Concentrations Of Cefadroxil Research Articles

Validasi Metode dan Penetapan Kadar Sirup Kering Cefadroxil dengan Metode FTIR-ATR

Cefadroxil is a broad-spectrum bactericidal antibiotic belonging to the first group of cephalosporins produced by the fungus Cephalosporium acremonium. This study aims to validate the method and determine the concentration of cefadroxil dry syrup using FTIR-ATR. The method used is FTIR-ATR with aquabides as a solvent. Parameter Validation of the analysis method carried out includes linearity, accuracy, precision, Limit of Detection (LOD) and Limit of Quantification (LOQ). The results of the linearity test show a value of r = 0.999 which indicates linear. The accuracy obtained is 97 - 105.5%. Precision with an Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) value of 0.54%, LOD of 469.72 µg/mL and LOQ of 1423.6 µg/mL. The results of determining the levels of cefadroxil dry syrup with three samples, namely sample A 100.2%; sample B 100.5%; sample C 100.1%. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that the FTIR-ATR method is valid and the sample concentration complies with the provisions of the Indonesian Pharmacopoeia Edition VI, namely the concentration of cefadroxil in dry syrup preparations is not less than 90% and not more than 120%.

Characterization and Application of a Synthesized Novel Poly(chlorobis(1,10-phenanthroline)resorcinolcobalt(II) chloride)-Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode for Selective Voltammetric Determination of Cefadroxil in Pharmaceutical Formulations, Human Urine, and Blood Serum Samples.

Cefadroxil belongs to the β-lactam antibiotics, mainly used for the treatment of various bacterial infections, caused by Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. However, it is also encountering serious bacterial resistance, necessitating continuous monitoring of its level in pharmaceutical and biological samples. This study presents a selective, accurate, and precise square-wave voltammetric method based on a novel poly(chlorobis(1,10-phenanthroline)resorcinolcobalt(II)chloride)-modified glassy carbon electrode (poly(CP2RCoC)/GCE) for determination of cefadroxil (CDL). UV-vis spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, metal and halide estimation, CHN elemental analysis, and electrolytic conductivity measurement results confirmed the synthesis of the title complex modifier. Electrode characterization results revealed modification of the surface of the electrode by an electroactive and a conductive polymer film (poly(CP2RCoC)/GCE), leading to an improved effective electrode surface area. In contrast to the bare electrode, the appearance of an irreversible oxidative peak at a much reduced potential with a 7-fold current enhancement at poly(CP2RCoC)/GCE showed the catalytic effect of the modifier toward oxidation of CDL. The square-wave voltammetric current response of poly(CP2RCoC)/GCE showed a linear dependence on the concentration of CDL in the range of 1 × 10-7-3.0 × 10-4 M with a detection limit of 4.3 × 10-9. The CDL level in the selected two tablet brands was in the range of 97.25-100.00% of their labeled values. The spike recovery results in tablet, human blood serum, and urine samples were 98.85-101.30, 99.20-100.39, and 98.10-99.99%, respectively. Interference recovery results with a less than 4.74% error, lower LoD, and wider dynamic range than the previously reported methods validated the potential applicability of the present method with excellent accuracy and sensitivity based on the novel mixed-ligand complex-modified GCE (poly(CP2RCoC)/GCE) for determination of CDL in various real samples with a complex matrix.

Knockout of Targeted Plasmid-Borne β-Lactamase Genes in an Extended-Spectrum-β-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli Strain: Impact on Resistance and Proteomic Profile.

Resistance to β-lactams is known to be multifactorial, although the underlying mechanisms are not well established. The aim of our study was to develop a system for assessing the phenotypic and proteomic responses of bacteria to antibiotic stress as a result of the loss of selected antimicrobial resistance genes. We applied homologous recombination to knock out plasmid-borne β-lactamase genes (blaOXA-1, blaTEM-1, and blaCTX-M15) in Escherichia coli CCUG 73778, generating knockout clone variants lacking the respective deleted β-lactamases. Quantitative proteomic analyses were performed on the knockout variants and the wild-type strain, using bottom-up liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), after exposure to different concentrations of cefadroxil. Loss of the blaCTX-M-15 gene had the greatest impact on the resulting protein expression dynamics, while losses of blaOXA-1 and blaTEM-1 affected fewer proteins' expression levels. Proteins involved in antibiotic resistance, cell membrane integrity, stress, and gene expression and unknown function proteins exhibited differential expression. The present study provides a framework for studying protein expression in response to antibiotic exposure and identifying the genomic, proteomic, and phenotypic impacts of resistance gene loss. IMPORTANCE The critical situation regarding antibiotic resistance requires a more in-depth effort for understanding underlying mechanisms involved in antibiotic resistance, beyond just detecting resistance genes. The methodology presented in this work provides a framework for knocking out selected resistance factors, to study the adjustments of the bacterium in response to a particular antibiotic stress, elucidating the genetic response and proteins that are mobilized. The protocol uses MS-based determination of the proteins that are expressed in response to an antibiotic, enabling the selection of strong candidates representing putative resistance factors or mechanisms and providing a basis for future studies to understand their implications in antibiotic resistance. This allows us to better understand how the cell responds to the presence of the antibiotic when a specific gene is lost and, consequently, identify alternative targets for possible future treatment development.

Resistensi Isolat Bakteri Asam Laktat dari Asinan Rebung Bambu Tabah (Gigantochloa nigrociliata Buse – Kurz) terhadap Antibiotik

Probiotics are helpful bacteria that aid in the prevention and treatment of a variety of nutritional and health issues. Antibiotic overuse is a major contributor to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogenic microorganisms. The goal of this study is to determine the level of antibiotic resistance of lactic acid bacteria isolates from pickled tabah bamboo shoots as a candidate for probiotic culture against the antibiotics amoxicillin, cefadroxil, and erythromycin, as well as the concentration level of antibiotic resistance. The diffusion method employed is paper disc diffusion. According to the research results, isolate PR.6.15.2 was resistant to erythromycin concentrations of 100 ppm (v/v), isolate PR.3.15.1 was resistant to concentrations of cefadroxil 100 ppm (v/v), erythromycin 100 ppm (v/v), and 200 ppm (v/v), with the diameter of the inhibition zone forming in a sequential order of 9.0 mm, 9.5 mm, 7.3 mm, and 8.8 mm. 
 Keywords: bamboo shoots, tabah bamboo shoots, lactic acid bacteria, amoxicillin, erythromycin, cefadroxil

Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling of Cefadroxil in Mouse, Rat, and Human to Predict Concentration-Time Profile at Infected Tissue.

The aim of this study was to develop physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models capable of simulating cefadroxil concentrations in plasma and tissues in mouse, rat, and human. PBPK models in this study consisted of 14 tissues and 2 blood compartments. They were established using measured tissue to plasma partition coefficient (K p) in mouse and rat, absolute expression levels of hPEPT1 along the entire length of the human intestine, and the transporter kinetic parameters. The PBPK models also assumed that all the tissues were well-stirred compartments with perfusion rate limitations, and the ratio of the concentration in tissue to the unbound concentration in plasma is identical across species. These PBPK models were validated strictly by a series of observed plasma concentration–time profile data. The average fold error (AFE) and absolute average fold error (AAFE) values were all less than 2. The models’ rationality and accuracy were further demonstrated by the almost consistent V ss calculated by the PBPK model and noncompartmental method, as well as the good allometric scaling relationship of V ss and CL. The model suggests that hPEPT1 is the major transporter responsible for the oral absorption of cefadroxil in human, and the plasma concentration–time profiles of cefadroxil were not sensitive to dissolution rate faster than T85% = 2 h. The cefadroxil PBPK model in human is reliable and can be used to predict concentration–time profile at infected tissue. It may be useful for dose selection and informative decision-making during clinical trials and dosage form design of cefadroxil and provide a reference for the PBPK model establishment of hPEPT1 substrate.

Highly selective and sensitive differential pulse voltammetric method based on poly(Alizarin)/GCE for determination of cefadroxil in tablet and human urine samples

Cefadroxil, which belongs to the first-generation cephalosporin class of β-lactam antibiotics, develops bacterial resistance necessitating development of sensitive and selective method for its determination. This paper reports determination of cefadroxil in tablet and human urine samples using poly(alizarin)/GCE. CV and EIS results confirmed deposition of a conductive and electroactive polymer film. Relative to the peak of cefadroxil at the bare electrode, an irreversible oxidative peak at poly(Aliz)/GCE with four folds of current and much reduced potential verified improvement on electrode surface conductivity and effective surface area. DPV current varied linearly with concentration of cefadroxil in the range 1.0 × 10−7–1.0 × 10−4 M with LoD, and LoQ of 8.1 × 10−9, and 2.7 × 10−8 M, respectively. Detection of 99. ± 3.01 and 99.5 ± 2.03% cefadroxil of the 10.0 and 20.0 µM nominal tablet samples, respectively showed agreement between the detected amount and tablet label. Spike recovery in the range 99.5–100.5% in tablet and human urine samples and interference recovery results in the presence of selected potential interferents in tablet sample with percent error of 0.0–4.9% validated the applicability of the method for determination of cefadroxil in real samples. Compared with previously reported works on cefadroxil determination, relatively wider linear range and extremely low limit of detection of the present method along with its excellent accuracy and selectivity make the method an outstanding candidate for determination of cefadroxil in real samples.

In Silico Prediction of the Absorption and Disposition of Cefadroxil in Humans using an Intestinal Permeability Method Scaled from Humanized PepT1 Mice.

It is difficult to predict the pharmacokinetics and plasma concentration-time profiles of new chemical entities in humans based on animal data. Some pharmacokinetic parameters, such as clearance and volume of distribution, can be scaled allometrically from rodents, mammals, and nonhuman primates with good success. However, it is far more challenging to predict the oral pharmacokinetics of experimental drug candidates. In the present study, we used in situ estimates of intestinal permeability, obtained in silico and from rat, wild-type (WT), and humanized PepT1 (huPepT1) mice, to predict the systemic exposure of cefadroxil, an orally administered model compound, under a variety of conditions. Using the GastroPlus simulation software program (Simulations Plus, Lancaster, CA), we found that the C max and area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to the last measurable concentration of cefadroxil were better predicted using intestinal permeability estimates (both segmental and jejunal) from huPepT1 than from WT mice, and that intestinal permeabilities based on in silico and rat estimates gave worse predictions. We also observed that accurate predictions were possible for cefadroxil during oral dose escalation (i.e., 5, 15, and 30 mg/kg cefadroxil), a drug-drug interaction study (i.e., 5 mg/kg oral cefadroxil plus 45 mg/kg oral cephalexin), and an oral multiple dose study [i.e., 500 mg (6.7 mg/kg) cefadroxil every 6 hours]. Finally, the greatest amount of cefadroxil was absorbed in duodenal and jejunal segments of the small intestine after a 5 mg/kg oral dose. Thus, by combining a humanized mouse model and in silico software, the present study offers a novel strategy for better translating preclinical pharmacokinetic data to oral drug exposure during first-in-human studies.

Effect of transporter inhibition on the distribution of cefadroxil in rat brain.

BackgroundCefadroxil, a cephalosporin antibiotic, is a substrate for several membrane transporters including peptide transporter 2 (PEPT2), organic anion transporters (OATs), multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs), and organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs). These transporters are expressed at the blood–brain barrier (BBB), blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB), and/or brain cells. The effect of these transporters on cefadroxil distribution in brain is unknown, especially in the extracellular and intracellular fluids within brain.MethodsIntracerebral microdialysis was used to measure unbound concentrations of cefadroxil in rat blood, striatum extracellular fluid (ECF) and lateral ventricle cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The distribution of cefadroxil in brain was compared in the absence and presence of probenecid, an inhibitor of OATs, MRPs and OATPs, where both drugs were administered intravenously. The effect of PEPT2 inhibition by intracerebroventricular (icv) infusion of Ala-Ala, a substrate of PEPT2, on cefadroxil levels in brain was also evaluated. In addition, using an in vitro brain slice method, the distribution of cefadroxil in brain intracellular fluid (ICF) was studied in the absence and presence of transport inhibitors (probenecid for OATs, MRPs and OATPs; Ala-Ala and glycylsarcosine for PEPT2).ResultsThe ratio of unbound cefadroxil AUC in brain ECF to blood (Kp,uu,ECF) was ~2.5-fold greater during probenecid treatment. In contrast, the ratio of cefadroxil AUC in CSF to blood (Kp,uu,CSF) did not change significantly during probenecid infusion. Icv infusion of Ala-Ala did not change cefadroxil levels in brain ECF, CSF or blood. In the brain slice study, Ala-Ala and glycylsarcosine decreased the unbound volume of distribution of cefadroxil in brain (Vu,brain), indicating a reduction in cefadroxil accumulation in brain cells. In contrast, probenecid increased cefadroxil accumulation in brain cells, as indicated by a greater value for Vu,brain.ConclusionsTransporters (OATs, MRPs, and perhaps OATPs) that can be inhibited by probenecid play an important role in mediating the brain-to-blood efflux of cefadroxil at the BBB. The uptake of cefadroxil in brain cells involves both the influx transporter PEPT2 and efflux transporters (probenecid-inhibitable). These findings demonstrate that drug-drug interactions via relevant transporters may affect the distribution of cephalosporins in both brain ECF and ICF.

Impact of Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation on the Disposition of the Aminocephalosporin Cefadroxil

The purpose of this study was to determine if the disposition of cefadroxil, an α-amino-containing β-lactam antibiotic, changes during lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute inflammation. Six hours after LPS or saline treatment, mice received 1 nmol/g cefadroxil intravenously along with inulin for glomerular filtration rate (GFR) determination. Serial blood samples, along with tissue and urine samples, were collected at predetermined time points. In order to determine inflammation-induced changes in GFR, renal tubular secretion, and reabsorption, it was necessary to coadminister 70 mg/kg probenecid. Changes in the expression of the mRNA of transporters involved in cefadroxil disposition in the kidneys and choroid plexus were also investigated 6 h after LPS treatment. The results demonstrated marked increases in blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and tissue cefadroxil concentrations with LPS treatment. Tissue-to-blood concentration ratios were decreased by 4.6-fold in the choroid plexus and by 2.5-fold in the kidneys during LPS-induced inflammation. Renal, but not choroid plexus, mRNA expression of peptide transporter 2, organic-anion transporter 1 (OAT1), OAT3, and multidrug resistance-associated protein 4 was mildly reduced in LPS-treated mice. The renal clearance of cefadroxil was substantially decreased by LPS treatment (3-fold). GFR was also reduced by 3-fold in LPS-treated mice, but no significant differences in the fractional reabsorption of cefadroxil and renal secretion once normalized by GFR were observed. These findings demonstrated that LPS-induced inflammation has a dramatic effect on the renal excretion of cefadroxil. It appears that changes in transporter expression played a minor role during LPS treatment but that renal dysfunction, associated with GFR reduction, was responsible for the substantial increase in plasma cefadroxil concentration-time profiles.

Simultaneous pharmacokinetic assessment of cefadroxil and clavulanic acid in human plasma by LC–MS and its application to bioequivalence studies

A simple, rapid and selective liquid chromatography–atmospheric pressure chemical ionization–mass spectrometry (LC–APCI–MS) assay method has been developed and fully validated for the simultaneous quantification of cefadroxil (CF) and clavulanic acid (CA) in human plasma. Analytes and internal standard (IS) were extracted from human plasma by solid-phase extraction (SPE) technique using Sam prep (3mL, 100mg) extraction cartridge. The extracted samples were chromatographed on a reverse phase C18 column using a mixture of methanol: acetonitrile: 2mM ammonium acetate (pH 3.5) (25:25:50, v/v/v) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.8mL/min. Quantification of the analytes and IS were carried out using single quadrupole LC–APCI–MS through selected-ion monitoring (SIM) at m/z 362 and m/z 198, for CF and CA, respectively. Method validation was performed as per the FDA guidelines and the results met the acceptance criteria. Plasma concentration of CF and CA followed by the oral administration of CF/CA (500/125mg) pill to healthy male volunteers (n=12) was measured. Area under plasma concentration–time curve from 0 to 12h (AUC0–12h) and 0h extrapolated to infinity (AUC0−∞) were calculated. The ratio of AUC0–12h/AUC0−∞ was found to be >85% for all the subjects, as recommended by the FDA guidelines.

Pharmacokinetics and Bioequivalence Evaluation of 2 Cefadroxil Suspensions in Healthy Egyptian Male Volunteers.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the bioavailability of 2 brands of cefadroxil monohydrate suspensions, Curisafe (500 mg cefadroxil monohydrate/5 mL; test) relative to Duricef (500 mg cefadroxil monohydrate/5 mL; reference). This in vivo study was conducted according to a single-center, randomized, single-dose, laboratory-blinded, 2-period, 2-sequence, crossover design with a washout period of 1 week. Under fasting conditions, 24 healthy Egyptian adult male volunteers were randomly allocated to receive a single dose of either test or reference product. Blood samples were collected at specified time intervals, and plasma was analyzed for cefadroxil concentration using a validated high-performance liquid chromatography assay method. The pharmacokinetic parameters Cmax , AUC0-t , AUC0-∞ , tmax , Ke , and t1/2 were determined from plasma concentration-time profiles. The 90% confidence intervals for the ratio Cmax , AUC0-t , and AUCt-∞ of the test product over those of reference were within the acceptable range (0.8-1.25) for bioequivalence. On the basis of these results, the 2 cefadroxil formulations are considered bioequivalent.

Bioequivalence Study of Two Oral Formulations of Cefadroxil in Healthy Volunteers

Two different cefadroxil (CAS 50370-12-2) formulations were evaluated for their relative bioavailability in 24 healthy volunteers who received a single 500 mg oral dose of each preparation. An open, randomized clinical trial designed as a two-period crossover study with a 7-day washout period between doses was employed. Plasma samples for assessments of their cefadroxil concentration by HPLC-UV were obtained over 8 h after administration. Values of 48.94 +/- 10.18 pg x h/ml for test, and 48.51 +/- 9.02 microg x h/ml for the reference preparation AUC(0-t) demonstrate a nearly identical extend of drug absorption. Maximum plasma concentration Cmax of 16.04 +/- 4.94 microg/ml and 16.01 + 4.02 microg/ml achieved for the test and reference preparations did not differ significantly. The parametric 90% confidence intervals (CI) of the mean of the difference (test-reference) between log-transformed values of the two formulations were 96.80% to 104.51% and 92.01% to 107.00% for AUC(0-t) and Cmax, respectively. Since for both AUC(0-t) or Cmax the 90% CI values are within the interval proposed by the Food and Drug Administration, the test product is bioequivalent to the reference product for both the rate and extent of absorption after single dose administration.

Visible spectrophotometric determination of Cefadroxil using ethyl acetoacetate and formaldehyde reagents

Visible spectrophotometric method can be used to determine cefadroxil in the pharmaceutical dosage form. The reaction of cefadroxil with the condensation product of 2 mol ethyl acetoacetate and 1 mol formaldehyde in acidic condition (pH 3,5) at 45°C for 20 minutes yielded yellow product giving absorption at 367 nm. The concentration of Cefadroxil was calculated by using standard curve Y = 1.6063 X + 0.1634, r = 0.9932, p = 0,001 and Vxo = 9,7%. Determination of cefadroxil capsule ”X” (562.4 mg/capsule) showed that the concentration of cefadroxil observed is 490.5 mg/capsule (CV = 0.89%) and recovery value is 102.88% (CV = 0.67%). Key words: visible spectrophotometry, Cefadroxil, ethyl acetoacetate, formaldehyde

PEPT2 (Slc15a2)-Mediated Unidirectional Transport of Cefadroxil from Cerebrospinal Fluid into Choroid Plexus

Cefadroxil is a cephalosporin antibiotic used in the treatment of infection. However, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of cefadroxil and other aminocephalosporins are not adequate for the treatment of bacterial meningitis. To evaluate the relevance of PEPT2 in affecting the exposure of aminocephalosporins in brain, we investigated the transport properties of cefadroxil at the blood-CSF interface using primary-cultured epithelial cells and isolated whole tissues of choroid plexus. Our results indicated that cefadroxil was preferentially taken up from the apical as opposed to basal side of the monolayer (5-fold), and its apical uptake was stimulated by an inwardly directed proton gradient. The concentration-dependent apical uptake of cefadroxil was characterized by a high-affinity/low-capacity transport system (Km = 39.0 +/- 22.7 microM; Vmax = 22.9 +/- 6.6 pmol/mg/min) and a nonsaturable component (Kd = 0.15 +/- 0.01 microl/mg/min); in contrast, only a nonsaturable component was found for the basal uptake of cefadroxil (Kd = 0.14 +/- 0.01 microl/mg/min). The apical-to-basal transepithelial transport of 2 microM cefadroxil was greater than its basal-to-apical transport, but no differences were observed in directionality when 5 mM concentrations of cefadroxil were studied. Moreover, the cellular efflux of cefadroxil was not saturable in either direction (i.e., to apical or basal side). Finally, no differences were observed in the choroid plexus tissue efflux of 2 microM cefadroxil from wild-type and PEPT2 null mice. These findings demonstrate that PEPT2 has an important role in limiting the exposure of cefadroxil in CSF. Located at the apical membrane of choroid plexus epithelium, PEPT2 acts in a unidirectional (as opposed to bidirectional) manner in transporting cefadroxil from CSF into the cell.

듀리세프 캅셀(세파드록실 500 mg)에 대한 하나세프 캅셀의 생물학적 동등성

Cefadroxil is a semi-synthetic cephalosporin active against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The drug has been used for the treatment of the urinary and respiratory tract infections when caused by susceptible strains of the designated microorganism. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two cefadroxil capsules, Duricef (Bo Ryung Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.) and Hanacef (Korean Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.), according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). The cefadroxil release from the two cefadroxil capsules in vitro was tested using KP VII Apparatus II method with various different kinds of dissolution media (pH 1.2, 4.0, 6.8 buffer solution and water). Twenty four normal male volunteers, years in age and kg in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized cross-over study was employed. After one capsule containing 500 mg as cefadroxil was orally administered, blood was taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentrations of cefadroxil in serum were determined using HPLC with UV detector. The dissolution profiles of two cefadroxil capsules were very similar at all dissolution media. The pharmacokinetic parameters such as were calculated and ANOVA test was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters using logarithmically transformed and untransformed . The results showed that the differences in between two capsules based on the Duricef were 0.05%, -5.29% and 4.53%. There were no sequence effects between two capsules in these parameters. The 90% confidence intervals using logarithmically transformed data were within the acceptance range of log(0.8) to log(1.25) for , respectively). The 90% confidence interval using untransformed data was within . All parameters met the criteria of KFDA guideline for bioequivalence, indicating that Hanacef capsule is bioequivalent to Duricef capsule.

Intestinal transport of cefuroxime axetil in rats: absorption and hydrolysis processes

Studies were performed using three cefuroxime axetil solutions (11.8, 118 and 200 μM) in three selected intestinal segments and one cefuroxime axetil solution (118 μM) in colon of anaesthetized rats. First-order absorption rate pseudoconstants, k ap and effective permeability coefficients, P eff, were calculated in each set. Absorption of cefuroxime axetil can apparently be described as a carrier-mediated transport, which obeys Michaelis–Menten and first order kinetics in the proximal segment of the small intestine and a passive diffusion mechanism in the mean and distal segments. The absorption kinetic parameters for cefuroxime axetil were obtained: V m=0.613 (0.440) μM min −1; K m=31.49(28.31) μM and k a=0.011(0.003) min −1. Parameters characterizing degradation of the prodrug were obtained in each intestinal segment: proximal segment k dp=0.0049(0.0003) min −1, mean segment, k dm=0.0131(0.0007) min −1 and distal segment k dd=0.019(0.0009) min −1. Therefore, in situ intestinal absorption of cefuroxime axetil in the proximal segment of the rat in the presence of variable concentrations of cefadroxil has been investigated in order to examine the inhibitory effect of cefadroxil on cefuroxime axetil transport. The data suggest that cefadroxil and cefuroxime axetil share the same intestinal carrier.

Electrogenerated chemiluminescence determination of cefadroxil antibiotic

The electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) coupled to a flow injection analysis system was used for the determination of cefadroxil. In this study, the tris(2,2′-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) complex, whose luminescence increased with the presence of the cefadroxil was used. A linear equation between the luminescence peak intensity and the cefadroxil concentration, was obtained for deoxygenated solutions over the range of 5×10 −8 to 1×10 −4 mol l −1. No interference was observed and the luminescence method was successfully applied to the determination of cefadroxil in a commercial product, being the recoveries in the order of 100%.

A Kinetic Approach for Determination of Cefadroxil in Pharmaceuticals by Alkaline Hydrolysis

abstract A new, simple, and sensitive kinetic spectrophotometric method is described for analysis of cefadroxil by measurement of its absorbance at 470 nm after hydrolysis with NaOH at 80°C. Studies of the method's precision and accuracy gave a standard deviation of 0.44 μg/mL and a relative standard deviation of 1.93%. The method determines cefadroxil over the concentration range 10- 100 ug/mL. Calculated activation parameters were 12.42, 25.54, 26.25, and 69.00 Kcal/mole for AE*, AG*, Ahf, and AS*, respectively. Cefadroxil concentrations can be determined from the regression line equation y = 0.627x- 8.14 x 10"5, with a correlation coefficient of <1.0000. The method was validated by assay of cefadroxil in commercial capsules and tablets. Recoveries of common excipients were 99.6,100.00, 99.2, 99.6, and 100.4% for lactose, glucose, starch, sucrose, and fructose, respectively. Results were compared with those of a reference method. Calculated f and F values indicate no significant difference between the 2 methods. The degradation products of cefadroxil do not affect determination of cefadroxil.

Cefadroxil concentrations in human serum, gingiva, and mandibular bone following a single oral administration

Cefadroxil concentrations in human serum, gingiva, and mandibular bone were measured by a paper disk method following a single 500-mg oral dose. The mean peak concentrations in serum, gingiva, and mandibular bone occurred at the identical time, 3 hours, and were 12.92 μg/mL, 6.50 μg/g, and 2.67 μg/g, respectively. Mean cefadroxil concentration ratios of gingiva/serum and mandibular bone/serum at the peak time were 0.54 and 0.21, respectively. Mean concentrations in gingiva and mandibular bone at the peak time exceeded the minimum inhibitory concentrations for 90% of clinically isolated strains of a α-hemolytic streptococci.

Discussion: Cefadroxil Concentrations in Human Serum, Gingiva, and Mandibular Bone Following a Single Oral Administration

Discussion: Cefadroxil Concentrations in Human Serum, Gingiva, and Mandibular Bone Following a Single Oral Administration