Concentrations Of Biogenic Substances Research Articles

Biogeninių medžiagų koncentracijų kitimo tyrimai Kulpės upėje

The objective of the article is to determine the variation in the concentration of biogenic substances in the Kulpė river. The theoretical part of this article reviews the division of Lithuanian surface waters into river basin districts and their ecological status. The damage caused to surface waters by the main groups of anthropogenic pollution, as well as preventive pollution reduction measures, is summarised, and the methodology of the study of the surface water is analysed. The samples of the Kulpė River were taken twice on 04/03/2023 and 04/25/2023 in order to determine the change in substances concentration. Sampling sites were selected based on the geographical location of the river, surrounding objects and river flow. During the study of river waters, the following indicators were determined: nitrates (NO3-N, mg/l N), ammonium nitrogen (NH4-N, mg/l N), total nitrogen (Nb, mg/l), phosphate phosphorus (PO4-P, mg/l P), total phosphorus (Pb, mg/l). According to the studied biogenic substances, the worst results were obtained in the northern part of the city of Šiauliai. The concentration level of the ammonium nitrogen reached a bad ecological status in the river sources and the central part of the city. Keywords: biogenic substances, anthropogenic pollution, surface water, Kulpė river.

Interactions between Aquatic Plants and Cyanobacterial Blooms in Freshwater Reservoir Ecosystems

Climate change and nutrient pollution are echoed by worldwide increasing trends in the frequency, duration, and toxicity of cyanobacterial (blue-green algal) blooms. Therefore, searching for the best options to mitigate blooms is relevant and timely. Aquatic vascular plants offer a promising solution through biological control. In this study, we use reservoirs regularly affected by intensive blooms (the Kyiv and Kaniv Reservoirs of the Dnipro River, Ukraine) to investigate whether macrophytes may inhibit or reduce the massive development of cyanobacteria. Special attention was paid to plants with floating leaves and free-floating plants since data on their effects on cyanobacteria are controversial. On the basis of field and satellite observations, the spatial distribution of cyanobacterial blooms and aquatic macrophyte patches was assessed. Multispectral images captured by satellites Sentinel-2a (S2A) and Sentinel-2b (S2B) were used. In addition, based on data from field observations, a comparative analysis of phytoplankton and physical and chemical parameters between areas of the reservoirs overgrown and not overgrown by macrophytes was carried out. The obtained results indicate that in macrophyte patches phytoplankton structure differed from that observed in open waters. However, in areas of reservoirs dominated by floating-leaf plants or free-floating plants, a significant decrease in phytoplanktic or cyanobacterial biomass was not observed. This is most likely due to the fact that these macrophytes did not reduce the concentration of biogenic substances to a level that would limit cyanobacterial growth. On the contrary, intensive overgrowth of floating-leaf plants (in particular, Trapa natans) along the river sections of the reservoirs, as well as other factors, contributed to nitrogen and phosphorus enrichment. Therefore, in the face of relevant nutrient supply, these ecological groups of macrophytes (floating-leaf plants and free-floating plants) have not shown statistically significant effectiveness in controlling the process of cyanobacterial blooms in reservoir ecosystems.

ANTHROPOGENIC IMPACTS ON WATER QUALITY OF KYIV RESERVOIR

The aim of research is to systematize the scientific achievements of scientists regarding the environmental state of the Kyiv reservoir, its hydrological, geological and biological modes of operation. The concept of the research involved identifying the main orientation and functions of the reservoir (the first investigated question); to analyze its hydrological conditions, landscape and relief changes (the second research question); to determine the main sources of influence on the environmental state of the reservoir (is the third investigated question). The research methodology was divided according to the investigated questions: the first and second questions: covered the synthesis and analysis of theoretical data of the work of international and domestic scientists; the third question – took into account a systematic approach, in particular, included the use of own expedition data (from summer 2021 to summer 2022 - seasonality) to detect abrasion changes, as well as to take water samples to determine biogenic elements and chemical compounds in the reservoir. Highlighting the main conclusions in accordance with the tasks, it is possible to note: 1) the main orientation of the Kyiv Reservoir, which includes the needs of the national economy and its functions, is substantiated. The essence of water-energy, transport-logical, water-regulatory, water management (water supply, fish breeding, irrigation), health-recreational, protective and transboundary functions of the reservoir is revealed; 2) the hydrological conditions, landscape and relief conditions of the Kyiv Reservoir were analyzed. It has been established that abrasion processes are observed on the banks of the reservoir - abrasion-slide and abrasion-slide banks were formed on the right bank of the reservoir since the time of its formation; 3) the environmental state of the reservoir of the Kyiv Reservoir has been determined. In the course of the analytical studies, it was concluded that there are processes of organic pollution in the reservoir of the Kyiv Reservoir, the main markers of which are excess concentrations of biogenic substances (N, P, and others). Their accumulation and income depends on a number of natural (air temperature, wind direction and reservoir flow pattern), anthropogenic (intensification of predicted sources of pollution), socio-economic (level of development of the state and population, level of development of innovative technologies - for example, wastewater treatment) and political factors (unstable military situation).

Estimation of the Variability of Average Annual Values of Nutrients Concentrations in the Water of the Kuibyshev Reservoir

The results of the analysis of water pollution in the Kuibyshev reservoir with nutrients for the period 2009-2015 yrs are given. The assessment of the dynamics of average annual concentrations of biogenic substances and comparison with fisheries standards was carried out. The trends of average annual concentrations of biogenic substances in the water of the Kuibyshev reservoir are obtained, describing the general trend of the dynamics of biogenic substances for the studied period of time. The analysis of the changes in the chemical composition of the nutrient elements of the waters of the Kuibyshev reservoir in retrospective years from 1957 - 2015 yrs was carried out. In the modern period of 2009-2015 yrs marked a significant increase compared with 1952-1954 yrs the concentrations of the main biogenic substances - phosphate ions - 6,3 times, nitrite ions - 35,0 times, nitrate ions - 15,6 times, and ammonium ions 23,0 times.

Research of Biogenic Substances Concentrations and their Connection with Runoff of the Siverskiy Donets River in the Borders of the Kharkiv Area

Purpose. To investigate the spatial-temporal change in the runoff of water, concentration of nutrients in water and establishment of communication between them, on the river Seversky Donets. Methods. Statistical analysis. Results. For the study of water flow and changes in average annual concentrations of nutrients in the Seversky Donets River, selected posts are located: on the border with the Russian Federation (Ogurtsovo village); Pechenezh reservoir; Chuguev city; city of Zmiev. To identify cyclical patterns in runoff fluctuations, chronological and smoothed, using a linear filter, time series for the periods 1923-2016 are used. To identify cyclical patterns in runoff fluctuations, chronological and smoothed, using a linear filter, time series for the periods 1923-2016 are used. The frequency of phases of water content is on average 3-5 years. The average perennial phosphate concentrations in posts are in the range of 0.65-1.96 mg/dm3, and the coefficient of variation is 0.2, that is, the variability of phosphates is negligible. The average concentration of nitrites by posts, for the entire observation period, varies in the range of 0.046-0.26 mg/dm3, and the coefficient of variation of nitrites varies in the range of 0.6-0.9, which indicates a significant variability of the indicator over time. The average annual concentrations of nitrates in the posts vary in the range of 0.71–4.96 mg/dm3, and the coefficient of variation of nitrates is 0.9. Conclusions. The average annual concentration of biogenic substances at the indicated positions has no relation to the cyclicity of the water content of the river, except for the Pechenezh reservoir, where the concentration of nitrites and phosphates changes in synchrony with the average annual water consumption.

The effects of different land use and hydrological types on water chemistry of young glacial ponds

The study aims to examine the effect of ponds on changes in water quality in a young glacial river catchment. The goal was to identify situations where a periodic hydrographic network is formed in outflow-free areas, which is connected with a higher order receiving area, as well as to study the circulation of matter in this type of system. This study answers the following key question: Do ponds affected by areal pollution substantially affect water quality in streams in periods where they become joined with the hydrographic network? The purpose of the research was to identify patterns associated with the functioning of ponds in young glacial areas in northern Poland on the example of the Borucinka catchment. Ponds were selected in order to generate a study sample characterized by different types of land use, local hydrology, and pond surface area. The study focused on the effects of catchment land use on pond water quality and the effects of periodic changes in local hydrology (linkage of surface flows with bodies of water) on pond water quality. Research has shown that land use in a pond catchment yields a substantial effect on pond water quality. The basic reason for the higher concentration of selected ions is close proximity to farms that generate wastewater, which reaches bodies of water in the study area. Seasonal changes in the concentration of biogenic substances were not observed in ponds. Only notable changes in the concentration of total nitrogen were observed due the episodic formation of a hydrographic network consisting of a collection of linked depressions. One of the more surprising findings was that permanently isolated ponds, which theoretically collect catchment pollutants all the time, are characterized by good hydrochemical conditions.

The use of a spatially heterogeneous simulation model for studying biotransformation processes of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds and the dynamics of oxygen dissolved in water in the ecosystem of Neva Bay, the Gulf of Finland: 2. Input data for calculations, modeling results, and their analysis

The data collected for model calculations is systematized for natural and design conditions. The natural conditions did not take into account the effect of the complex of water-protection structures on the hydrological regime of Neva Bay and on the biogenic load onto this water area, while the design conditions, conversely, reflected the possible impact of those structures on the hydrology and ecology of the area. Numerical experiments were used to study the processes of transformation of N and P compounds and the dynamics of dissolved O2 in Neva Bay water area. In the comparison of the calculated and observed concentrations of biogenic substances, Theil criterion was evaluated to assess the adequacy of the model in reproducing the concentration fields of the distribution of biogenic substances over Neva Bay water area. The major qualitative and quantitative features of the formation of the spatial heterogeneity and the time variations in the concentrations of biogenic element compounds over Neva Bay water area are identified. Possible improvements of the model in the reproduction of the complex of processes that are of particular importance for the development of substance transformations in shallow ecosystems are considered.

Estimating the level of water eutrophication in poraj dam reservoir based on selected methods

In this publication the chosen methods of estimation of the eutrophication were presented. These methods were used for the evaluation of the trophic status of the Poraj Reservoir water. In this research the Integral trophic state index was used. In addition the loading reservoir with total phosphorus was estimated, as well as the permissible and the critical loads of phosphorus according to Vollenweider were also defined. Furthermore, the trophic classification of reservoir water was achieved on the grounds of: the concentrations of biogenic substances in reservoir water, the concentrations of the chlorophyll a, the biomass of phytoplankton and the species composition of phytoplankton. The every chosen methods indicated on the advanced eutrophication processes occurring in this reservoir.

Distribution, abundance and environmental conditions of the clonal aquatic fern Salvinia natans (L.) All. in the Vistula delta (Baltic Sea Region)

Abstract We examined the distribution, resources and environmental conditions of the clonal aquatic fern Salvinia natans (L.) All., expansive in the Vistula delta (N Poland). Before 2006, there were 7 stands of this species, while in the years 2006-2010 their number increased to 21. The most abundant populations were found in the rivers: Tuga (133.0±37.6 indiv./0.1 m2), Fiszewka( 79.3±6.0), Szkarpawa (74.7±5.0), Struga Orłowska (61.0±2.0), Nogat (52.3±2.5), Elbląg (40.3±31.8), Wiślano-Zalewowy Canal (61.3±3.2) and in the SW part of Lake Druzno (72.3±2.5). S. natans did not colonise the weakly saline Vistula Lagoon and Elbląg Bay, which belong to the Baltic Sea. The plant under study occurred in shallow (2.2±1.5 m), narrow (17.9±13.6 m), slow-flowing (0.11±0.12 m s-1) and fertile (4.7±4.2 mg TN dm-3, 0.7±0.4 mg TP dm-3) watercourses. The water in them had neutral or alkaline pH (7.2-9.2) and was weakly saline (53.8±21.3 mg Cl dm-3). A dense mat of S. natans significantly affected the environmental conditions in the watercourses: water oxygenation, PAR intensity and concentration of biogenic substances, especially phosphorus, decreased.

Pollution of the River Venta within the Territory of Kuršėnai Town

The impact of Kursėnai town on the pollution of the river Venta and the effect of biogenic substances on the mass of phytoplankton are dealt with in the paper. Samples were taken and registration of the indicatory aquatic plants was carried out in three places of the river, i.e. upstream Kursėnai, in the centre of the town and downstream Kursėnai. Concentrations of biogenic substances (compounds of total soluble phosphorus and non-organic nitrogen) and organic substances were measured. Their effect on phytocenosis was estimated by measuring the concentration of chlorophyll a and by identifying indicator plants in the river. The research has shown that large amounts of phosphorus enter the river in this territory. The average concentration of total soluble phosphorus upstream Kursėnai (0.069 mg l-1) does not exceed the maximum permissible concentration (MPC), whereas downstream Kursėnai it is twice higher (0.135 mg l-1) and thus exceeds the permissible limits. The increased concentration of chlorophyll (10.49 µg l-1 downstream in comparison to 9.11 µg l-1 upstream Kursėnai), plenty of water plants, their varietal diversity and indicatory features downstream Kursėnai indicate more intensive water eutrophication in comparison with the state of the Venta river upstream Kursėnai. Chlorophyll a concentration in the places of measurement correlates with the concentration of the total soluble phosphorus. Nitrate concentrations are higher downstream Kursėnai than upstream (3.44 mg l-1 in comparison with 2.27 mg l-1) and exceed the MPC (2.3 mg l-1). Concentrations of nitrites and organic compounds are not subject to seasons and in most cases exceed permissible limits within the entire examined section of the river (app. 15 km). The excess amount of nitric compounds has been measured in the examined section of the river: the ratio of total soluble nitrogen and phosphorus is 45:1 upstream Kursėnai and 27:1 downstream Kursėnai, while optimum conditions to breed and develop the biota are when the ratio is 16:1. Relatively higher concentrations of phosphorus after the river passes the town are the reason of the increased eutrophication.

Life strategies of selected algae species along the habitat gradient on peat bogs

Autecological studies on some selected algae species were conducted in 1998 and 1999 on transition mires and raised bogs situated in the water and peat-bog nature reserve „Dury” in the Wdecki Landscape Park. Apart from forms co-dominating at all studied sites, such as Penium silvae-nigrae f. parallelum or Anisonema ovale, also forms that occurred occasionally were selected for autecological studies, such as e.g. Tetmemorus brebissonii var. brebissonii occurring in summer, or Chroococcus turgidus connected with sites situated near the water table. From the literature data it appears that the selected algae species, perhaps with exception of Petalomonas sphagnophila, are cosmopolitan organisms, characteristic of oligotrophic raised bogs. Species such as Anisonema ovale and Penium silvae-nigrae, despite different nutrition methods and different life „strategies”, have a similarly wide range of tolerance to changeable habitat parameters. They are eurytopic species, which can find their developmental optimum in all habitats. Chroococcus turgidus and Tetmemorus brebissonii are autotrophic species, which display certain characteristics corresponding to the K - strategy of development. They are stenotopic species connected with a highly hydrated habitat of low electrolytic conductivity and low concentration of biogenic substances.

The chemistry of water and bottom sediments in relation to zooplankton biocenosis in small agricultural ponds

The chemistry of water and bottom sediments in relation to zooplankton biocenosis in small agricultural ponds This study analyzed the chemistry and structure of planktonic fauna communities in small water bodies located within agricultural areas of different levels of anthropogenic transformation in the Wielkopolska region. Distance from farm buildings was a decisive factor when choosing the bodies of water for this study. A distinctive feature of the chemical characteristics of the examined water bodies was a high concentration of biogenic substances. The presence of biologically available mineral elements stimulated the development of algae, which was reflected in high concentrations of chlorophyll. High trophic conditions in the waters of the investigated ponds were also confirmed when analyzing the zooplankton community structure.

Life strategies of selected algae species along the habitat gradient on peat bogs

Autecological studies on some selected algae species were conducted in 1998 and 1999 on transition mires and raised bogs situated in the water and peat-bog nature reserve „Dury” in the Wdecki Landscape Park. Apart from forms co-dominating at all studied sites, such as Penium silvae-nigrae f. parallelum or Anisonema ovale, also forms that occurred occasionally were selected for autecological studies, such as e.g. Tetmemorus brebissonii var. brebissonii occurring in summer, or Chroococcus turgidus connected with sites situated near the water table. From the literature data it appears that the selected algae species, perhaps with exception of Petalomonas sphagnophila, are cosmopolitan organisms, characteristic of oligotrophic raised bogs. Species such as Anisonema ovale and Penium silvae-nigrae, despite different nutrition methods and different life „strategies”, have a similarly wide range of tolerance to changeable habitat parameters. They are eurytopic species, which can find their developmental optimum in all habitats. Chroococcus turgidus and Tetmemorus brebissonii are autotrophic species, which display certain characteristics corresponding to the K - strategy of development. They are stenotopic species connected with a highly hydrated habitat of low electrolytic conductivity and low concentration of biogenic substances.

Long-term changes in commercial fish catches in Lake Mamry Północne (northeastern Poland) on the background of physical, chemical, and biological data

Lake Mamry Po³nocne, a part of the Great Masurian Lake System in northeastern Poland, is a valuable body of water from environmental, recreational, and economic points of view. The paper evaluates long-term physical, chemical, and biological parameters as well as commercial fisheries data. Nitrogen and phosphorus influx data as well as physical and chemical data indicate that the trophic state of Lake Mamry Po³nocne can be described as moderate from 1967 to 2006, making the lake borderline -mesotrophic and eutrophic. The lake's trophic state increased with time, manifesting itself in an increasing concentration of biogenic substances, decreasing water transparency, and worsening oxygen conditions in the hypolimnion. Changes in physical, chemical, and biological parameters generally corresponded with changes in the commercial fish catches of selected species and groups of species indicative of the process of eutrophication.

Reconstruction of the temperature regime and the hydrologic parameters associated with it by using data on diatomic complexes from Lake Glubokoe

Diatomic complexes from Upper Holocene sediments in Lake Glubokoe (Moscow Province) are analyzed. A unified reconstruction method is first applied to three most important hydrologic characteristics: temperature, cation-anion balance, and the concentration of biogenic substances. The species composition of diatomic complexes is studied with account for the bioindication significance of each species in terms of the above-listed parameters of the aquatic environment. A graphic method elaborated by L. V. Razumovskii is used to compare the structure of different diatomic complexes. A cyclic recurrence is revealed in the lake temperature regime over the last centuries of the lake existence. It is found that in the epoch of neosedimentogenesis, variations in all parameters under study are correlated.

The use of specific surface index in analyzing the morpho-structural organization of phytoplankton

A comparative study of the level of quantitative development of phytoplankton groups of different sizes in areas with various hydrochemical regimes of the northwestern Black Sea and adjacent water bodies was carried out. In phytoplankton of water bodies of the northwestern Black Sea area the share of cells with a greater specific surface and more rapid metabolic rate increases. The interrelationship between the morpho-structural organization of phytoplankton and concentration of biogenic substances in the studied areas was analyzed.

Mathematical modeling of the ecosystem functioning conditions in the Chupa Estuary of the White Sea: Transformation of organogenic substances and bioproductivity of the marine environment

The use of a mathematical model, describing the transformations of organic and mineral compounds of C, Si, N, and P for the generalization of hydrological, hydrochemical, and hydrobiological data on nine regions in the White Sea is demonstrated. The regions examined include the head of Kandalaksha Gulf, Dvina Gulf, Mezen Gulf, Onega Bay, the Solovetskie Islands’ area, the central, deep-water part (or Basin), Gorlo, Voronka, and the Chupa Estuary. The results of modeling the transformations of biogenic substances in the water areas of the Chupa Estuary, and other gulfs and bays in the White Sea are compared and analyzed. Calculated variations in the concentrations of biogenic substances and detritus, microorganism biomasses, characteristics of their activity (specific growth rates and biomass turnover times) within a year are presented and discussed. The estimated characteristics are shown to agree with observational data. Particular attention is paid to estimating the organic matter production rates by phytoplankton and calculating balances of biogenic compounds in the Chupa Estuary.

FLUCTUATIONS OF MINERAL NITROGEN AND PHOSPHATE IN RIVER WATER DURING PERIODS OF VARIOUS WETNESS

Biological indicators are the best indicators of water quality, since they are interpretive of a variety of Stressors. Analysis of scientific literature shows that substance flows are calculated using different methods. One of the goals of this work is to investigate various methods for calculating biological indicator flows and to compare differences among them. For the four biological substance calculation methods which were studied, an essential difference among them was the period during which the volume of run‐off was calculated, that largely influences the size of flows. Upon Lithuania's entry into the European Union, the Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC) is the principle document defining priorities in the establishment and management of water quality. It foresees optimizing the number of water samplings per year. Therefore, another goal of this work is to identify possibilities for reducing water sampling frequency. The variation coefficient, as a statistical parameter showing fluctuations in the concentration of biogenic substances over the course of time, was selected for the analysis. Possibilities for reducing water sampling frequency for establishing the concentration of mineral nitrogen and phosphates in river surface waters were determined according to the obtained results.

Seasonal and Long-Term Variations in the Concentrations and Discharges of Biogenic Substances in the Razdolnaya River (Primorskii Krai)

Seasonal and long-term variations in the concentrations and discharge of dissolved nitrogen compounds and other biogenic substances by the Razdol'naya River runoff in the last 20 years are considered. The Razdol'naya River is one of the major rivers in the region, and its basin is subject to intense economic development. The natural and anthropogenic factors that affect variations in the concentrations of biogenic substances are characterized. The seasonal variations in the discharge of biogenic substances is shown to be controlled mostly by variations in water discharge.

Suspended and Dissolved Forms of Nutrients: Their Relationships and Interaction in the Major Tributaries of the Caspian Sea

Normal annual data are used to evaluate the within-year variations in the concentrations of biogenic substances (organic and mineral components of N and P, dissolved organic carbon, inorganic Si) in the major tributaries of the Caspian Sea. Variations in the concentrations of biogenic substances are analyzed, the relationships between their mass concentrations in individual months are evaluated, and correlation between the organic and mineral components of N and P and their aggregated fractions are established. The obtained high-significance correlation between the concentrations of N and P components suggests that the rates of biochemical processes of biogenic substance transformation taking place in the water of tributaries are commensurable.