Concentrations Of CuSO4 Research Articles

Assessing antioxidant responses in C6 and U-87 MG cell lines exposed to high copper levels

Copper excess has been tested as an anticancer therapy, due to its properties to generate oxidative stress resulting in tumoral cell death. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of copper excess on oxidative stress and antioxidant responses in glioma cells, establishing the antioxidant system as a target of copper toxicity in tumoral cells. C6 and U-87 MG cells were exposed to CuSO4 (0–600 μM) for 24-48 h. SOD, CAT, GPx, GR, and CK activities, protein and non-protein thiol levels (PSH and NPSH), and O2− production were assessed, alongside SOD1, GPx1, and GR gene expression. Results revealed a decrease in GPx, GR, and CAT activity after CuSO4 exposure in both cell lines over 24-48 h, while SOD activity initially increased, then declined after 48 h. CK activity was also decreased in C6 cells. NPSH and PSH levels dropped after 24 h, and O2− production was observed in all CuSO4 concentrations. GR mRNA was reduced in both cell lines, contrasting with increased GPx1 mRNA in C6. U-87 MG cells exhibited higher levels of SOD1 mRNA, while C6 cells displayed lower expression. Our findings suggest that copper excess limits antioxidant enzyme activity and thiol levels, particularly in the C6 cells, likely attributable to oxidative stress or direct copper-enzyme interactions. Moreover, our results imply differences in copper toxicity regarding the cell lineage used, highlighting the importance of analyzing high copper levels effects in different models. Moreover, it could be proposed that the antioxidant system is a target of copper toxicity, contributing to glioma cell death.

Copper sulfate-induced stress in Spinach: Metabolic pathway disruption and plant response

Copper sulfate (CuSO4) stress profoundly affects plant growth by interfering with key metabolic pathways. This disruption leads to significant alterations in various physiological parameters, ultimately impacting the overall health and productivity of the plant. This study assessed the impact of CuSO4 stress on spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) through a pot experiment using CuSO4 concentrations of 0, 75, 125, and 175 ppm. We noticed that at 75 ppm, CuSO4 improved plant height and the concentration of soluble sugar and ascorbic acid compared to the control. Additionally, amino acid, phenol, proline, fresh weight, and moisture content peaked at 175 ppm. Conversely, at 125 and 175 ppm, plant height, dry weight, leaf area, and concentrations of ascorbic acid and sugar significantly decreased. Moreover, at 175 ppm, there were substantial decreases in chlorophyll a (14.8%), chlorophyll b (73.6%), carotenoids (15%), and photosynthetic rates compared to the control. However, the chlorophyll a to chlorophyll b ratio increased by 29.53% at 175 ppm. In addition, protein and phenol contents diminished at 75 and 125 ppm. Elevated CuSO4 levels increased non-protein thiol levels while reducing the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and glutathione peroxidase. Stress hormones such as abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene increased with CuSO4 stress, whereas growth hormones indol-acetic acid and gibberellic acid declined. This study demonstrates that spinach shows improved growth and metabolic function at 75 ppm CuSO4, indicating tolerance to mild stress. However, higher CuSO4 concentrations (125 and 175 ppm) significantly reduce growth parameters, chlorophyll content, and enzyme activities, highlighting the need for careful CuSO4 management in agriculture to avoid adverse effects on plant health and productivity.

Copper-induced oxidative stress inhibits asexual reproduction of Aurelia coerulea polyps

ObjectiveOur research aims to investigate the specific mechanisms by which copper inhibits the asexual proliferation of Aurelia coerulea polyps. MethodsAurelia coerulea polyps were exposed to various CuSO4 concentrations to study metamorphosis and budding proliferation. Oxidative stress markers (ROS, MDA, CAT, H2O2, T-AOC, SOD) were measured in polyps and early strobilae. Transcriptomic analysis were used to compare differences in gene expression and enrichment pathways between untreated and copper-exposed polyps. Additionally, RT-qPCR was used to analyze the expression of key molecules. Antioxidant L-Ascorbic acid was applied to determine the role of oxidative stress in asexual reproduction of Aurelia coerulea polyps when exposed to copper. ResultsCopper inhibited strobilization and budding of Aurelia coerulea polyps in a dose-dependent manner, in which oxidative stress was involved. Transcriptomic data suggested that the DNA replication pathway was significantly enriched in early strobilae compared to polyps. However, copper treatment repealed the difference of DNA replication pathway between early strobilae compared and polyps. Transcriptomic data suggested that alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism pathways were enriched in untreated budding polyps compared to copper-exposed polyps. After applying the antioxidant L-Ascorbic acid to copper-exposed polyps, various oxidative indicators changed to different extents, with increases in ROS, MDA, CAT, H2O2, and SOD and a decrease in T-AOC. Further more, the time required for polyps to develop into early strobila was shortened, indicating that the delay in metamorphosis caused by copper exposure was effectively alleviated. And the budding rate increased, indicating that the inhibition of budding proliferation caused by copper exposure was effectively alleviated. The expression of key genes were consist with the transcriptomic sequencing results. ConclusionCopper exposure causes oxidative stress resulting in the inhibition of asexual reproduction in Aurelia coerulea polyps, including metamorphosis and budding.

Recombinant laccase biosynthesis for efficient polydopamine coating

Laccases are versatile biocatalysts with interest for various industrial applications. This study reports the expression of Trametes versicolor laccase in Komagataella phaffii X33. The cultivation parameters (methanol and CuSO4 concentration, and temperature) for recombinant laccase production were studied in an orbital shaker. Enhanced laccase production was achieved by adding 1 % (v/v) methanol daily, supplementing 0.1 mM CuSO4 and incubating at 25 °C. Under these conditions, laccase production was scaled-up in a 4 L stirred tank bioreactor. Subsequently, laccase was concentrated and purified using a combined protocol of ultrafiltration and acetone precipitation, achieving a purification factor of 3.02. The laccase produced exhibited robust stability within a pH range from 4.0 to 8.0 and thermal stability up to 30 °C. Michaelis Menten kinetic revealed Michaelis constant (KM) and maximum rate of reaction (Vmax) values of 44.5 µM and 110.9 µM/min, respectively. Finally, laccase was employed as a biocatalyst to assist the polymerization of dopamine to polydopamine, allowing the one-step coating of cellulose filter paper, as confirmed by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-Vis DRS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). This work represents an advance in the field of laccase production in both orbital shaker and bioreactor, while demonstrating, for the first time, the laccase-assisted polymerization of dopamine for the coating of filter paper with polydopamine.

Copper and Temperature Interaction Induced Gill and Liver Lesions and Behaviour Alterations in Mozambique Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus)

Climate changes linked to extreme events pose a threat to freshwater biodiversity, impacting organs, behaviour, and reproduction. Moreover, these changes can be amplified by pollution. Copper sulphate (CuSO4) is used in agriculture and aquaculture, so the copper can reach streams, rivers, and lakes impacting fish. This study evaluated the combined effects of temperature and copper on gills and liver histology biomarkers and in the behaviour of Mozambique tilapia over 28 days. Tilapias were exposed to different water temperatures (25 °C and 32 °C) and CuSO4 concentrations (1.1 and 3.6 mg/L). Fish from the control group were exposed to water without copper sulphate and at 25 °C (within their optimum range). Histopathological analysis revealed significant tissue lesions, namely aneurysms and bending of gill lamellae, and hyalinization and vacuolization in the liver at the higher temperature and CuSO4 level. Moreover, behavioural observations revealed increased stress changes under the same conditions. These findings highlight the effects of fast climate change, and rising temperatures on copper toxicity, underlining the necessity for strict monitoring and regulation of copper use due to future climate change scenarios to protect aquatic ecosystems, ichthyofauna population and trophic web dynamics. This data also alerts for similar problems with other toxic metals or chemicals, at short term, in streams and rivers, under rapid climate changes and more frequent extreme events.

Effect of Cuso4 ⋅ 5H2O Concentration and Reaction Solution Temperature on the Uniformity of Cu Coating Prepared by Electroless Plating on Graphite Surface

AbstractCopper plating on graphite surfaces is employed as an effective strategy to enhance the wettability between Cu and graphite, which is otherwise inadequate. To achieve a uniformly coated Cu layer on graphite surfaces, this study utilized rotational electroless plating. Subsequently, the effects of CuSO4 ⋅ 5H2O concentrations (10, 15, 20, and 25 g/L) and reaction solution temperatures (30, 40, 50, and 60 °C) on the uniformity and density of the Cu coating on the graphite surface were investigated. The findings reveal that variations in the concentration of the CuSO4 ⋅ 5H2O have a limited impact on the uniformity and densification of the Cu coating. Specifically, as the concentration of CuSO4 ⋅ 5H2O increases from 10 g/L to 25 g/L, there is a slight decrease in the uniformity and integrity of the Cu coating, with the density of Cu‐coated graphite powder decreasing marginally from 3.646 g/cm3 to 6.642 g/cm3. In contrast, the temperature of the reaction solution has a significant effect on the uniformity and densification of the Cu coating. With an increase in the reaction solution temperature from 30 °C to 60 °C, there is a noticeable deterioration in the uniformity and integrity of the Cu coating, with a decrease in the density of Cu‐coated graphite powder from 3.653 g/cm3 to 6.620 g/cm3.

Impact of quercetin on autophagy and apoptosis induced by a high concentration of CuSO4 in porcine ovarian granulosa cells

Copper is a vital micronutrient necessary for the maintenance of physiological functions. However, excessive amounts can lead to organ damage. Porcine ovarian granulosa cells are damaged by a high concentration of CuSO4, which can reduce the reproductive capacity of sows. Quercetin has shown remarkable efficacy in mitigating the harmful effects of heavy metals. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a high concentration of CuSO4 on autophagy and apoptosis in porcine ovarian granulosa cells and to explore whether quercetin can counteract these toxic effect. Cell morphology, and the mRNA expression levels of autophagy-related genes (LC3-Ⅰ, ATG5, ATG7, ATG12, Beclin1, mTOR, LC3-Ⅱ and P62) were significantly changed upon treatment with 200 and 400 µM CuSO4. Treatment with 200 µM CuSO4 increased expression of P62 protein (P<0.05), promoted LC3-Ⅰ to LC3-Ⅱ conversion (P<0.05), and reduced PINK1 protein expression and the ATP content (P<0.05). In addition, expression of Caspase3 protein was increased and TUNEL staining indicated that the number of apoptotic cells was increased. However, co-treatment with 10 µM quercetin significantly decreased expression of P62 and conversion of LC3-Ⅰ to LC3-Ⅱ. Furthermore, flow cytometric analysis revealed that addition of 10 µM quercetin significantly reduced apoptosis induced by a high concentration of CuSO4. In summary, the results indicate that a high concentration of CuSO4 can trigger mitochondrial and autophagy dysfunction, activate mitochondrial apoptosis pathway, and exert cytotoxic effects. Quercetin can mitigate autophagy dysfunction, enhance autophagic processes, and alleviate apoptosis.

Study on the Genotoxic Effect of Copper Sulphate in the Spotted Snakehead Fish Channa Punctatus (Bloch, 1793)

The genotoxic effects of a herbicide containing CuSO4 were assessed using the micronucleus assay in Channa punctatus. The study involved intraperitoneal administration of three different doses (1.0, 3.0, and 5.0 mg/kg body weight) and exposure to varying concentrations of copper sulphate (15, 25, and 35 ppm) in laboratory aquaria. Peripheral blood smears stained with 15 to 20% Giemsa (pH=7.0) were examined. Apart from micronuclei, the herbicide induced other nuclear and cytoplasmic abnormalities. The findings suggest a direct impact of increasing CuSO4 concentration on the biological samples of Channa punctatus. This fish species is commonly found in freshwater habitats like ponds, ditches, wetlands, and rice fields, especially in Odisha, India. India is crucial for maintaining aquatic biodiversity. The study highlights the potential detrimental effects of improper use of CuSO4 containing pesticides in agriculture on Channa punctatus and emphasizes the need for careful management of such chemicals to protect aquatic ecosystems.

Toxicological impact of copper and zinc exposure on liver and gill tissues of Oreochromis mossambicus

Abstract Copper and zinc are needed as essential nutrients for plants, animals, and human’s daily basic activity, however, at high concentrations and prolonged exposure they bring harmful effect to life creature and the environment. Thus, this study aimed at finding out the toxicological impact of copper and zinc on liver and gill tissues of Oreochromis mossambicus. This study used 21 male tilapia (60-100 grams), which grouped into 7 treatment groups, K1 was negative control; K2, K3, and K4 were exposed to 1, 2.5, and 5 mg/L CuSO4; K5, K6, and K7 were exposed to 2.5, 5, and 7.5 mg/L ZnCl2, respectively, for 15 days. Fish liver and gill were collected for histopathological procedure using hematoxylin-eosin. The results showed similar figure of tissues damages between treatment groups, including melanomacrophage center, vacuolar degeneration, cell necrosis, and hemorrhage. The spreading of MMCs in the liver tissue of tilapia fish exposed to copper was higher than in zinc exposure. In gills tissue, several minor, moderate, and severe changes were observed, revealed that the higher the concentration of CuSO4 and ZnCl2 exposure the more severe the tissue damage observed. In conclusion, both CuSO4 and ZnCl2 exposure changes the histopathology of liver and gill of tilapia fish.

Insights into copper sensing and tolerance in Pneumocystis species.

Pneumocystis species are pathogenic fungi known to cause pneumonia in immunocompromised mammals. They are obligate to their host, replicate extracellularly in lung alveoli and thrive in the copper-enriched environment of mammalian lungs. In this study, we investigated the proteome of Pneumocystis murina, a model organism that infects mice, in the context of its copper sensing and tolerance. The query for copper-associated annotations in FungiDB followed by a manual curation identified only 21 genes in P. murina, significantly fewer compared to other clinically relevant fungal pathogens or phylogenetically similar free-living fungi. We then employed instrumental analyses, including Size-Exclusion Chromatography Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (SEC-ICP-MS), Immobilized Metal Affinity Chromatography (IMAC), and Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), to isolate and identify copper-binding proteins from freshly extracted organisms, revealing 29 distinct cuproproteins. The RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis of P. murina exposed to various CuSO4 concentrations at three temporal intervals (0.5, 2, and 5 h) indicated that significant gene expression changes occurred only under the highest CuSO4 concentration probed (100 μM) and the longest exposure duration (5 h). This stimulus led to the upregulation of 43 genes and downregulation of 27 genes compared to untreated controls. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) confirmed the expression of four out of eight selected upregulated genes, including three assumed transcription factors (PNEG_01236, PNEG_01675, and PNEG_01730) and a putative copper transporter (PNEG_02609). Notably, the three applied methodologies - homology-based annotation, SEC-ICP-MS/IMAC/LC-MS/MS, and RNA-seq - yielded largely distinct findings, with only four genes (PNEG_02587, PNEG_03319, PNEG_02584, and PNEG_02989) identified by both instrumental methods. The insights contribute to the broader knowledge of Pneumocystis copper homeostasis and provide novel facets of host-pathogen interactions for extracellular pathogens. We suggest that future studies of Pneumocystis pathogenicity and copper stress survival should consider the entire spectrum of identified genes.

Induction of micronuclei in blood and histopathological alterations in gill, kidney and liver of Channa punctatus (Bloch, 1793) exposed to copper sulphate

Copper is one of the most toxic metals to fish and causes cytotoxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic effects. The accumulation of copper in an aquatic environment directly impacts man and the aquatic ecosystem. The present study aimed to determine the effect of copper sulphate (CuSO4) accumulation on the induction of micronuclei in blood and histological changes in kidney and liver of the fish Channa punctatus. The test chemical LC50 was determined after 96 hours during the first experiment. Later in the second experiment, the test animal was exposed to three sub-lethal concentrations of CuSO4 [0.1 mg/l (96 h-LC50/40), 0.2 mg/l (96 h-LC50/20) and 0.4 mg/l (96 h-LC50/10)]. Physico chemical parameters of the test medium, such as pH, temperature, hardness, alkalinity, and dissolved oxygen, were observed throughout the experiment, and all values were within the ranges necessary for the fish's survival. At intervals of 7, 14, 21, and 28 days, the control (without any test chemical) and copper sulphate exposed Groups' blood, liver, kidney, and gill tissues were taken to evaluate changes in genotoxic and histological parameters. Micronuclei (MN) induction and nuclear abnormalities (NAs) were observed at regular intervals. After 28 days, the MN frequency in Groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 was 0.78±0.006, 8.40±0.052, 10.37±0.098 and 10.90±0.024 respectively. A significant (P&lt; 0.05) rise in MN frequencies and NAs indicated fish erythrocytes' DNA damage. Histological analysis of the liver, kidney, and gills revealed serious tissue injury such as necrosis, vacuolization, and degeneration after 28 days in the exposed Groups. The present study observed changes due to genotoxicity and histology, giving the most comprehensive understanding of CuSO4 stress on the fish C. punctatus and its risks to human health.

Optimization and characterization of laccase (LccH) produced by Hexagonia hirta MSF2 in solid-state fermentation using coir pith wastes (CPW)

The accumulation of coir pith waste, a byproduct of coconut husk processing, poses environmental and logistical challenges. An innovative and sustainable solution involves using coir pith as a substrate for solid-state fermentation (SSF). In SSF, coir pith can be converted into valuable products, such as enzymes, organic acids, and bioactive compounds. The present study aimed to evaluate laccase production by Hexagonia hirta MSF2 through SSF using the coir pith waste as substrate. Physico-chemical parameters like moisture, pH, temperature, C source, N source, and CuSO4 concentrations were pre-optimized, and optimized through RSM. Laccase activity of 1585.24 U g−1 of dry substrate was recorded by H. hirta MSF2 on coir pith containing 1 % C source, 0.5 % N source, 0.25 mM of CuSO4 concentration, moisture content of 75 % at pH 4.6 and temperature 28 °C. Subsequently, the enzyme extraction parameters including, extraction buffer, mode of extraction, and temperature were optimized. The molecular weight of laccase was 66 kDa as observed by SDS-PAGE and native-PAGE. The optimum activity of partially purified laccase was achieved at 40 °C, and pH 4.0. Increasing salt concentration and use of different inhibitors affected the laccase activity. Organic solvents like dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) and methanol, and metal ions like BaCl2, CaCl2, CuSO4, and MnCl2 stimulated the laccase activity. Hence, coir pith used in SSF offers a dual benefit of waste management and enzyme synthesis through an eco-friendly and cost-effective approach.

Controllable preparation of Cu2O/Cu-CuTCPP MOF heterojunction for enhanced electrocatalytic CO2 reduction to C2H4

Copper-based metal-organic framework (Cu-MOF) materials with multiple active sites have attracted increasing attention to the electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (ECR), however, face the huge challenge owing to the poor stability and low C2 selectivity. Here, the Cu2O/Cu-CuTCPP heterojunction (Cu2O/CPFs) with three Cu active sites are firstly constructed through in-situ electrodeposition method. The effect of CuSO4 concentration and electrodeposition conditions on ECR is systematically investigated. The optimized Cu2O/CPFs composite achieves the ethylene Faraday efficiency (FEC2H4) of 61.8 % at –1.3 V vs. RHE, which is 1.9 and 3.42 times higher than those of CPFs and Cu2O, respectively. Meanwhile, the C2H4 partial current density (jC2H4) of –7.96 mA·cm−2 is 2.91 and 4.68 times higher than those of CPFs and Cu2O. Further experiments reveals that the formation of Cu2+–O–Cu+–O bond between Cu2O and Cu–O4 sites in Cu2O/CPF heterojunction is crucial. Consequently, the hydrogen (H2), formic acid (HCOOH) and methane (CH4) evolution reactions are restricted, the C–C coupling reaction of *CHO and *CO intermediates is significantly enhanced, and the Cu–O4 sites in CPFs are protected. This work provides an effective strategy to stabilize MOF structure and obtain high value-added C2+ products.

Synthesis of promising copper nanoparticles utilizing biocontrol agents, &lt;i&gt;Trichoderma virens&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Chaetomium globosum&lt;/i&gt;

The pursuit of creating safe and efficient pesticides remains an ongoing aspiration. Recently, the potential efficacy of metal nanoparticles against diverse phytopathogens has come to light. Commonly used methods, viz. chemical and physical means of nanoparticle synthesis are associated with a range of drawbacks. Fortunately, the biological synthesis method ensures safe and non-toxic nanoparticles. The present study was carried out during 2022–23 at ICAR- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, which documented the successful synthesis of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) utilizing the supernatant of potent fungal biocontrol agents, viz. Trichoderma virens and Chaetomium globosum. The reduction in the size of copper was determined by UV-Vis spectroscopy. The change in colour of the reaction mixture confirmed the reduction in the size of particles. Characterization using TEM measured spherical CuNPs of the size range 8 to 100 nm depending on the CuSO4 concentration used. Furthermore, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) unveiled the presence of several functional groups that plays pivotal role in reducing and stabilizing particle size. The in vitro assay conclusively demonstrated the effectiveness of biosynthesized CuNPs, with significant inhibition at a concentration of 10 µg/ml in the case of Xanthomonas euvesicatoria and at 50 µg/ml in the case of Enterobacter cloacae. Our study marks the first instance of synthesizing CuNPs through the utilization of two aforesaid fungal species holding significant promise for antibacterial applications.

Study on The Ability of H2O2 and The Effective Concentration of CuSO4 in Degrading Cyanide

PT. Aneka Tambang conducts gold processing using NaCN reagents, then from the gold processing process produces waste containing cyanide which can cause damage to the environment. One method used to reduce cyanide concentrations is the Degussa method. The Degussa method is a method to degrade free cyanide in waste by using H2O2 and Cu2+ ions as a catalyst source so that it becomes a harmless cyanide compound (cyanate ion). The purpose of the study was to determine the ability of hydrogen peroxide and determine the effective concentration of copper sulfate in degrading cyanide in the Degussa process and determine the level of stability of hydrogen peroxide oxidizers in the open air. Sample testing was carried out by varying the H2O2 retrieval time, variations in H2O2 dilution factor and copper sulfate concentration variations, then the sample was stirred with a jartes stirrer for 15 minutes. Cyanide is determined by spectrophotometer, the absorbance obtained is fed into the linear regression equation so that the final free cyanide concentration is obtained. From the experiment, it can be concluded that the concentration of cyanide degradation is effectively obtained when hydrogen peroxide and copper sulfate that have been mixed in the mixing tank are right out of use.

Assessing the disparity: comparative toxicity of Copper in zebrafish larvae exposes alarming consequences of permissible concentrations in Brazil

ABSTRACT Copper (Cu) is a naturally occurring metal with essential micronutrient properties. However, this metal might also pose increased adverse environmental and health risks due to industrial and agricultural activities. In Brazil, the maximum allowable concentration of Cu in drinking water is 2 mg/L. Despite this standard, the impact of such concentrations on aquatic organisms remains unexplored. This study aimed to evaluate the toxicity of CuSO4 using larval zebrafish at environmentally relevant concentrations. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae at 72 hr post-fertilization (hpf) were exposed to nominal CuSO4 concentrations ranging from 0.16 to 48 mg/L to determine the median lethal concentration (LC50), established at 8.4 mg/L. Subsequently, non-lethal concentrations of 0.16, 0.32, or 1.6 mg/L were selected for assessing CuSO4 -induced toxicity. Morphological parameters, including body length, yolk sac area, and swim bladder area, were adversely affected by CuSO4 exposure, particularly at 1.6 mg/L (3.31 mm ±0.1, 0.192 mm2 ±0.01, and 0.01 mm2 ±0.05, respectively). In contrast, the control group exhibited values of 3.62 mm ±0.09, 0.136 mm2 ±0.013, and 0.3 mm2 ±0.06, respectively. Behavioral assays demonstrated impairments in escape response and swimming capacity, accompanied by increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation. In addition, decreased levels of non-protein thiols and reduced cellular viability were noted. Data demonstrated that exposure to CuSO4 at similar concentrations as those permitted in Brazil for Cu adversely altered morphological, biochemical, and behavioral endpoints in zebrafish larvae. This study suggests that the permissible Cu concentrations in Brazil need to be reevaluated, given the potential enhanced adverse health risks of exposure to environmental metal contamination.

Investigation on the effect of hydrothermal reaction with CuSO4 on rheological property of heavy oil

Rheological property is an important parameters in the evaluation of heavy oil and asphalt. This work studied the effect of hydrothermal reactions with CuSO4 on the rheological property. The hydrothermal reactions are used to improve the fluidity of oil and transition metal inorganic salts act as catalysts. However, when the CuSO4 concentration surpasses a certain value, the fluidity of heavy oil undergoes rapid deterioration, similar to the effect of asphalt modification. Consequently, we proposed a method modifying asphalt by hydrothermal reaction with CuSO4. Analysis of the viscoelastic results suggested that the most significant influence factors were CuSO4 concentration and reaction temperature. The presence of water is also essential. Further analysis indicated that the entry of Cu atoms into heavy oil molecules was the fundamental cause of the deterioration of rheological properties. These findings demonstrate that the hydrothermal reaction with CuSO4 can be used for asphalt modification, and the resulting product’s properties can be adjusted by manipulating reaction conditions. Furthermore, chemical reactions can lead to permanent changes that are not susceptible to separation of modifiers.

Influence of High Concentrations of Copper Sulfate on In Vitro Adventitious Organogenesis of Cucumis sativus L.

Copper (Cu) is an essential plant micronutrient. This report is the first to assess the effects of high copper sulfate (CuSO4) levels on in vitro callus and shoot formation of cucumber. Four-day-old cotyledon explants from the inbred line Wisconsin 2843 and the commercial cultivars Marketer and Negrito were used. Murashige and Skoog (MS)-derived callus and shoot induction medium containing 0.5 mg L−1 indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and 2.5 mg L−1 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) was supplemented with CuSO4 (0.2–5 mg L−1). The response on callus-derived shoots showed that the optimal concentration of CuSO4 was 8- to 200-fold greater than in standard MS medium. Shoot frequency (SF) and shoot number (SN) were assessed, and Marketer &gt; Negrito &gt; Wisconsin 2843, where 1, 0.2 and 5 mg L−1 CuSO4 produced the highest results, respectively. SF and SN increased 6- and 10-fold in Wisconsin 2843 and twice in the other cultivars. All explants formed calluses, and in two of the three cultivars, callus extension was significantly affected by CuSO4 application. SN showed a strong relationship with CuSO4 levels and no association with callus extension. The results show that specific CuSO4 concentrations higher than in standard MS medium increase adventitious cucumber shoot organogenesis.

Enhanced recovery of high purity Cu powder from reclaimed copper smelting fly ash by NH3·H2O–NH4Cl slurry electrolysis system

Reclaimed copper smelting fly ash (RCA) is a residue produced during the smelting process of waste miscellaneous copper, containing heavy metals such as Cu, Zn, and Cd. In this study, a slurry electrolysis system was used to recover Cu from RCA. The results showed that the recovery efficiency, current efficiency, and purity of Cu on cathode were 97.11 %, 91.22 %, and 98.47 %, respectively, when the concentration of NH3·H2O was 2 mol/L, the concentration of NH4Cl was 1 mol/L, the concentration of CuSO4·5H2O was 20 g/L, the solid-liquid ratio was 50 g/L, the electric current density was 30 mA/cm2 and the reaction time was 2 h. The content of Zn in the RCA decreased from 144.54 mg/g to 23.7 mg/g and Cd from 0.72 mg/g to 0.005 mg/g after slurry electrolysis, and other heavy metals in the RCA also decreased. The potential difference that occurs between the two poles under the NH3·H2O slurry electrolysis system promotes the leaching of Cu from the RCA, while the leached Cu2+ combines with NH4+ to form the Cu–NH3 complex (Cu(NH3)42+, Cu(NH3)2+), thus increasing the current efficiency and promoting the cathodic copper deposition. The high-purity Cu obtained at the cathode belongs to the face-centered cubic structure (111), (200) and (220) of the Cu crystalline surface. This study provides a new method for the resourceful recovery of copper from RCA.

Effect of electrolyte composition and deposition voltage on the deposition rate of copper microcolumns jet electrodeposition

Jet electrodeposition (Jet ECD) is widely recognized for its potential to achieve high deposition rates and adequate field fixation. Currently, the rapid deposition of microscale copper structures remains a significant challenge. In this study, we address this challenge by employing a custom-made microcapillary glass nozzle and optimizing key plating parameters, including H2SO4, CuSO4, KCl concentration, and applied voltage. Through systematic experimentation, we successfully deposited well-formed copper microcolumns with a diameter of 70 μm at a deposition rate of 19.8 μm/s. We discovered that higher concentrations of H2SO4, greater voltage, and the addition of Cl- ions were effective in increasing the deposition speed. Furthermore, a higher concentration of CuSO4 led to improved surface morphology. Additionally, we conducted COMSOL simulations to investigate the influence of voltage and conductivity on the deposition speed. Our research results contribute to the understanding and optimization of rapid fabrication processes for copper microstructures through jet electrodeposition at the microscale.