gut microbiota play in energy budgets and allostasis of early juvenile Mozambique Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus)

In aquaculture, exposure to stressors results in heightened neuroendocrine responses, increasing metabolic activities and reducing growth to offset additional stressor-related energetic costs for allostasis. Supplementation with probiotics increases metabolic expenditures from elevated fish digestion and upregulated immune systems, but effects of the probiotics concentrations on energy budgets remains unknown. This study used respirometry to determine the effects of five different probiotic concentrations: T0 control (0 × 1011 CFU/g), T1 (5 × 1011 CFU/g), T2 (10 × 1011 CFU/g), T3 (15 × 1011 CFU/g), and T4 (20 × 1011 CFU/g) of a dietary single-strain probiotic (Lactobacillus rhamnosus IMC 501) on feed consumption, and the proportion of feed intake energy (C) allocated to growth (G), and routine metabolic rates (Rr), in the energy budgets of early juvenile (1-3 g wet weight) Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus), weekly over a 28-day experimental period. Two-factor ANOVA analyses revealed that the amount of feed intake energy (C) increased in probiotic treatments over controls. Allocation of feed energy for growth (G) differed among treatments, but not with time, but for routine metabolic activities (Rr), allocation of feed energy differed among treatments and over time. Increases of somatic tissue (TTW) was highest in the T2 treatment (intermediate concentration), while Rr was highest in the T3 and T4 (highest concentration) treatments, but only after 14–21 days of supplementation. Within energy budgets, the highest proportion of feed energy was allocated to growth in all treatments (G; mean ± SE, 43.0 ± 3.1 %), followed by routine metabolic activities (Rr; mean ± SE, 26.12 ± 2.1 %). Overall, the mean net mass-specific cost of growth (cr) (mgO2l−1 g−1) was highest, and the net growth efficiency (% KN) was lowest, in the T3 and T4 treatments indicating that higher probiotic concentrations were related to higher allostatic loads (AL) compared to lower probiotic treatments (T1, T2). Overall, our results revealed that the proportion of C allocated to G and Rr varied differently with probiotic concentration, was tightly related to gut bacteria metabolic expenditures, and highlighted the importance of carefully evaluating the probiotic concentrations for optimization of growth performance in Mozambique tilapia aquaculture.

Chemical profiling and probiotic viability assessment in Gueuze-style beer: Fermentation dynamics, metabolite and sensory characterization, and in vitro digestion resistance

Probiotic viability, metabolite concentrations, physicochemical parameters, and volatile compounds were characterized in Gueuze beers formulated with probiotic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and yeast. Additionally, the sensory profile of the beers and the resistance of the probiotics to digestion were determined. The use of 2 International Bitterness Units resulted in high concentrations of probiotic LAB but a decline in probiotic yeast as pH decreased. Secondary fermentation led to the consumption of maltose, citric acid, and malic acid, and the production of lactic and propionic acids. Carbonation and storage at 4 °C had minimal impact on probiotic viability. The addition of probiotic LAB resulted in a distinct aroma profile with improved sensory characteristics. Our results demonstrate that sour beers produced with probiotic LAB and a probiotic yeast, and fermented using a two-step fermentation process, exhibited optimal physicochemical parameters, discriminant volatile compound profiles, promising sensory characteristics, and high probiotic concentrations after digestion.

Effects of Tibetan Sheep-Derived Compound Probiotics on Growth Performance, Immune Function, Intestinal Tissue Morphology, and Intestinal Microbiota in Mice.

Probiotics play an important role in animal growth, immunity, and gut microbial balance and are now widely used in agriculture, food, and medicine. This study analysed the effects of different concentrations of Tibetan sheep compound probiotics on the immunity, tissue morphology, and intestinal microbiota of mice using histological, molecular, and 16S rRNA techniques. The results showed that the composite probiotics sourced from Tibetan sheep improved the growth performance of mice, increased the length of small intestinal villi and mucosal thickness, and enhanced the intestinal barrier function of mice. DZ-L and DZ-M significantly increased the mRNA expression levels of ZO-1, Occludin, and Claudin-1 mRNA. They also up-regulated IL-10 and TNF-β, and down-regulated TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-8. The immune function of mice was enhanced, with DZ-M treatment having an extremely significant effect, while the effect of DZ-H treatment was slightly lower compared to DZ-L and DZ-M. In addition, the composition and diversity of the intestinal microbiota were modulated, and at the phylum level, the relative abundance of Firmicutes was higher in the DZ-M group, the relative abundance of Desulfobacterota, Actinobacteriota, and Patescibacteria was reduced in the probiotic complex group, and the relative abundance of Verrucomicrobiota was higher. At the genus level, the relative abundance of Muribaculaceae was higher in the DZ-L and DZ-M groups, and the relative abundance of Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group in the DZ-H group; and the relative abundance of Bacteroides and Roseburia in the composite probiotic group. This study can improve the reference for the development of new green feed additives instead of antibiotics, which will also further promote the development of the livestock industry.

Use of protexin as a probiotic-supplemented feed additive: assessment of growth, digestibility, serum antioxidant enzyme activity, and blood profile in Cirrhinus mrigala

IntroductionProbiotics, one of functional feed additives (FFAs), have emerged as a potential supplement to strengthen fish health and mitigate oxidative stress. The main focus of our research was to explore the benefits of probiotics (protexin) on growth, digestibility, antioxidant enzyme activity, and blood indices of Cirrhinus mrigala fingerlings.MethodsA total of 105 fish (7.42 ± 0.02 g/fish) were used in a 90-day feeding trial. Fish were fed two times a day, and diets were tested in triplicate tanks (15 fingerlings per tank). Moringa oleifera seed meal was chosen as a basal feed ingredient. Seven test diets were formulated: One was control (without supplement), and six diets had different concentrations of probiotics, such as 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3 g kg−1.ResultsThe results of growth and nutrient absorption were maximum at a probiotic concentration of 2 g kg−1. The optimal serum antioxidant enzyme activity and blood parameters were likewise obtained at a probiotic dose of 2 g kg−1.ConclusionsSupplementing C. mrigala with 2 g kg−1 probiotics substantially improved their growth, nutrient digestibility, antioxidant enzyme activity, and hematological indices (p < 0.05).

A Comparative Histological Study Between the Protective and the Therapeutic Effect of Probiotic on Cisplatin Induced Nephrotoxicity in Adult Male Albino Rat

Abstract Introduction Although cisplatin (CP) is one of the most effective chemotherapies, it is associated with significant nephrotoxicity (Acute kidney injury). Lactobacillus plantarum is often used as a probiotic on its own for its beneficial properties and anti-inflammatory activity. Aim to compare the protective and therapeutic role of probiotics on the microscopic structure of the kidney in a model of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. Material and Methods thirty-five adult male albino rats weighing (200-220gm) were divided into 4 groups. Group I (control group), Group II (Cisplatin group): rats received intraperitoneal injection of CP (7.5 mg/kg) for 3 days. Group III (protective group): Rats received 1 mL of probiotic orally for 7 days. From the fifth day, the rats received intraperitoneal injections of CP (7.5mg/kg) for 3 days. Group IV (Therapeutic group): Rats received intraperitoneal injection of CP for 3 days. From the fourth day, the rats received probiotic L. plantarum orally at a dose of (1 mL/day) for 14 days. The concentration of probiotics in group III and group IV was 109 Colony forming units (CFU)/mL/100 g of body weight. Kidney specimens were proceeded for light microscopic examination, as well as Morphometrical and statistical analyses. Results H&E-stained sections of Group II showed marked renal affection in which most glomeruli showed atrophy. Renal tubules were mostly distorted, necrotic, and degenerative with interstitial hemorrhage, congestion, and cellular infiltration. PAS-stained sections showed marked increased reaction in glomerular and tubular Basement membranes with an apparent loss of Brush borders of most of the PCTs. Masson`s trichrome-stained sections showed a marked increase in collagen fibers in renal interstitia mostly around blood vessels. Immunohistochemically stained sections showed a marked increase in positive cytoplasmic reaction to caspase -3 antibodies mostly in renal tubules. On the other hand, the renal structure of The protective group showed marked improvement which appeared nearly comparable to that of the control group while the therapeutic group showed minimal improvement. Conclusion The protective effect of probiotics on cisplatin-induced Acute Kidney Injury (Nephrotoxicity) was markedly better than the therapeutic effect as detected by microscopic, morphometric, and statistical studies.

Functional Minas Frescal cheese with spore-forming Wezmannia coagulans GBI-30

Minas Frescal cheese is a valuable food matrix for introducing probiotic bacteria. Maintaining the probiotic viability until the moment of consumption is a challenge for the food industry. In this sense, using spore-forming bacteria can be an interesting option. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of adding Wezmannia coagulans GBI-30 at different concentrations (6, 8, and 10 log CFU g−1) on the properties of Minas Frescal cheese during its commercial shelf life. The cheeses were analyzed for probiotic viability, gross composition, pH, metabolites and bioactive compounds formation, and antibacterial activity. The viability remained constant and proportional to the amount of W. coagulans added to the samples. The production of organic acids and bioactive compounds was directly proportional to the addition of the probiotic strain. Regarding antibacterial activity, there was moderate inhibition against Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli. Using W. coagulans GBI-30 in Minas Frescal cheese is a viable alternative for developing probiotic products that maintain their functionality throughout their commercial shelf life. The addition of higher probiotic concentrations may improve the biological activity of the products.

EFFECT OF PROBIOTIC TREATMENT ON THE MICROBIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF UKRAINIAN TYPICAL BLACK SOIL

The search for novel substances that promote the establishment of a microbial community and facilitate optimal humification processes while increasing soil organic matter content offers an opportunity for land restoration. The objective of study was to determine the abundance of ecological and trophic groups of soil microorganisms and the intensity of microbiological processes when subjected to probiotic treatment at various concentrations and doses in typical black soil. The eco-trophic groups of soil microorganisms were identified by inoculating dilutions of soil suspensions onto selective nutrient media. The direction and intensity of soil microbiological processes were assessed using the mineralization-immobilization, oligotrophy, and pedotrophy indexes. The results demonstrate that probiotics has a positive impact on the microbiological activity of the soil, leading to an increase in the number of ecological and trophic groups of soil microorganisms during both spring and autumn seasons. Notably, a significant effect on the soil microorganism conditions was observed after 30 days of probiotic treatment. Probiotics exhibit a favorable influence on microbiological processes within the soil, fostering conducive conditions for the development of soil microorganisms and the formation of humus. The most effective concentration of probiotics for promoting the functionality of microbial communities in black soils is determined to be 10%, accompanied by a dose of 100 l ha-1. Consequently, the application of probiotic treatment at a concentration of 10% and a dose of 100 l/ha-1 holds the potential to enhance the biological state of the soil, restore soil microbial diversity, and serve as an environmentally safe fertilizer.

Targeted delivery of the probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii to the extracellular matrix enhances gut residence time and recovery in murine colitis

Probiotic and engineered microbe-based therapeutics are an emerging class of pharmaceutical agents. They represent a promising strategy for treating various chronic and inflammatory conditions by interacting with the host immune system and/or delivering therapeutic molecules. Here, we engineered a targeted probiotic yeast platform wherein Saccharomyces boulardii is designed to bind to abundant extracellular matrix proteins found within inflammatory lesions of the gastrointestinal tract through tunable antibody surface display. This approach enabled an additional 24–48 h of probiotic gut residence time compared to controls and 100-fold increased probiotic concentrations within the colon in preclinical models of ulcerative colitis in female mice. As a result, pharmacodynamic parameters including colon length, colonic cytokine expression profiles, and histological inflammation scores were robustly improved and restored back to healthy levels. Overall, these studies highlight the potential for targeted microbial therapeutics as a potential oral dosage form for the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases.

L. plantarum and L. casei synergistically mitigate Gastro-Intestinal Acute Radiation Syndrome (GI-ARS)

Introduction: Incidental or accidental acute exposure to ionizing radiation causes radiation toxicity, for which there are no known medical countermeasures (MCMs). Ionizing radiation alters host gut epithelium as well as the gut microbiome. We sought to investigate if radiation induced gut dysbiosis occurred as a result of depletion of gut-protective bacteria, and if probiotic supplementation of such bacteria could help mitigate GI-ARS post ionizing radiation exposure. Methods: Adult C57BL/6 mice were subjected to total body irradiation, and a defined concentration of probiotics (either individually or combined) were given 24 h after radiation exposure. Mice were sacrificed 24 hours post treatment (i.e., 48 h post irradiation). Vascular-to-luminal flux of FITC-inulin was measured to evaluate intestinal mucosal permeability and endotoxemia by measuring plasma lipopolysaccharide. Gut microbiota was analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing. Intestinal epithelial junctions were analyzed by immunofluorescence confocal microscopy and mucosal inflammatory response by RT-PCR for cytokine expression. Systemic inflammation was evaluated by ELISA for plasma cytokines. Results and conclusion: Our data show that radiation altered the taxonomic composition of the microbiota compared to age-matched sham treated mice. Shannon index analysis showed a significant decrease in α-diversity in irradiated mice. Bray-Curtis analysis indicated significant differences in microbiota composition between Sham and IR groups. E. coli abundance was increased whereas Lactobacillus abundance was decreased, particularly L. plantarum and L. casei. Probiotic supplementation with individual Lactobacillus species each mitigated radiation induced intestinal barrier dysfunction, gut specific as well as systemic inflammatory cytokine expression and endotoxemia. Our preliminary data further indicates that L. plantarum affects Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR)-mediated signaling whereas L. casei was EGFR-independent. Interestingly, combined supplementation in a 1:1 ratio further enhanced recovery compared to adding the individual effects. Individual supplementation of L. plantarum and L. casei to irradiated mice reduced intestinal (ileal) permeability by 2-fold and 3-fold respectively, whereas combined supplementation reduced ileal permeability almost 8-fold compared to irradiated but untreated mice. This data indicates that L. plantarum and L. casei mitigate GI-ARS by distinct cellular mechanisms. Furthermore, data show that a mixture of these probiotic species is more effective in radio-mitigation than individually. Further mechanistic analysis will be required to identify cross-talking targets between mechanisms of these probiotics and synergistic radio-mitigation. In conclusion, Lactobacillus species are potential MCMs for the treatment of GI-ARS. Funding acknowledgements: NIH/NIAID, UO1-AI170019, UO1-AI172991. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Characterization of Antimicrobial Activities of Bifidobacterium lactis BB-12 and Their Inhibitory Effect Against Some Foodborne Pathogens.

Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12, a probiotic, has shown potential to promote health benefits and control pathogens. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of BB-12 and its cell-free supernatant (CFS) in inhibiting the growth of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. To assess the antimicrobial activity of BB-12, agar well diffusion, disk diffusion, and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) tests were conducted. The bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay was performed to measure the protein concentration in CFS. The study's results indicated that the BB-12 strain inhibited the pathogens' growth. The disk diffusion test using BB-12 showed inhibitory results ranging from 11 to 14 mm for both bacteria. The agar well diffusion test reported the zone of inhibition ranging from 11.6 to 16 mm for both bacteria. The MIC test was conducted as a confirmatory test, which demonstrated the highest inhibitory zone using 2 McFarland (6 × 108 CFU/mL) concentrations of probiotics on L. monocytogenes (44.98%) and S. Typhimurium (66.41%). The disk diffusion test revealed that the probiotic CFS had a significant inhibitory impact on S. Typhimurium with a 16.6 mm zone of inhibition. The BCA test findings indicated that the 24- and 48-h CFSs exhibited inhibitory properties against infections. Notably, the 24-h CFS, including a protein level of 78.47 μg/mL, demonstrated a more pronounced inhibitory impact on both pathogens. The findings highlight that utilizing the BB-12 strain and its CFS can serve as a viable approach to battle infections, enhancing food safety and public health.

Exploration of probiotics on antioxidant activity of serum NLC coenzyme Q10 using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhidrazyl) method

Background: The skin ageing process can be slowed by routinely caring for the skin using serum cosmetics containing antioxidants such as Co-enzyme Q10 (CoQ10). However, CoQ10 has a drawback, which is low penetration into the skin. In this study, an antiaging serum preparation with the active ingredient NLC-CoQ10 was prepared. Probiotics were added to this preparation as a second active ingredient to enhance antioxidant activity. Objective: This study aimed to analyse the effect of probiotic concentration on the physical characteristics and antioxidant activity of NLC-CoQ10 serum. Method: NLC-CoQ10 was mixed with serum base and 0% probiotic (Formula One), 2% probiotic (Formula Two), and 4% probiotic (Formula Three). After that, physical characteristics and antioxidant activity were observed. Results: The results show that the physical characteristics of all formulas fulfil the specifications. All formulas had pH values between 4 and 7 and a viscosity value between 230 and 1150 cPs. The formula with the highest viscosity value is F1, 352.00 ± 2.00. All formulas have statistically different IC50 values. IC50 values for F1, F2 and F3 respectively, are 317.809 ± 2.117; 307.985 ± 2.089; 257.549 ± 1.573. Conclusion: The antioxidant activity increases with increasing concentrations of probiotics in NLC-CoQ10 serum. Meanwhile, the viscosity value decreases with a decreasing concentration of probiotics.

Supplementation of Bacillus subtilis and Lactobacillus casei to increase growth performance and immune system of catfish (Clarias gariepinus) due to Aeromonas hydrophila infection.

Catfish has a high economic value and is popular among consumers. To ensure well-stocked catfish stocks, good fisheries management must also be ensured. The high demand for catfish must be supplemented by preventive measures against pathogenic bacterial infections using probiotics with high potential for Lactobacillus casei and Bacillus subtilis. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of probiotic supplementation consisting of a combination of L. casei and B. subtilis probiotics on the growth, immune system, water quality, proximate value of feed, and body composition of catfish infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. This study used a completely randomized study with eight treatments and three replications. The manipulated factor was the probiotic concentration [0% (A), 0.5% (B), 10% (C), and 15% (D)] in groups of catfish infected and uninfected with A. hydrophila. Combination of B. subtilis, and L. casei that were used in a 1:1 ratio of 108 colony forming unit/mL. The study lasted for 42 days. On the 35th day, A. hydrophila was infected by intramuscular injection into fish. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 23.0 (IBM SPSS Statistics) was used to analyze data on growth, immune system, and water quality. Providing probiotics in feed can increase the nutritional value of feed based on proximate test results. There were significant differences in average daily gain (ADG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and survival rate (SR) parameters in the group of catfish infected with A. hydrophila (p > 0.05); however, there were no significant differences in final body weight, specific growth rate (SGR), and percentage weight gain. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) levels were significantly different between treatments C and D. The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α parameters were significantly different between treatments A and C, whereas the phagocytic activity of treatment A was significantly different from that of treatment D. There was a significant difference (p > 0.05) in the growth parameters of SGR, ADG, and FCR in the group of fish that were not infected with A. hydrophila, with the best treatment being a probiotic concentration of 15%, but there was no significant difference in the SR parameters. IL-1β and TNF-α levels significantly differed between E and E0 (15% probiotics) but were not significantly different in terms of phagocytosis parameters. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that using a combination of probiotics L. casei and B. subtilis can improve the growth, immune system, water quality, proximate value of feed, and body composition of catfish infected with A. hydrophila.

Differences in Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations of Probiotics and Prebiotics on Staphylococcus aureus

Currently, the use of antibiotics has increased sharply and use in the long term will have a bad impact on health. So the emergence of efforts in the form of making natural antibiotics by utilizing materials that are easily available in the environment. One of them is milk, where milk is a food product produced by farm animals, for example cows. This milk can be used as a probiotic. This probiotic is made by adding a bacterium and the bacterium that is often used is Lactobacillus casei. In addition to milk, the material that can be used is telang flower, which is one of the typical plants of Ternate, Maluku with purple, white, pink, and blue petals. Telang flower is often used as a traditional medicine because it has many benefits and content in it. Therefore, in this study Telang flower was used as a prebiotic tested on Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The study was carried out in vitro by the method of laboratory experiments. The design used is Post Test control group only. The test is repeated at each concentration 3 times to obtain accurate results. The inhibition zone is measured using a caliper. The result of the inhibition zone formed from 3 repetitions is taken as the average value. The test results of the minimum inhibitory concentration of probiotics against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria showed results if at a concentration of 1.25% can form an inhibitory zone of 9.47 mm. While the minimum inhibitory concentration test on prebiotics against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria showed results at a concentration of 2.5% can form an inhibitory zone of 9.02 mm. This suggests that probitiks and prebiotics can be used as antibacterials, since at the lowest concentrations used they can form an inhibitory zone. So the higher the concentration of probiotics and prebiotics used, the inhibition zone formed will be greater.

Effect of probiotic incorporation on physicochemical attributes of yogurt during storage and influence on cholesterol assimilation.

This study aimed to evaluate the incorporation effect of probiotic culture (Lactobacillus acidophilus) in buffalo milk yogurt on stability and microbial survival rate during storage. In addition, the influence of probiotic culture on blood lipid profiles was investigated for a period of 6weeks. Yogurt was prepared with buffalo milk with different probiotic concentrations (0, 100, and 50%) and administered to subjects at 300g/day. All treatments showed a significant difference (p<0.05) in acidity and pH during storage for 21 days at refrigeration temperature, while treatment with 100% probiotic culture (G2) was most prominent. Physicochemical analysis demonstrated a maximum pH decline of 0.60 in G2, followed by 0.56 in the mix cultured (G3). However, increasing trend was observed in acidity, with highest increment of 0.89% followed by 0.54% in G2 and G3, respectively. Storage study of total viable count demonstrated the reduction in the enumeration of microbial population owing to the production of organic acids, while L. acidophilus had a high survival rate of 5.25 log 10 CFU/g. Probiotic culture produced significant results in the lipid profile of subjects. Treatments containing probiotic bacteria G2 and G3 showed the lowest total cholesterol (183.57 and 182.85mg/dL) and low density lipoproteins (LDL) (105.80 106.40mg/dL), respectively. In terms of high density lipoproteins (HDL), G2 showed a highest increment of 49.82mg/dL. Results of our study revealed that consumption of probiotic yogurt is beneficial for human health by improvement of blood lipid profiles and reduces cardiovascular patient's percentage around the globe. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Experimental investigation of the effect of probiotic culture addition on the stability of buffalo milk yogurt. Assessment of the potential of Lactobacillus acidophilus on blood lipid profiles.

Microencapsulation and controlled release of Bacillus clausii through a novel non-digestible carbohydrate formulation as revolutionizing probiotic delivery

Probiotics have gained significant attention in recent years due to the growing awareness of physical health and well-being. However, maintaining high concentrations of probiotics throughout the product's shelf life and during the gastrointestinal tract is crucial for ensuring their health-promoting effects. After determining an optimal formulation through a fractional factorial model, this study optimizes probiotic Bacillus Clausii delivery through spray-drying microencapsulation using a novel maltodextrin-alginate-inulin (MDX-ALG-IN) formulation (optimized ratio: 7:2:1). Notably, this formulation exclusively comprises non-digestible carbohydrates, marking a novel approach in probiotic encapsulation. Achieving a high Product Yield (51.06 %) and Encapsulation Efficiency (80.53 %), the study employed SEM for morphological analysis, revealing an irregular form and extensive surface in dentations characteristic of maltodextrin involvement. With a low moisture content of 3.02 % (±0.23 %) and 90.52 % solubility, the powder displayed exceptional properties. Probiotic viability remained robust, surviving up to 60 % even after 180 days at 4 °C, 25 °C, and 37 °C. Thermal characterization unveiled microcapsule resilience, exhibiting a glass transition temperature (Tg) at 138.61 °C and a melting point of 177.28 °C. The study systematically addresses crucial aspects of microencapsulation, including formulation optimization, morphological characteristics, and powder properties. Notably, the MDX-ALG-IN microcapsules demonstrated stability in simulated gastrointestinal conditions, indicating potential application for supplements and complex food matrices. In summary, this research contributes to microencapsulation understanding, emphasizing the MDX-ALG-IN formulation's efficacy in preserving probiotic viability across production stages and simulated digestive processes.

Use of Probiotics for Safe Quail Meat Production

Safe meat production is an important aspect to avoid human health hazards. The use of probiotics in poultry is an important tool to produce safe meat among several established biotechnological approaches. In this experiment, we studied the effects of probiotics for producing safe Japanese quail meat. 150 Japanese quail chicks were reared for a period of six weeks using various doses of probiotics (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2g per litre of water). The chicks were randomly distributed into five treatment groups with three replications each. The number of birds in each replication was 10. After rearing six weeks, significantly high body weight was found at probiotic concentrations of 1, 1.5, and 2g per litre of water. The feed intake in various treatments did not differ significantly, but comparatively better feed conversion ratios were observed at probiotic treatments. Water quality was not significantly differed as a result of addition of probiotics to the water. The reason for this better growth performance is probably due to the multiple benefits of probiotics in poultry. Probiotics could have maintained gut health with better nutrient utilization and availability that might have been led to higher body weight gain in the quail. In future experiments, challenging the birds with diseases or comparing probiotics with antibiotic growth promoters is required to ensure the efficiency of probiotics.

Effectiveness of probiotics in growing broiler chicken

Antibacterial preparations are used to prevent bacterial diseases in poultry when raising broilers but given the negative factor of their residual accumulation in meat and the acquisition of resistance by pathogens, it became necessary to find alternative means. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of various concentrations of Bacillus coagulans on the growth and development of broiler chickens. Methods employed: microbiological; physiological to determine the state of health and safety of chickens; zootechnical; pathological; statistical. The chickens in the experiment had a higher live weight at Day 35: in Group 1 – by 11%, in Group 2 – by 15.4%, and in Group 3 – by 18.4%, as opposed to the control. The average daily body weight gain of chickens in groups with B. coagulans was higher, in Group 1–by 10.8%, in Group 2–by 15%, and in Group 3–by 18.3%. The preservation rate in all experimental groups, regardless of the probiotic concentration, was 100%, while in the control group – 80%. There was an increase in live weight in the following groups: Group 1–by 11%, Group 2 – by 15.5%, Group 3 – by 19%. Feed conversion was lower in Group 1 by 5.3%, in Group 2 – by 3.4%, and in Group 3 – by 2%, compared to the control. At the end of the study, the level of Lactobacillus sp. in the intestines of chickens in Group 1 was 33.78% higher, in Group 2 – by 50%, in Group 3 – by 78.37%; a decrease in the content of Enterobacteriaceae sp. in Group 1–by 51.48%, in Group 2 – by 65.11%, in Group 3–by 90.67%; Staphylococcus sp. in Group 1–by 15.04%, in Group 2–by 35.44%, in Group 3–by 51.47% (p≤0.05), in contrast to the control. The average bursal weight in Group 1 was 4.82% higher, in Group 2–30% higher, in Group 3–37.53% higher, and the bursal index was 15%, 25%, and 30% higher, respectively, compared to the control

ANALYSIS OF GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND FEED EFFICIENCY OF GIANT GOURAMY (Osphronemus gouramy) THROUGH THE ADDITION OF CHITOSAN AND PROBIOTICS

The purpose of this study was to determine the optimum level of addition of chitosan and probiotics in feed to increase the growth rate and daily feed consumption of giant gouramy (Osphronemus gouramy). The method used in this research is an experimental method of completely randomized design (CRD), which consists of five treatments and three replications. The treatments used were (A) without giving chitosan and probiotics (control), (B) giving chitosan at 7.5 g/kg feed and probiotics at 10 ml/kg feed, (C) giving chitosan at 7.5 g /kg feed and probiotics at 15 ml/kg feed, (D) chitosan at 7.5 g/kg feed and probiotics at 20 ml/kg feed, (E) chitosan at 7.5 g/kg feed and probiotics of 25 ml/kg feed. The parameters measured were absolute length absolute weight, specific growth rate, feed utilization efficiency ratio (EPP), survival rate, and water quality. Data were analyzed using the Anova test at the 5% level. The results showed that the addition of different concentrations of chitosan and probiotics to commercial feeds could affect growth, and EPP but did not affect the survival rate of giant gouramy. The results obtained during the study showed that treatment C with the addition of chitosan of 7.5 g/kg of feed and probiotics of 15 ml/kg of feed resulted in the highest absolute length growth of 4.87 cm, the highest absolute weight growth of 19,35 g, the highest daily growth rate was 46,08%, the feed efficiency was 91,5% and survival rate was 97,78%. Whereas in terms of the effectiveness of treatment B with the addition of chitosan 7.5 g/kg of feed and less probiotics, namely as much as 10 ml/kg of feed, the treatment was as good as treatment C.

The Biochemical, Microbiological, Antioxidant and Sensory Characterization of Fermented Skimmed Milk Drinks Supplemented with Probiotics Lacticaseibacillus casei and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus.

A variety of foods fermented with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) serve as dietary staples in many countries. The incorporation of health-promoting probiotics into fermented milk products can have profound effects on human health. Considering the health benefits of Yakult, the current study was undertaken to develop an enriched Yakult-like fermented skimmed milk drink by the addition of two probiotic strains, namely Lacticaseibacillus casei (Lc) and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus (Lr). The prepared drinks were compared in terms of various parameters, including their physicochemical properties, proximate chemical composition, mineral estimation, microbial viable count, antioxidant activity, and sensory evaluation. Each strain was employed at five different concentrations, including 1% (T1), 1.5% (T2), 2% (T3), 2.5% (T4), and 3% (T5). The prepared Yakult samples were stored at 4 °C and analyzed on days 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 to evaluate biochemical changes. The findings revealed that the concentration of the starter culture had a significant (p ≤ 0.05) impact on the pH value and moisture and protein contents, but had no marked impact on the fat or ash content of the developed product. With the Lc strain, Yakult's moisture content ranged from 84.25 ± 0.09 to 85.65 ± 0.13%, whereas with the Lr strain, it was from 84.24 ± 0.08 to 88.75 ± 0.13%. Protein levels reached their highest values with T5 (3% concentration). The acidity of all treatments increased significantly due to fermentation and, subsequently, pH showed a downward trend (p ≤ 0.05). The total soluble solids (TSS) content decreased during storage with Lc as compared to Lr, but the presence of carbohydrates had no appreciable impact. The drink with Lc exhibited a more uniform texture and smaller pore size than Yakult with Lr. Except for the iron values, which showed an increasing trend, the contents of other minerals decreased in increasing order of the added probiotic concentration used: 1% (T1), 1.5% (T2), 2% (T3), 2.5% (T4), and 3% (T5). The highest lactobacilli viable count of 8.69 ± 0.43 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL was observed with the T1 Lr-containing drink at the end of the storage period. Regarding the storage stability of the drink, the highest value for DPPH (88.75 ± 0.13%) was found with the T1 Lc drink on day 15, while the highest values for FRAP (4.86 ± 2.80 mmol Fe2+/L), TPC (5.97 ± 0.29 mg GAE/mL), and TFC (3.59 ± 0.17 mg GAE/mL) were found with the T5 Lr drink on day 28 of storage. However, the maximum value for ABTS (3.59 ± 0.17%) was noted with the T5 Lr drink on the first day of storage. The results of this study prove that Lc and Lr can be used in dairy-based fermented products and stored at refrigerated temperatures.