Blood Lactic Acid Concentration Research Articles

Effects of 12 Weeks of Moderate-intensity Continuous Exercise and High-intensity Interval Exercise on Cognitive Function in Elderly Subjects

OBJECTIVES This study analyzed the possibility of brain function activation after exercise training of high-intensity interval exercise and moderate-intensity continuous exercise in elderly people.METHODS The subjects of the study were elderly female people aged 65 years or older and were divided into three groups : control group, moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT), and high-intensity interval training (HIIT). Changes of body composition, physical fitness, cognitive function, and cognitive function-related blood variables were compared between before and after 12 weeks of exercise training.RESULTS Body weight, BMI (body mass index), and WHR (waist hip ratio) of body composition in HIIT group decreased significantly (p<0.05) after exercise training, and there was no significant difference in MICT group and the control group. HIIT group significantly (p<0.05) improved in grip strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, balance, cardiorespiratory endurance, and walking ability after exercise training, while MICT group showed significant (p<0.05) improvements only in flexibility, balance, and cardiorespiratory endurance. Regarding blood variables, HIIT group showed significant (p<0.05) differences in BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor), irisin, and β-amyloid after exercise training, MICT group showed significant (p<0.05) differences only in β-amyloid. Cognitive function in HIIT group and MICT group significantly (p<0.05) improved in terms of temporal and spatial orientation, memory, and total scores after exercise training. During the recovery phase after one session of high-intensity interval exercise, blood lactic acid concentration increased significantly.CONCLUSIONS This study was confirmed the possibility of giving that high-intensity interval exercise for the elderly not only produces positive changes in body composition and improves physical fitness and cognitive function, but also frequently stimulates lactate production, helping to activate brain function through changes in BDNF and irisin in the blood.

Nutritional knowledge, eating habits, factors affecting muscle damage, and antioxidant enzyme levels of Korean wrestlers.

The aim in this study was to investigate the diet and nutritional knowledge of elite Korean wrestlers and verify the differences in their exercise performance , muscle damage indicators, and antioxidant enzyme levels according to wrestler level. A 7-day dietary and nutrition knowledge survey was administered to 30 adult male elite wrestlers (national team: n=11; professional team: n=19). The Wingate test was conducted for 60 seconds to analyze muscle damage indicators and antioxidant levels. Blood and blood lactate concentration analyses were performed four times; the statistical significance level of all data was p<0.05. Significant differences were found in general nutrition knowledge questionnaire (GNKQ) scores (p=0.043), diet (p=0.001), anaerobic performance (p=0.001), muscle damage indicators (p=0.026), antioxidant levels, and blood lactic acid concentrations (30 min after exercise, p=0.007; 90 min after exercise, p=0.038) between the national and the professional groups. To the findings confirm the relationship between the differences in diet, nutrition, and motor function for wrestlers of different expertise levels. In a follow-up, a comprehensive study on nutrition knowledge, athlete training , and weight loss is needed that considers a wider scope of subjects and analyzes additional variables.

Effects of Three Training Methods on the Physical Fitness in Adult Cameroonian Boxers

This study aimed to evaluate three training methods on the physical capacity of Cameroonians boxers in other to propose the best method for their preparation. Thus, thirty-six boxers aged twenty-three to twenty-six were recruited and divided into three groups of twelve boxers each. They were submitted to training session for eight weeks using the continuous method, the intermittent method and the mixed method for group one, two and three respectively. Anthropometric (weight, height and Body Mass Index (BMI)) and physiological (Maximal Oxygen Consumption (VO2max), Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP), Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP), Blood Glucose Levels (BGL) and Blood Lactic Acid concentrations (BLA)) parameters were measured before and after the training session program. Results at the end of the program showed no significant variation of Blood Glucose Level of boxers between the three groups as well as inside the same group (p&gt;0.05). On the other hand, significant differences (p&lt;0.05-p&lt;0.001) in weight, BMI, SBP, DBP, VO2max and Blood Lactic Acid concentrations were observed. Indeed, weight, BMI, SBP and DBP decreased significantly (p&lt;0.05-p&lt;0.001), while VO2max increased significantly in the three experimental groups (p&lt;0.05-p&lt;0.001). The analysis of these results reveals that the group having practiced the mixed training method showed the strongest rates of increase in VO2max (67.8±5.00 ml/min/kg). In addition, their VO2max at the end of the experimentation is largely above the average value defined by literature (64.8 ml/min/kg). This can justify the choice of the mixed training method for the physical preparation of Cameroonian boxers.

The impacts of corrected left ventricular ejection time combined with dobutamine on hepatocellular carcinoma patients

To evaluate the clinical effect of corrected left ventricular ejection time (LVETc) combined with dobutamine on the intraoperative management of patients undergoing hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Sixty-eight patients with elective proposed pancreaticoduodenectomy, aged 61–78 years, body mass index 19–26 kg/m2, and ASA classification II or III, were divided into two groups (n = 34) using the random number table method: the esophageal ultrasound group (S group) and the esophageal ultrasound combined with dobutamine group (D group). In both groups, an esophageal ultrasound probe was placed after induction of anesthesia, and the left ventricular ejection time (LVET) and stroke volume (SV) were measured via a long-axis section of gastric fundus to guide fluid infusion. Nitroglycerin or a combination of dobutamine and nitroglycerine were pumped intravenously from the beginning of surgery to the completion of hemostasis after partial hepatectomy, in groups S or D, respectively. Central Venous Pressure (CVP), heart rate HR, and mean arterial pressure MAP were recorded at entry (T0), immediately after induction (T1), at the beginning of the operation (T2), during hilar occlusion (T3), after partial hepatectomy (T4), and after the operation (T5). SV and LVETc were recorded between T1 and T5. At T0 and T5, blood samples from radial artery and central vein were taken to determine the concentration of blood lactic acid, and the oxygen supply index (DO2I) and oxygen uptake rate (O2ERe) were calculated by blood gas analysis. The operation time, hilar occlusion time, intraoperative urine volume, intraoperative crystalloid and colloid infusion, intraoperative blood loss and blood transfusion, and the occurrence of cardiac gas emboli during the operation were also recorded. Adverse events of cardiovascular, pulmonary, and renal function during and after operation were registered. Sixty-four patients were included in the final analysis. Compared with group S, group D had lower CVP values at T2–T3 and higher SV values at T2–T5, reduced intraoperative blood loss, significantly increased intraoperative urine output, a smaller total dose of nitroglycerin use, and lower incidences of intraoperative hypotension and cardiac gas emboli (P < 0.05). Esophageal ultrasound detection of LVETc combined with dobutamine ensures hemodynamic stability in patients undergoing partial hepatectomy while reducing the incidence of intraoperative hypotension and air embolism.

Predictive Value of Arterial Blood Lactic Acid Concentration on the Risk of in-Hospital All-Cause Death in Patients with Acute Heart Failure.

The study aims to examine the predictive value of arterial blood lactic acid concentration for in-hospital all-cause mortality in the intensive care unit (ICU) for patients with acute heart failure (AHF). We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 7558 AHF patients in the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care IV (MIMIC-IV) database. The exposure variable of the present study was arterial blood lactic acid concentration and the outcome variable was in-hospital all-cause death. The patients were divided into those who survived (n = 6792) and those who died (n = 766). The multivariate logistic regression model, restricted cubic spline (RCS) plot, and subgroup analysis were used to evaluate the association between lactic acid and in-hospital all-cause mortality. In addition, receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis also was performed. Finally, we further explore the association between NT-proBNP and lactic acid and in-hospital all-cause mortality. Compared with the lowest quartiles, the odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals for in-hospital all-cause mortality across the quartiles were 1.46 (1.07-2.00), 1.48 (1.09-2.00), and 2.36 (1.73-3.22) for lactic acid, and in-hospital all-cause mortality was gradually increased with lactic acid levels increasing (P for trend <0.05). The RCS plot revealed a positive and linear connection between lactic acid and in-hospital all-cause mortality. A combination of lactic acid concentration and the Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS) II may improve the predictive value of in-hospital all-cause mortality in patients with AHF (AUC = 0.696). Among subgroups, respiratory failure interacted with an association between lactic acid and in-hospital all-cause mortality (P for interaction <0.05). The correlation heatmap revealed that NT-proBNP was positively correlated with lactic acid (r = 0.07) and positively correlated with in-hospital all-cause mortality (r = 0.18). There was an inverse L-shaped curve relationship between NT-proBNP and in-hospital all-cause mortality, respectively. Mediation analysis suggested that a positive relationship between lactic acid and in-hospital all-cause death was mediated by NT-proBNP. For AHF patients in the ICU, the arterial blood lactic acid concentration during hospitalization was a significant independent predictor of in-hospital all-cause mortality. The combination of lactic acid and SAPS II can improve the predictive value of the risk of in-hospital all-cause mortality in patients with AHF.

The impact of dynamic lactic acid training on lactic acid concentration as well as the development of receiving ability from movement and subsequent passing in young football players

The aim of this work is to prepare dynamic lactic acid exercises and to know the extent of their effects on blood lactic acid concentration after exercise. In addition, the development of complex offensive skill of receiving from the movement and then passing for junior football players. During which the researchers employed an experimental strategy (by designing two equal groups with pre - and post - tests). Search for its applicability to the nature of the problem and access to achieving goals. After the research community identified the emerging football players in the Specialized School for the Care of Sports Talent in Babylon for the sports season (2020-2021), whose ages ranged from (14-16) years, and they numbered (35) players, a sample of them was selected consisting of (24) players using the simple random method, and divided for the purposes of the research experiment randomly by (12) players for each group. The researchers then suggested that football coaches use appropriate exercises to effectively develop the players' special abilities and, as a result, improve the level of skill performance. Paying attention to and focusing on measuring physiological variables such as pulse, lactic acid concentration, and others during exercise performance for all age groups in order to legalize exercises and determine the extent of their impact on players.

Predictive value of arterial blood lactic acid concentration on the risk of all-cause death within 28 days of admission in patients with severe acute pancreatitis

Objective To evaluate the ability of arterial blood lactic acid concentration to predict death within 28 days of admission of patients with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) in the intensive care unit (ICU). Methods Clinical data of 523 SAP patients in the MIMIC-IV database were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were divided into those who survived (n=461) and those who died (n=62) within 28 days of admission. The association between lactic acid concentration and all-cause death in SAP patients was determined by Cox regression analysis, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and subgroup analysis. The ability of lactic acid concentration to predict the risk of all-cause death in SAP patients was determined by time-dependent receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis. Results Arterial blood lactic acid concentration was significantly higher in the 62 patients who died within 28 days than in the 461 patients who survived (P <0.05). Adjusted multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that lactic acid concentration was a significant independent predictor on all-cause mortality within 28 days of admission for SAP (hazard ratio=1.22, 95% confidence interval 1.09-1.36, P <0.001), as did time-dependent ROC analysis (area under the ROC curve=0.741). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that the rate of all-cause mortality within 28 days of admission was significantly higher in patients with high than low lactic acid concentration (P <0.0001). Subgroup analysis showed that there was no significant interaction between lactic acid concentration and other factors with all-cause death within 28 days of admission (all P >0.05). Conclusion Arterial blood lactic acid concentration is an important independent predictor of all-cause mortality within 28 days of admission of SAP patients in the ICU.

The Effect of Special Training of the Dynamic Lactic Method in the Development of some Physiological Variables and the Jump Shot Accuracy for Young Basketball Players

The research aims at preparing dynamic tactical exercises for young basketball players identifying the effect of dynamic lactic exercises in some physiological variables and accuracy of jump shooting for young basketball players. The researchers use the experimental method though experimental design of equivalent groups pre and post measurements as it is appropriate to the nature of the research. The research community is determined by 15 basketball players from the Imam Al-Muttaqin Sport Club for the 2015-2016 season. The researchers use a comprehensive limited method when selecting the research sample. physiological variables were studied (pulse rate, blood lactic acid concentration, maximum oxygen consumption Vo2 Max). Some of the most important findings the researchers came up with was that dynamic lactate exercises had an effect in improving the heart rate before and after the fatigue as well as the level of lactic acid before and after fatigue and Vo2 Max level.

Anti-fatigue activity of hemp leaves water extract and the related biochemical changes in mice

To explore novel sources of anti-fatigue drugs and food, the anti-fatigue activity of hemp leaves water extract (HLWE) was investigated through exhaustive swimming tests of mice. The median exhaustion swimming time of mice gavaged with HLWE reached 55.4 min, which was 156.8% and 87.8% longer than that of the control group and Rhodiola group, respectively. Then, several biochemical parameters related to fatigue were determined to explore the possible anti-fatigue reasons. The blood lactic acid concentration of mice in HLWE group was 0.76 mmol/L, which was 24.8% lower than that in the control group. Compared with the control group, the glutathione peroxidases activity of mice in HLWE group increased by 296.2%. Based on the results, HLWE exhibited outstanding anti-fatigue activity through reducing the accumulation of lactic acid and improving the activities of defense antioxidant enzymes. It shows appealing potential for development and utilization as novel anti-fatigue food or drugs.

Risk factors for citrate accumulation in patients with liver failure undergoing continuous renal replacement therapy with regional citrate anticoagulation

To investigate the risk factors of citrate accumulation in patients with liver failure treated with regional citrate anticoagulated continuous renal replacement therapy (RCA-CRRT). The clinical data of liver failure patients with RCA-CRRT admitted to department of intensive care unit (ICU) of Nantong Third People's Hospital from January 2017 to June 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. The selected patients were divided into citrate accumulation group and control group according to whether there was citrate accumulation (serum total calcium/free calcium ratio ≥ 2.4) during CRRT. The age, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II (APACHE II), mean arterial pressure (MAP), norepinephrine (NE) dose, blood lactic acid (Lac) concentration, liver function status, citrate dose, filter time and prognosis of the patients were compared between the two groups. Unconditional Logistic regression was used to analyze the risk factors for citrate accumulation. Among 48 patients with RCA-CRRT and liver failure, 20 patients had citrate accumulation (accumulation group), and a total of 96 CRRTs were performed; the remaining 28 patients did not have citrate accumulation (control group), a total of 106 CRRTs were performed. There were no significant differences in age and APACHE II score between the two groups. Compared with the control group, the MAP in the accumulation group was lower [mmHg (1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa): 66.9±13.6 vs. 86.4±8.3, P = 0.032], and the dosage of NE (μg/min: 16.3±8.4 vs. 5.9±2.8, P = 0.015) and lactic acid level (mmol/L: 4.89±1.45 vs. 2.98±0.87, P = 0.004) were higher, the damage of liver function was more serious [total bilirubin (TBil, μmol/L): 220.4±45.2 vs. 163.4±43.8, P = 0.012; Child-Pugh score: 12.0±2.5 vs. 8.8±1.4, P = 0.029; model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score: 31.30±8.22 vs. 21.78±6.40, P = 0.041], hourly citric acid dosage (mmol/h: 27.4±6.9 vs. 19.3±4.9, P = 0.032) and total citric acid dosage (mmol: 3 393±809 vs. 1 819±502, P = 0.039) were higher. Although there were no significant differences in the length of ICU stay, total length of hospitalization stay and cost of hospitalization between the two groups, the 28-day mortality of the accumulation group was higher than that of the control group (60.0% vs. 28.6%, P = 0.039). Unconditional Logistic regression analysis showed that MAP [odds ratio (OR) = 2.901, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) was 0.921-19.493, P = 0.019], NE dosage (OR = 2.098, 95%CI was 1.923-12.342, P = 0.002), Lac level (OR = 5.201, 95%CI was 3.211-9.433, P = 0.012), Child-Pugh score (OR = 1.843, 95%CI was 0.437-7.420, P = 0.018), MELD score (OR = 3.012, 95%CI was 0.384-12.843, P = 0.031), hourly citric acid dosage (OR = 4.254, 95%CI was 1.734-11.839, P = 0.011) and total citric acid dosage (OR = 4.109, 95%CI was 1.283-18.343, P = 0.001) were risk factors for citrate accumulation. In patients with tissue hypoperfusion and severe liver function damage, citrate anticoagulation should be avoided or the dosage of citric acid should be reduced, in order to avoid citrate accumulation.

The relationship between heart rate inflection point and lactate recovery and lung function in healthy adults at the Plateau

Objective: To explore the relationship between heart rate deflection point (HRDP) and blood lactate recovery ability and lung function of healthy people aged 20～40 years old in a plateau environment of 3 200 m. Methods: 225 healthy people aged 20～40 who lived on a plateau of 3 200 m were used as the research subjects. The HRDP strength, heart rate recovery ability and blood lactate recovery ability were evaluated by the changes of heart rate and blood lactate recovery before, during and after the modified Conconi test. Results: ①The heart rate of the subjects increased with the increase in exercise intensity, and the heart rate of the recovery period after exercise showed a downward trend, the rate of Conconi test center was significantly lower in male than that in female(P＜ 0.05). At the same age, male HRDP appeared later, and female HRDP appeared earlier. At the same sex stage, the time of HRDP appeared earlier in the male group with increasing age, while the phenomenon in the female group was not significant. HRDP speed had a downward trend with age. ②The inflection point concentration of blood lactic acid in the subjects gradually decreased with age, but there was no significant difference between the low-age group and the high-age group; the blood lactic acid level in the Conconi test of healthy adult males living on the plateau was significantly lower than that of females(P＜0.05). ③FVC, MVV, FEV1 and FEV1/FVC levels in each gender group showed a downward trend with age, and the data of the male group and above were significantly higher than the female group of the same age (P＜0.05). ④Load-Heart Rate curve and Heart Rate-Blood Lactate fitting curve showed that the correlation coefficients of the male group were 0.8345, 0.8954, 0.8680, and 0.8892 in sequence; the correlation coefficients of the female group were in sequence 0.9318, 0.9661, 0.9663 and 0.9599. HRDP values of all genders and age groups were significantly correlated with their MVV levels (P＜0.05). Except for subjects 36～40 years old in the male group, lung function and lactate elimination rate of all genders and age groups were also significantly correlated (P＜0.05). Conclusion: There are age and gender differences in exercise heart rate response rules and respiratory system functions of healthy people aged 20～40 years old living on 3 200 m plateau. There is a significant correlation between HRDP and lactic acid recovery capacity and lung function. The above indicators can be used to assess the aerobic exercise endurance ability of healthy adults living on plateau.

Value Added Impact of Both Point-of-Care and Laboratory Lactic Acid Analysis When Emergently Evaluating Cancer Patients.

IntroductionCancer patients are immunosuppressed and may present to an emergency department with atypical symptoms. In the emergency setting, it is important ascertain rapidly if lactic acid levels are high, either due to sepsis or tumor lysis syndrome, to effectively manage symptoms. Therefore, it is critical to determine the blood lactic acid level to timely identify who is at risk of sepsis and provide early intervention. We have compared blood lactic acid concentrations (BLAC) in cancer patients obtained by point-of-care testing (POCT) and those measured by laboratory analysis in blood samples drawn within a short time of each other.MethodsThis was a retrospective study in cancer patients whose BLAC had been determined by POCT and laboratory analysis. Only those patients who had blood withdrawn for both testing methods within a 2-h timeframe were included in the study. Regressions were performed together with an analysis categorizing the BLAC from both testing methods.ResultsA total of 274 patients met the criteria for the study. The BLAC from POCT correlated well with the values from laboratory testing (R = 0.925). Categorization of BLAC showed that 88.32% of the patients had BLAC that directly matched between the two tests; 28 (10.22%) patients had a normal BLAC according to laboratory analysis but a high BLAC on POCT; and four (1.46%) patients had a high BLAC according laboratory analysis but normal BLAC on POCT.ConclusionsThere was a high correlation between POCT and laboratory analysis values of BLAC in cancer patients, with the results from both testing methods agreeing 96% of the time. This finding suggests that POCT would suffice in most cases. Importantly, in 2% of the cancer patients who presented emergently, BLAC determined by POCT and laboratory analysis did not agree. Therefore, in subsequent decision-making, we recommend that if sepsis is suspected and BLAC determined by POCT is normal, nucleic acids, proteins, circulating cells, and interleukin-3 levels should also be obtained by POCT to confirm sepsis and/or rule out tumor lysis syndrome in patients with cancer.Electronic Supplementary MaterialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s40487-020-00118-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Safety of longer linezolid regimen in children with drug-resistant tuberculosis and extensive tuberculosis in Southwest China

ObjectivesLinezolid (LNZ) has recently been listed by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a Group A agent for the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) in longer regimens (18–20 months). However, little is known about the safety of LNZ in longer TB treatment regimens in children. MethodsHere we report 31 children who received LNZ treatment for drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) and extensive tuberculosis in the Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, China, during September 2016 to March 2019. The mean duration of LNZ treatment was 8.56 months (range, 1–24 months). ResultsOf the 31 patients, 13 (42%) had suspected or confirmed adverse events (AEs) related to LNZ treatment, including digestive symptoms, haematological toxicity, neuropathy and lactic acidosis. Haematological toxicity was the most frequent AE, presenting as leukopenia (9/13) and anaemia (5/13). No hepatotoxicity or nephrotoxicity was observed. Two patients suffered from life-threatening lactic acidosis when the LNZ dose was increased to 1.2 g daily, however they recovered following LNZ withdrawal. ConclusionA high rate of AEs of LNZ treatment was observed in children receiving a longer regimen, which might relate to the treatment course and dose. Haematological toxicity was the most frequent AE in children. It is necessary to regularly monitor the blood chemistry and lactic acid concentration during LNZ treatment.

Resting Energy Expenditure and Substrate Oxidation in Malnourished Patients With Type 1 Glycogenosis.

Type 1a and 1b glycogenosis [glycogen storage disorder (GSD)1a, GSD1b] are rare diseases generally associated with malnutrition. Although abnormal substrate oxidation rates and elevated energy expenditures might contribute to malnutrition, this issue has not been investigated. To investigate whether abnormal resting energy expenditure (REE) and substrate oxidation rate characterize patients with GSD1. Cross-sectional study. Outpatient referral center for rare diseases and laboratory of clinical nutrition at the University Hospital of Palermo. Five consecutive patients with GSD1 (4 type a, 1 type b; 3 men, 2 women; age range, 19 to 49 years). The usual clinical procedures for patients with malnutrition, including REE and basal substrate oxidation rate (both indirect calorimetry), body composition (bioimpedance method), muscle strength (hand-grip test), and the usual laboratory tests, were performed. Malnutrition was clearly diagnosed in 2 patients (1 GSD1a and 1 GSD1b), with REE elevated in all five patients, and especially, in the two malnourished patients (+124% and +32.1% vs predictive values using Harris-Benedict equations). The two malnourished patients also exhibited lower basal protein oxidation rates (7.7% and 6.6%) than the nourished patients (range, 12.1% to 24.7%), with higher carbohydrate or lipid oxidation rates. Additionally, the two malnourished patients exhibited higher blood concentrations of lactic acid than the nourished patients. According to data obtained from our small sample of patients with GSD1, elevated REEs seem to be a common characteristic that might contribute to malnutrition. Low basal protein oxidation rates and elevated blood lactic acid concentrations appear to be associated with malnutrition.

지속 혹은 분할 유산소 운동방법에 따른 에너지 소비량과 혈중 젖산 농도 비교

The aim of this study was to estimate and compare energy expenditure and blood lactic acid in a 30min continuous bout of bicycle ergometer cycling at 80% of HRmax reserve with 45 min of recovery and in 10 min intermittent bouts of exercise with equally divided into three 15min periods of recovery. Subjects were fourteen college-aged males(age: 22±1.8 years, height: 173±6.5 cm, weight: 70±13.8 kg, %body fat: 19±6.5%) volunteered to participate. Energy expenditure was measured with the POLOR(RS 800CX, Finland) & exercise record/analysis program and Lactate Tester (YSI 1500, USA), at warm up, exercise and during recovery. The 30 min continuous bouts of exercise included a 45 min recovery and each of the three 10 min bouts included 15 min of recovery. Workload was adjusted during exercise to maintain at 80% target HR. Setting of target HR was at 1/3 position of main exercise and maintaining to the end of the exercise. Differences in energy expenditure between continuous and intermittent exercise, recovery from exercise, as well as the combination of exercise an recovery were assessed with a paired t-test. And blood lactic acid concentration were analysis with independent t-test and oneway repeated measures ANOVA were employed to analyse blood lactatic acid. Significance was set a p<.05. The energy expenditure for exercise only was no significantly greater(6.3 kcal) with continuous bout of exercise than intermittent bouts of exercise. On the other hand, during recovery from exercise, they expended more energy(22.7 kcal) following intermittent exercise than following continuous exercise. The total energy expenditure for the combination of exercise and recovery was greater(16.3 kcal) than intermittent bouts of exercise, but it was not significant. And on blood lactic acid, there is significant different at point of exercise finish and at 15min of recovery(p<.01, p<.05 respectively).

The clinical value of combining early urine paraquat clearance rate with severity index of paraquat poisoning in predicting the prognosis for acute paraquat poisoning patients

Objective To investigate the clinical value of combining early urine paraquat early clearance rate(UPCR)with severity index of paraquat poisoning(SIPP)in predicting the prognosis for paraquat poisoning patients. Methods In this retrospective research, a total of 425 cases diagnosed with acute paraquat poisoning from March 2014 to March 2016 in Emergency Intensive Care Unit, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University were enrolled. The general data of patients, the results of rapid qualitative test of paraquat in blood and urine, the concentration of paraquat in blood / urine, the poisoning time, the concentration of blood lactic acid and the APACHE Ⅱscore were collected. The early UPCR and SIPP were measured at different time intervals, and the ratio of 6-SIPP and 12 h-UPCR were calculated. These patients were divided into death groups and survival groups according to the 28-day mortality. The relationship between these factors and the mortality were analyzed. Results Of all the 425 patients, 268 cases(63.1%)died, 157 cases(36.9%) survived; the blood concentration of paraquat, the lactate concentration, SIPP values and the APACHE Ⅱ scores were significant difference between the two groups(P 0.05). The 6 h-SIPP/12 h-UPCR value was (41.94±5.9)in death group, which was higher than that in survival group(5.27±3.6)(P<0.05). Conclusion The combined use of early UPCR and SIPP values is an effective indicator of the prognosis of patients with acute paraquat poisoning and is helpful for the early stratification. We should pay more attention to the patients whose rapid qualitative blood test is positive because of their high mortality risk; for the patients whose 12 h urinequalitative test was negative, the hemoperfusion therapy might be stopped because the toxin was completely excluded, and the medical resources can be saved reasonably. The UPCR might indicate the excretion of toxins, and SIPP might indicate the severity of poising. Key words: Urine paraquat early clearance rate; Severity index of paraquat poisoning; Blood paraquat rapid qualitative test; Urine paraquat rapid qualitative test; Prognosis

Effects of Sports Nutritional Beverages Containing Glycerinum on the Physical Functions of Bicyclists after Physical Activities

Abstract This study aimed at providing a reference for the selection of energy tonics for sportsmen engaging in high-strength training and competitions by investigating the effects of the intake of beverages containing glycerinum before exercise at high temperature on the physical functions of bicyclists. Forty bicyclists were selected as research subjects and divided into a test group and a control group. The indexes such as urine volume, weight loss value, oxyhemoglobin saturation, blood lactic acid, nervous tension difference value and reaction time were detected after the sportsmen took different beverages. The conclusions were drawn after the data were analyzed by SPSS ver. 18.0. The research results demonstrated that, the intake of beverages containing glycerinum could reduce urine output and lower weight loss value, prolong the endurance riding time of bicyclists in high temperature environment, reduce the concentration of blood lactic acid, improve the aerobic exercise ability of sportsmen, relieve nervous tension and fatigue, and improve physical functions.

Feeding value and fermentation characteristics of ensiled sugar beet wet distillers for fattening Holstein steers

Sugar beet wet distillers juice with solubles (SBWDJS) are disposed to aerobic spoilage when stored for a prolonged period. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the fermentation characteristics of ensiled SBWDJS, as well as their feeding impact on the metabolic profiles and the growth performance in fattening Holstein steers. Ensiled blends containing SBWDJS were prepared either with Amylomyces rouxii inoculation (AS) or without (US). The silos were analysed on days 0, 7, 14, 28 and 42. As expected, silage lactic acid (LA) concentrations were elevated in the AS treatment compared with the US treatment. Daily gain and final bodyweight values were similar between treatments. Statistically, blood lactic acid concentrations were lowest from AS-based diet-fed steers and highest from control-fed steers. Collectively, SBWDJS can be effectively ensiled with or without A. rouxii and used as feedstuff for fattening Holstein steers.

The effects of landed and aquatic treadmill walking at moderate intensity on heart rate, energy expenditure and catecholamine.

[Purpose]The present study was to examine whether or not the appropriate exercise intensity of water-walking could be accurately prescribed by land-based walking speed.[Methods]Using a crossover design, nine healthy male college students completed bouts of walking for thirty minutes at 100m/min, 50m/min, respectively, on land and water treadmills. Heart rate (HR), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), energy expenditure, blood lactic acid and catecholamine concentration were measured. Two-way repeated measured ANOVA was used with the SPSS program for data analysis.[Results]HR (P < 0.001), RPE (P < 0.001), energy expenditure (P < 0.001), blood lactic acid (P < 0.001) and epinephrine concentration (P < 0.05) were significantly increased during walking both in water and on land. The change of HR was significantly lower at 50min/m in water than 100min/m on land (P < 0.01). There were no significant interaction effects for RPE, energy expenditure, blood lactic acid and catecholamine concentration, but these variables were slightly lower in water than on land. These results indicated that the use of land walking speed-based prescriptive norms would underestimate the physiological cost in water walking at the moderate intensity.[Conclusion]Therefore, approximately two-half of the speed would be needed to walk in water in order to obtain the same level of physiological load as during treadmill walking at the moderate intensity.

The significance of lactic acid in early diagnosis and goal-directed therapy of septic shock patients

To investigate the application of lactic acid in early diagnosis and goal-directed therapy of septic shock, and to provide reference for the early clinical diagnosis and treatment of septic shock. A prospective observational study was conducted, in which patients satisfied with the criteria of septic shock diagnosis were enrolled. The patients were randomly divided into two groups. The lactic group was defined using blood lactic acid concentration < 2 mmol/L as treatment guide target. Control group was defined according to the traditional diagnostic criteria of shock which systolic blood pressure was less than 90 mmHg (1 mmHg= 0.133 kPa) or systolic blood pressure value fell > 40 mmHg baseline or oliguria ( < 0.5 ml. kg-1.h-1) et al traditional septic shock diagnosis criteria and bundle treatment was performed. Organ dysfunction index, the sequential organ failure score (SOFA), acute physiology and chronic health evaluation score II ( APACHE II) score, the time of mechanical ventilation, the time of stay in the intensive care unit ( ICU), and the 7-and 28-day mortality were recorded. There were 26 and 31 septic shock patients in lactic group and control group respectively. Organ dysfunction index had been improved in different degrees after treatment compared with that before treatment. Creatinine ( Cr) at 48 hours after treatment in lactic group was significantly lower than that in control group (μmol/L: 94.48 ± 6.68 vs. 107.44 ± 10.35, P < 0.05), and there was no statistical difference in other indexes. The SOFA score of lactic group at 24 hours and 48 hours after treatment was lower than that of control group (9.27 ± 4.62 vs. 9.79 ± 3.80, t=2.103, P=0.040; 8.54 ± 5.53 vs. 9.70 ± 4.30, t=2.302, P=0.023). APACHE II score of two group after treatment were lower than that before treatment, and lactic group decreased more obviously compared with control group ( 14.25 ± 5.29 vs. 20.00 ± 9.74, t=2.298, P=0.026; 13.60 ± 6.18 vs 18.15 ± 6.62, t=2.653, P=0.011). The time of stay in the ICU and the time of mechanical ventilation of lactic group were shorter that those of control group, but there was no statistical difference [ICU time (days): 8.95 ± 5.19 vs. 9.45 ± 6.18, t=0.605, P=0.652; mechanical ventilation time (hours): 101.15 ± 11.50 vs. 110.63 ±13.26, t= 0.631, P=0.564]. There was no statistical difference regarding 7-day mortality of lactic group was lower than that of control group [15.38% (4/26) vs. 16.13% ( 5/31), Χ2=0.000, P=1.000]. The 28-day mortality of lactic group was lower than that of control group [26.92 % (7/26) vs. 54.84% (17/31). Χ2=4.520, P=0.033]. By blood lactic acid monitoring, inadequacy of organization perfusion i.e. septic shock can be found in the early stage, thus early intervention can be performed and improve resuscitation result and reduce the mortality of septic shock patients. Blood lactic acid ≥ 4 mmol/L can be used as one of the criteria for the diagnosis of septic shock, and 6-hour blood lactic acid < 2 mmol/L as a goal to guide shock treatment with obvious prognosis improvement.