Inorganic Phosphorus Concentrations Research Articles

Genetic diversity and distribution of Karenia in the eastern coastal seas of China and implications for the trends in Karenia blooms under global environmental changes

Species of Karenia G. Hansen & Moestrup gen. nov. frequently contribute to intense harmful algal blooms on a global scale, resulting in detrimental effects on fisheries, aquatic ecosystems, and human health. Over the past two decades, there has been noticeable increase in the reporting of Karenia blooms, with outbreaks attributed to newly recorded species, sometimes with multiple causative species. This trend highlights an insufficient understanding of species diversity and geographical distribution of Karenia and related key environment drivers under global environmental change. In this study, we employed a tailored barcode for genus Karenia combined with high-throughput sequencing to examine the species diversity and geographical dispersion of Karenia, as well as their relationships with environment factors in the eastern Chinese coastal seas (ECCS) in spring and autumn. Our findings revealed an unprecedented presence of both described and unrecorded Karenia species in the ECCS. K. mikimotoi was predominantly observed in the cold waters of the ECCS north of 35°N in autumn and the major waters of the ECCS in spring, while various Karenia species tend to co-inhabit in the warmer waters of autumn in the East China Sea. Sea temperatures were significantly correlated to the distribution patterns of Karenia species in the ECCS. In contrast, concentrations of inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus were not identified as major correlates to Karenia distribution. In light of the findings of this study and the understanding that Karenia species exhibit strong mixotrophic capabilities, it is suggested that ocean warming and increased coastal eutrophication, particularly the rise of dissolved and particulate organic substances, may contribute to the proliferation of Karenia blooms associated with undocumented species and/or multiple causative species.

Shedding Light on The Existence of Furan Fatty Acids in Latex Lipids Across a Wide Diversity of Hevea brasiliensis Genotypes

Furan fatty acids produced by plants and bacteria, and present in some edible resources, have attracted significant scientific attention for their health benefits. They include 10,13-epoxy-11-methyl-octadecan-10,12-dienoic acid, which has been identified in the lipid fraction of latex from two Hevea brasiliensis genotypes commonly known as the source of natural rubber. Those two genotypes, namely RRIM501 and PB235, are from Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia (RRIM) and Prang Besar, Malaysia (PB), respectively. This research aimed to undertake the first ever investigation into the existence of this potential high value-added co-product in the lipid fraction of 48 Hevea brasiliensis genotypes, seeking to study the widest possible clonal variability. The results showed furan fatty acid exists in all lipid fractions of their latices. Its content varied significantly, ranging from 0.01% to 0.71% (w/w in latex), the highest concentrations were found in genotypes from the Institut de Recherche sur le Caoutchouc (IRCA) in Côte d'Ivoire, Prang Besar (PB) in Malaysia, and Rubber Research Institute of Vietnam (RRIV) in Vietnam breeding programs. A positive correlation with total fatty acid content was observed when its content exceeded 0.10%, suggesting an additive rather than a substitutive role with the other fatty acids present. Interestingly, linoleic and palmitoleic acids strongly correlated with the furan fatty acid concentration, indicating a possible biosynthetic pathway linkage. In terms of yield per tapping PB235, RRIV4, RRIV2, IRCA41, IRCA18, PB324, IRCA814, IRCA323, and IRCA109 genotypes showed the highest production potential, with yields range of 1 367–2 446 mg furan fatty acid per tree per tapping. Notably, the biochemical markers of natural rubber productivity (sucrose, inorganic phosphorus, thiols, and total solid content) showed no direct involvement in furan fatty acid biosynthesis during latex regeneration between tappings. Based on knowledge of the parentage of the studied clones, a trait heritability study was conducted and genotype PB5/51 was identified as a very worthwhile genitor for improving furan fatty acid contents in a breeding population.

Biochemical status of cattle depending on physiological state against the background of stress

The study aimed to ascertain the direction and depth of metabolic disorders in the bodies of cows belonging to different physiological groups, kept for a specified period in an environment with temperature exceeding the upper limit of the optimum range for this type of animal. The material for the study was blood serum from cows of different technological groups from one of the farms in the Odesa region of Ukraine. The state of metabolism in animals was determined by the following indicators: total protein, protein profile (albumin, globulins), the concentration of protein breakdown products (urea, creatinine), bilirubin, glucose, and enzyme activity: alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP); mineral profile (concentration of total calcium, inorganic phosphorus, magnesium) using reagent kits manufactured by Reagent PJSC (Ukraine). The obtained results were processed by the methods of variation statistics using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) software package StatPlus 5.9.8.5 (AnalystSoft Inc., USA). The article presents the results of studies of biochemical parameters in cattle depending on the physiological state against the background of stress (thermal and spontaneous). Significant violations of the studied levels of biochemical parameters in the group “Heifers (2–3 months before calving)” were found: an increase in the level of total protein by 6.9%, the number of globulins by 20.2%, total bilirubin by 29.1%, the activity of ALT and alkaline phosphatase by 20.0 and 18.0 %, respectively, as well as a decrease in the concentration of total calcium by 8.5 %, inorganic phosphorus by 13.1% and magnesium by 20.0%. Such a direction of changes in the group “Heifers (2–3 months before calving)” indicates a decrease in stress resistance in the second half of pregnancy, which disappears after calving, indicating the need for appropriate correction of this condition. It has been established that under the influence of stress, especially in the second half of pregnancy, there is an increase in total protein and globulins and a decrease in the concentration of total Calcium, Magnesium, and inorganic Phosphorus

Drying out fish ponds, for an entire growth season, as an agroecological practice: maintaining primary producers for fish production and biodiversity conservation.

Agroecology largely focusses on terrestrial agroecosystems, but it can also be applied to fish farming. Indeed, ponds are typically used for fish production in Europe, but are also important reservoirs of biodiversity. Numerous studies demonstrate that both fish production and biodiversity are strongly determined by human management. One key practice in extensive fish farming, although more rare in Europe, is to dry out ponds. They are left dry for a complete year after several years of fish production. However, the extent to which this practice affects the functioning of the ecosystem, its biodiversity and fish production remain unclear. We investigated data from 85 fish ponds in the Dombes region, France, sampled between 2007 and 2014. We related variation in key abiotic characteristics to the time since last dry out. The dataset included organic matter content in pond sediments and concentrations of inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus in the water column, and biotic components such as macrophytes cover and richness, phytoplankton concentration and richness, macroinvertebrates density, and fish yield. Our results show that drying out facilitates the mineralization of organic matter in sediments and results in higher concentrations of inorganic nitrogen in the water column. Macrophytes cover is highest during the first year after drying out, and gradually declines after at the expense of increasing phytoplankton concentration. The diversity of both is highest in the first year after drying out and declines rapidly, especially for macrophytes. Fish yield is at its maximum in the second year. Drying out fish ponds appears to be an important agroecological practice in extensive fish farming with an application every three to four years. By nutrient recycling, this practice has a positive impact on the balance between primary producers and indirectly on the whole food web during two years. It optimizes fish production and allows biodiversity conservation.

The microRNA399d-PHOSPHATE2 module alters rice sensitivity to rice ragged stunt virus by manipulating phosphate uptake.

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) production frequently faces threats from biotic and abiotic stressors, with rice ragged stunt virus (RRSV) as a substantial biotic factor. The relationship between inorganic phosphorus (Pi) content and susceptibility to RRSV is crucial yet poorly understood. This study investigates how phosphorus metabolism influences rice resistance to RRSV, focusing on genetic manipulations that modulate this relationship. The RRSV infection increased phosphate (Pi) content in the aerial parts of rice plants by enhancing Pi uptake and transport. Furthermore, the upregulation of microRNA399d (miR399d) and the suppression of its target gene OsPHOSPHATE2 (OsPHO2) enhanced Pi accumulation, increasing rice susceptibility to RRSV infection. Additionally, elevated Pi levels, which are associated with altered ROS dynamics, reduced ROS activity and potentially dampened the plant's innate immune response to viral infection. The miR399d-PHO2 module was identified as pivotal in mediating phosphate uptake and influencing susceptibility to RRSV through modulations in the phosphorus and ROS pathways. This study shed light on the regulatory mechanisms of phosphorus nutrition in rice, revealing a critical interaction between phosphorus metabolism, ROS dynamics, and viral defense. The findings suggest potential strategies for manipulating Pi levels to enhance plant resistance against viruses, opening avenues for agricultural improvements and disease management in rice.

Physiological research of young Russian sturgeons in modern ecological conditions of the Caspian sea

In the Volga-Caspian fisheries basin, artificial reproduction of sturgeon species is the primary source of replenishing their natural populations. The aim of this study is to conduct physiological research on juvenile Russian sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii) in the western part of the Northern Caspian Sea, to establish the features of fish homeostasis. The physiological condition of the specimens was studied using a set of physiological and biochemical parameters. Hematological, biochemical, and morpho-histological parameters were evaluated. In the blood of the fish, the contents of hemoglobin, total protein, glucose, inorganic phosphorus, calcium, creatinine, bilirubin, total lipids, cholesterol, and triglycerides were determined. In the muscle tissue of juvenile Russian sturgeon, the physiological and biochemical indicators studied included the content of the main reserve substances of the body — total lipids and water-soluble protein. Histological methods were used to assess the morpho-functional state of the gills. The variability of physiological and biochemical parameters in juvenile Russian sturgeon was calculated using descriptive statistics based on parametric and non-parametric criteria in the blood and muscles. According to the results of correlation statistical analysis, significant changes were observed in the tissues of the sturgeon juveniles, aimed at providing the body with sources of energy and nutrients used for the functioning of body tissues and serving as reserve stocks, as well as maintaining regulatory mechanisms of metabolism and its changes depending on fluctuating environmental conditions. The morphological examination of the gills revealed vascular disorders, hyperplasia, swelling, and hypertrophy of the respiratory epithelium cells, corresponding to borderline disturbances from mild to moderate damage, which was the organ’s response to external environmental influences.

Enhanced phosphorus removal from anoxic water using oxygen-carrying iron-rich biochar: Combined roles of adsorption and keystone taxa

Anthropogenic enrichment of phosphorus (P) in water environment can cause eutrophication, harmful algal blooms, and water quality deterioration. Adsorbents are often used for the removal and recovery of P from water, however, P is highly susceptible to re-release in anoxic benthic environments. As a response, this study prepared oxygen-carrying iron-rich biochar (O-Fe-BC) as an effective oxygen micro-nanobubble carrier (Q = 8.7024 cm³/g STP at 1.5 MPa) and P adsorbent (qm = 16.7097 mg P/g, q0.1 = 3.1974 mg P/g). Over the 90-day experimental period with O-Fe-BC, dissolved oxygen (DO) levels in the overlying water could maintain at ∼4 mg/L (peaking at ∼9.5 mg/L), and total phosphorus (TP) and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) levels decreased by over 96 %. The higher inorganic phosphorus content in the surface sediment-biochar mixture, along with the lower labile P and Fe concentration in the sediment pore water in the O-Fe-BC group compared to other groups, suggested the enhanced P immobilization. Further mechanism exploration revealed the combined roles of adsorption and microbial response, in which O-Fe-BC achieved efficient phosphate adsorption primarily through inner-sphere complexation via ligand exchange and keystone taxa (particularly Candidatus Electronema) played a crucial role in driving water chemistry divergence. Specially, these cable bacteria could provide large pools of Fe oxides in the surface sediment, binding with P to prevent its release, as supported by significant correlations between Ca. Electronema abundance and oxidation–reduction potential (ORP), TP, SRP, and sediment Fe-P variations. Additionally, a pot experiment with mung bean seedlings showed that the recovered O-Fe-BC significantly promoted the seed germination and growth, indicating its potential as a novel material for removing and recovering P from eutrophic waters. Taken together, our work provided a promising strategy for sustainable anoxia and P pollution mitigation, and also highlighted the indispensable roles of inner-sphere adsorption in P recovery and microbial keystone taxa in P cycling regulation.

Disentangling the contributions of anthropogenic nutrient input and physical forcing to long-term deoxygenation off the Pearl River Estuary, China

Deoxygenation in estuarine and coastal waters worldwide has been largely attributed to the increasing anthropogenic nutrient input, whereas the contribution by long-term (decadal) changes in physical forcing is less investigated. This study aims to disentangle the impacts of three-decade changes in summer river nutrient concentration and physical forcing on the deoxygenation off a large eutrophic estuary, the Pearl River Estuary (PRE) in China. Using a coupled physical-biogeochemical model, we reproduce the observed summer oxygen conditions under the historical (the 1990s) and present (the 2020s) status of river nutrient concentration, freshwater discharge, and wind forcing. We show that the bottom hypoxic (dissolved oxygen < 2 mg/L) area off the PRE in the 2020s has increased by 73 % relative to the 1990s. The expansion is a result of the increased bottom water oxygen consumption outweighing the enhanced vertical oxygen supply, with the former driven by the sharp increase in inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations (160 %) and the latter caused by the decadal decline in both freshwater discharge (38 %) and wind speed (12.5 %) in summer. Model experiments suggest that if the observed changes in physical forcing had not occurred, the dramatic increase in anthropogenic nutrient concentrations from the 1990s to 2020s could have led to a much greater expansion of hypoxic area (249 %). On the contrary, the decadal decrease in summer freshwater discharge alone (while keeping the nutrient loading the same as in the 1990s) almost eliminates hypoxia off the PRE by weakening water column stratification and limiting the offshore spread of nutrients and organic matter, whereas the declined wind speed increases the hypoxic area by 247 % mainly through enhancing water column stability. Our results reveal that long-term changes in physical forcing are confounding the effects of anthropogenic nutrient input on deoxygenation, underlining the need to consider regional forcing changes in nutrient management to meet water quality goals.

Variation in foliar inorganic phosphorus concentrations in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)

ABSTRACT Breeding ryegrass for reduced inorganic phosphorus (Pi) concentrations in leaf vacuoles could lower pasture P fertiliser requirements with economic and environmental benefits. We investigated foliar Pi% accumulation characteristics of a range of ryegrass cultivars and ecotypes in glasshouse experiments, and ryegrass cultivars from two field trials. Pi in ryegrass was also compared with Pi in cocksfoot, tall fescue, prairie grass and Phalaris in a glasshouse experiment. Pi expressed as a percentage of leaf total phosphorus was higher (average 82.5%) in the older ryegrass cultivars – Ruanui, and Nui and the New Zealand hill country ecotypes (85%) than in more recently bred cultivars like Aberdart and One50 (74.7%). In the other grass species, foliar Pi% was lowest in prairie grass, intermediate in tall fescue with the highest values in cocksfoot, Phalaris and ryegrass. The results suggest that including a lower Pi concentration in future ryegrass breeding programmes might improve ryegrass P use efficiency without compromising growth rates.

Comprehensive evaluation of phosphate deficiency tolerance in common vetch germplasms and the adaption mechanism to phosphate deficiency

Common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) is widely planted as forage, green manure and food. Phosphate (Pi) deficiency is an important constraint for legume crop production. In this study, P-deficiency tolerance in 40 common vetch collections was evaluated under hydroponic condition. The collections were clustered into three groups based on the tolerance level. Physiological responses to P-deficiency in two tolerant collections (418 and 426) in comparison with one sensitive collection (415) were investigated. Greater growth inhibition was observed in sensitive collection compared with two tolerant collections, although the inorganic phosphorus (P) content in sensitive collection was higher than those in tolerant collections. The internal and external purple acid phosphatase activity in plants showed no significant difference between 418 and 415 under low phosphate condition. Transcriptomic analysis in the tolerant collection 426 in response to Pi starvation showed that many common adaptive strategies were applied and PHOSPHATE STARVATION RESPONSE (PHR)-related Pi signaling and transporter genes were altered. VsPHT1.2 had the highest expression level in root among all VsPHT1s, and it was remarkably upregulated after short time of P-deficiency treatment in tolerant collections compared with sensitive collection. In conclusion, common vetch response to P starvation by altering the expressions of core genes involved in Pi transport and signaling, and the elevated expression of VsPHT1.2 gene might contribute to higher Pi acquisition efficiency in P-deficiency tolerant collections.

Machine learning and experiments on hydrothermal liquefaction of sewage sludge: Insight into migration and transformation mechanisms of phosphorus

Sewage sludge (SS), as a phosphorus (P)-rich wet biomass, can generate a large number of P-containing high-value by-products after converted to biofuel by hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL). However, the potential mechanisms of migration and transformation of phosphorus in this process are unclear due to the complexity of SS composition and HTL processes. In this work, Gradient Boosting Regression (GBR) algorithm was employed in machine learning (ML) models to investigate the impacts of input features on the phosphorus content and forms during HTL. Machine learning models showed good performance with an average training R2 > 0.95 and an average testing R2 > 0.85. Further, representative HTL conditions including temperature (270–350 °C) and residence time (20–60 min) were selected for experiment validation of studied mechanisms. The results indicated that with temperature and time increasing, phosphorus recovery (R_P) increased from 86.85 % to 92.65 % and the relative content of apatite inorganic phosphorus in hydrochar (APRC_HC) increased from 33.67 % to 39.06 %. The relative content of inorganic phosphorus in hydrochar (IPRC_HC) stabilized at 98 % at above 270 °C. 85 % of phosphorus in SS migrated to hydrochar after HTL, and most of P was in the form of IP. Ca3(PO4)2 and Ca4P6O19 were detected by X-ray diffraction (XRD). This information can provide significant theoretical support for phosphorus resource recovery in hydrochar derived from HTL of SS.

Effect of pyrolysis temperature on the transformation of phosphorus forms in sludge biochar

ABSTRACT The Standards, Measurements, and Testing (SMT) phosphorus fractionation approach was used to measure the amounts of total phosphorus (TP), organic phosphorus (OP), inorganic phosphorus (IP), apatite inorganic phosphorus (AP), and non-apatite inorganic phosphorus (NAIP) in sludge biochar. Sludge biochar was characterized using methods such as X-ray diffraction, elemental analysis, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The findings showed that IP content increased significantly after pyrolysis, reaching up to 97% of TP content at the optimal temperature of 350 °C. Furthermore, when the pyrolysis temperature increased, the AP/IP ratio showed fluctuations between decreases and increases, maximum at 60%. The results of the correlation analysis indicate that IP has a positive correlation with yield, pH, and S elements (p &amp;lt; 0.05) and a negative correlation with N, C, and H elements (p &amp;lt; 0.01). OP, on the other hand, has a positive correlation with H elements (p &amp;lt; 0.05) and a negative correlation with yield (p &amp;lt; 0.01). Furthermore, TP, NAIP, and AP all show negative correlations with N, C, and H elements (p &amp;lt; 0.01), with TP and NAIP also displaying negative correlations with pH and S elements (p &amp;lt; 0.05).

Fertilizers and Manures Enhance the Bioavailability of Soil Phosphorus Fractions in Karst Grassland

Phosphorus is one of the major constraints to karst grassland productivity. Understanding the effects of different fertilization practices on soil phosphorus dynamics is essential for enhancing phosphorus bioavailability and rational management of soil phosphorus in karst grasslands. Here, we investigated the effects of fertilizers and manures on soil bioavailability of phosphorus fractions and explored the relationship between soil properties and soil phosphorus fractions. The four fertilizer application designs were as follows: control (CK; no fertilizer or manure); fertilization (F); manure application (M); fertilization and manure application (FM). The results showed that total phosphorus (TP) concentration was elevated by 23%, 1%, and 42% in F, M, and FM treatments, respectively, compared with CK. F and FM treatments enhanced the total inorganic phosphorus (Pi) concentration by 65% and 66%, respectively, while M and FM treatments enhanced the total organo-phosphorus (Po) concentration by 21% and 35%, respectively. FM treatment elevated bioavailable P, active Po, secondary mineral P, primary mineral P, and occluded P by 69%, 39%, 50%, 31%, and 41%, respectively. Fertilizers inhibited soil acid phosphatase activity, whereas alkaline phosphatase did not respond significantly to fertilizer management in low-latitude karst regions. SOM, TN, AP, and MBP are the key factors affecting the bioavailability of phosphorus fractions. The combined application of fertilizer and manure is the most beneficial measure for enhancing soil phosphorus bioavailability. This research helps deepen our understanding of soil phosphorus dynamics in the karst areas and provides a basis for further enhancement of nutrient availability and vegetation productivity of grassland ecosystems.

The Determination of Minerals in Soil, Water, Fodder, and Serum and their Effects on Reproductive Efficiency of Nili Ravi Buffaloes

Introduction: Minerals play an essential role in the reproductive performance of dairy animals, especially in buffaloes. The present study aimed to evaluate the mineral concentrations in different types of samples, including soil used for fodder cultivation, canal water used for fodder irrigation, drinking water for buffaloes, fodder used for buffalo feeding, and serum of buffaloes and their effects on the reproductive efficiency of buffaloes. Materials and methods: The current study was carried out for three months and samples were analyzed twice at the beginning and the end of the study. The concentrations of calcium, magnesium, and inorganic phosphorus in the soil were checked through the versinate method. The concentration of calcium, magnesium, and inorganic phosphorus in water was checked through the titration method and the concentration of calcium, magnesium, and inorganic phosphorus contents in fodder was checked through the wet digestion method. The minerals of blood serum (n = 80) were analyzed through commercial kits. Results: In canal water, calcium concentration was higher for irrigation compared to buffalo drinking water. Similarly, on the upper surface of the soil compared to its low surface, the level of calcium was high. Calcium values of serum were higher in cyclic buffaloes compared to buffalo heifers. In comparison to all groups, the levels of inorganic phosphorus were found to be lower in non-cyclic buffaloes. Similarly, the calcium-to-phosphorus ratio was found to be lower in non-cyclic buffaloes and heifers compared to repeat breeders and cyclic buffaloes. At the beginning of the study, cyclic buffaloes had higher magnesium levels than all other groups, except for non-cyclic buffaloes. By the end of the study, magnesium concentrations were higher in non-cyclic buffaloes and heifers compared to repeat breeders and cyclic buffaloes. Conclusion: The mineral deficiencies in water and soil can affect the fodder content in the feed of buffaloes.

Inorganic phosphorous availability and mobility in a manufactured soil

Manufactured soils, created by combining various organic and inorganic waste materials and byproducts, may be tailored to specific applications, providing an alternative to the extraction of natural soils. It is important for them to be capable of supporting plant growth without the need for significant management or fertiliser applications, the over-application of which can have adverse environmental effects.We examined the dynamics of phosphorus (P) transformations within a manufactured soil and the implications for nutrient cycling. A freshly prepared manufactured soil (32.5 % composted green waste, 32.5 % composted bark, 25 % horticultural grit, and 10 % lignite clay) was studied over one year in temperature and moisture controlled mesocosms. Leachate was collected to achieve high-resolution monitoring of leached phosphate concentrations.Initially, leached dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) concentrations were low (0.02 ± 0.01 mg P L−1), before increasing by 160 μg P L−1 d−1 over the first 42 days to 5.57 ± 1.23 mg P L−1. After reaching a maximum concentration, DIP concentrations remained relatively consistent, varying by only 1.67 mg P L−1 until day 270. The increase in leached DIP was likely driven by soil organic matter mineralisation and the cleavage of carbon‑phosphorus bonds by the soil microbes to satisfy carbon demand with mineralogical influences, such as a decrease in apatite content, also contributing. Sorption and desorption from soil particles were the processes behind the P loss from the soil, which was followed by slow diffusion and eventual loss via leaching. The fertiliser application on phosphate dynamics resulted in increased DIP leaching.P concentrations observed in the manufactured soil were within the range considered sufficient to support plant growth. However, the mean leached phosphorus concentrations were higher than reported eutrophication thresholds suggesting that these soils may pose a risk to surface waters in their current form.

Evaluation of the Effects of Environmental Factors on Seasonal Variations in Fish Diversity on a Coastal Island in Western Japan

Coastal habitats are crucial for supporting ecological processes and serve as vital ecosystems for diverse fish species, providing essential functions such as feeding, nursery provision, and reproductive habitats. Fish communities are ecologically important components of coastal ecosystems and are affected by multiple environmental factors. Despite their importance, determining the effects of environmental factors on seasonal variations in fish species diversity and community dynamics remains a challenge. The advent of environmental DNA (eDNA) technology, an environmentally conscious approach, has resulted in considerable advancements in recent years and has been progressively adopted for marine fish population monitoring. Here, we used environmental DNA metabarcoding to study seasonal variations in fish community structure on a coastal island, and we assessed the effects of environmental factors in structuring these communities. Our findings revealed a rich diversity of 72 fish species across 40 families and 23 orders in the seawater surrounding an island of the Seto Inland Sea (SIS), Western Japan. Notably, the composition of fish communities varied significantly between seasons, with seawater temperature, salinity, and dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) concentration identified as important factors correlated with fish communities’ structures. In conclusion, our study provides useful information of fish diversity, and we suggest that eDNA is a valuable technique for monitoring fish diversity in coastal areas. These findings are crucial for ecological studies and the environmental monitoring of oceanic coastal environments.

Characteristics and Release Risk of Phosphorus from Sediments in a Karst Canyon Reservoir, China

With the continuous improvement of surface water environmental quality in China, sediment has gradually become the focus of research on internal pollution in reservoirs. To investigate the forms, distribution, and migration patterns of phosphorus in karst canyon reservoir sediments, we employed an improved sequential graded extraction method to determine phosphorus content in the sediments of the Wanfeng Reservoir. We studied the spatial distribution characteristics and release risk of phosphorus form in the sediments. The results showed that the total phosphorus (TP) content ranged from 79.37 to 438.04 mg·kg−1, while inorganic phosphorus (IP) content ranged from 77.32 to 424.64 mg·kg−1. Iron–aluminum-bound inorganic phosphorus (Fe/Al-Pi) accounted for 36.41% and was found to be the dominant form of IP. Organic phosphorus (OP) content ranged from 1.84 to 13.59 mg·kg−1, with weakly adsorbed organic phosphorus (H2O-Po) being the dominant form of OP. Potentially active inorganic phosphorus (NaHCO3-Pi) showed a highly significant positive correlation (p &lt; 0.01) with Fe/Al-Pi, residual phosphorus (Res-P), and TP. This indicates that potentially active phosphorus (NaHCO3-P) is a significant potential source of phosphorus (P) in the reservoir. Biologically active phosphorus (BAP) content ranged from 66.97 to 201.46 mg·kg−1, with BAP/TP ratios ranging from 55.6% to 59.6%. The risk of phosphorus release from Wanfeng Reservoir sediments is high. The release of various forms of phosphorus from sediments is one of the important factors leading to the deterioration of water quality in the reservoir area in the future. To effectively manage water ecology in karst canyon reservoirs, it is essential to reduce the risk of endogenous phosphorus release.

Biochar as a potential tool to mitigate nutrient exports from managed boreal forest: A laboratory and field experiment

AbstractForest management in drained forested peatlands can negatively affect water quality due to the increase in exports of organic matter and nutrients. Therefore, new methods to alleviate this impact are needed. In laboratory conditions, biochar has been shown to be a strong sorbent of organic and inorganic nutrients due to its high surface area and ion‐exchange capacity. However, evidence of the adsorption capacity in field conditions is lacking. Here, we studied the water purification performance of two different biochar feedstocks (wood‐ and garden residue‐based) in a 10‐day laboratory experiment where we incubated biochar with runoff water collected from drainage ditches in clear‐cut peatland forests. We measured changes in pH and concentrations of inorganic phosphorus (PO4), total dissolved nitrogen (TDN), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). The biochar with the best adsorbent capacity in the laboratory experiment was then tested in field conditions in a replicated catchment‐scale experiment, where both clear‐cutting and ditch cleaning were performed. We determined the nutrient concentration of water at the inlet and outlet of biochar filters placed in outflow ditches of four catchments. We found that under laboratory conditions wood‐based biochar efficiently adsorbed TDN and DOC, however, it released PO4. Furthermore, we found that the biochar filters reduced TDN and DOC concentration in field conditions. However, the percentage decrease in concentration was dependent on the initial concentrations of nutrients in the water and could be considered low. Moreover, we found that the biochar in the filters increased in TN content over the course of the experiment. This suggests that a wood‐based biochar filter has the potential to be a water protection tool for reducing the export of nutrients from catchments with high nutrient concentration. And that the biochar from the ditches could be applied back to the regenerating forest catchment as a potential soil amendment, closing the nutrient cycle.

Clinical Impact of Cytokine Release Syndrome on Prolonged Hematotoxicity after Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell Therapy: KyoTox A-Score, a Novel Prediction Model

Prolonged hematotoxicity is the most common long-term adverse event in chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy (CAR-T). To evaluate the impact on prolonged cytopenia of inflammatory status after CAR T infusion, we performed a single-center retrospective study and analyzed patients with B cell lymphomas after CAR-T. Among 90 patients analyzed at 90 days after infusion, the cumulative incidence was 57.5% for prolonged neutropenia, 36.7% for anemia, and 49.8% for thrombocytopenia. Patients who experienced cytokine release syndrome (CRS) had significantly higher incidence and longer duration of prolonged cytopenia. In addition, we found that among patients with grade 1 CRS, those with a longer duration of CRS-related symptoms (>5 days; grade 1b in modified CRS grading [m-CRS]) had a significantly higher incidence and longer duration of prolonged cytopenia than those whose CRS-related symptoms resolved within 5 days (grade 1a m-CRS). Multivariate analysis revealed that a higher m-CRS grade (grade 1b or 2; hazard ratio [HR], 2.42), higher peak CRP (≥10 mg/dL; HR, 1.66), longer duration of elevated CRP (≥10 days; HR, 1.83), and a decrease in serum inorganic phosphorus concentration (≥30% from baseline; HR, 1.95) were associated with significantly higher cumulative incidence of prolonged neutropenia, as well as anemia and thrombocytopenia. Using these factors, we developed a new predictive scoring model for prolonged hematotoxicity, the KyoTox a-score, which can successfully stratify the incidence and duration of cytopenia independent of the existing model, CAR-HEMATOTOX, which is based on laboratory data at lymphodepletion. Thus, this newly developed post-CAR-T inflammation-dependent score is accurate and useful for predicting prolonged hematotoxicity.

Study on the existing forms and recovery efficiencies of phosphorus in biochar from excess sludge.

With the background of carbon neutrality, the resource and energy utilization of excess sludge (ES) have become the focus of future research. The pyrolysis of ES can produce biochar and enrich phosphorus (P). In this paper, the existing forms and recovery efficiencies of P in biochar from ES (BCES) were investigated. The results showed that the total phosphorus (TP) content of BCES at 850 °C was 65.1 mg/g, and the inorganic phosphorus (IP) content was 64.2 mg/g. The TP content of BCES was two times heavier than that of ES. The main ingredient of ES was quartz (SiO2), while the main phases of BCES were quartz (SiO2) and aluminum phosphate (AlPO4) at 650 -850 °C, and P mainly existed in the form of AlPO4. When the pyrolysis temperature was 800 and 850 °C, two new minerals appeared: Ca5(PO4)3OH and CaZn2(PO4)2·2H2O. Based on the conditions of a leaching time of 150 min, a H2SO4 concentration of 0.2 mol/L, a stirring rate of 220 rpm and a liquid-solid ratio of 50 mL/g, the leaching efficiency of P in BCES was found to be 100%. The pyrolysis temperature had no effect on leaching efficiencies of P; however, a higher pyrolysis temperature promoted metal leaching content.