Concentrations Of 6-benzylaminopurine Research Articles

Effect of Benzylaminopurine (BAP) and Coconut Water on the Growth of Bucephalandra sp. in Vitro

Tissue culture is useful as a way to obtain seeds in large quantities of seedlings in a short time as an effort to preserve Bucephalandra sp. in nature. The use of PGR has problems such as expensive prices and difficult to find, therefore its use can be replaced by natural PGR that are easy to obtain and have relatively cheap prices such as coconut water. The aim of this research was to determine the effect of Benzylaminopurine (BAP) and coconut water on the growth of Bucephalandra sp. in vitro. This research is a 2-factor factorial experiment using a completely randomized design. The factors are concentration of BAP (0; 1; 3; 5 mg/l) and concentration of coconut water (0; 50; 100 ml/l). The results showed Murashige and Skoog (MS) media with the addition of BAP 1 mg/l + coconut water 50 ml/l (4.11 shoots), BAP 5 mg/l + coconut water 50 ml/l (4.33 shoots), and BAP 3 mg/l (6.22 shoots) were able to provide the number of shoots with high results. The addition of coconut water did not affect the growth of Bucephalandra sp. MS media can grow shoots with the best results in measurements of shoot emergence time, number of roots, shoot and root length. Keywords: Aquatic plant, Endemic plant, Plant growth regulators, Tissue culture.

Establishment of Shoot-tip Regeneration System of Watermelon

The aim of this study was to establish a regeneration system of watermelon. Watermelon W1 was selected as the experimental material using seedling shoots as a receptor. The effects of different concentrations of 6-Benzylaminopurine (6-BA) on the shoot-tip of watermelon seedlings were studied. Number of shoots at the stem tip were counted every other day until the new buds reached 2 cm. The new stem tip was cut, and the effect of different concentrations of Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium on the number of regenerated roots and root length of shoots were studied. The results showed that the differentiation rate was highest when the 6-BA concentration was 0.7 mg/mL to 0.8 mg/mL. The optimum concentration for root regeneration was 1/8 MS. At this concentration, the number rooted was the highest, and root length was also promoted.

Optimization of embryo rescue technique for development of hybrid plants in stenospermic grapes

The development of seedless cultivars is a primary goal in grapevine breeding. Since grapes are stenospermic and tend to abort their embryos before development, traditional breeding methods often yield seedless cultivars at a low frequency. Therefore, embryo rescue has emerged as a promising approach for creating seedless grape cultivars. This study aimed to optimize the ideal sampling time and protocol for efficient embryo rescue in grapes. Ovules from immature berries collected at various days after pollination (20DAP, 30DAP, 40DAP, and 50DAP) were cultured on Nitsch and Nitsch (NN) medium with different concentrations of Benzyl aminopurine (BAP) (0.1, 0.2, and 0.5 mg/L) and Activated Charcoal (AC) (1.5, 2, and 2.5 g/L). Several parameters were assessed, including maximum ovule growth, the percentage of enlarged ovules, percentage of collapsed ovules, callus formation percentage, and embryo germination percentage. The study’s results indicated that berries collected at 40 DAP yielded the best outcomes across all parameters. Regarding treatments, the most favorable results were achieved when ovules were cultured on NN medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L BAP and 2 g/L AC. In conclusion, the study underscores the significance of choosing the right sampling time and treatments to ensure efficient embryo rescue in grapes. The protocol standardized from this research is recommended for effectively rescuing embryos and developing seedless hybrids.

In-vitro Regeneration of An Endangered Medicinal Plant Anodendron paniculatum (Apocynaceae)

Objectives: The present study aims to establish a standardized and efficient regeneration protocol for Anodendron paniculatum A. DC. (Apocynaceae) by optimizing the effect of various plant growth regulators as it is categorized globally as an endangered medicinal plant. Methods: MS medium fortified with 3% sucrose (w/v) and different concentrations of cytokinins 6-benzylamino purine (BAP), kinetin, thidiazuron either alone or in combination with auxins, indole 3-acetic acid (IAA), naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and GA3. For the in vitro root induction, individual and healthy shoots (3-4 cm in length) were excised in the 7th week and were cultured onto basal and half-strength MS medium supplemented with various concentrations of auxins and incubated in the culture room. Findings: MS medium supplemented with thidiazuron (2.5 𝜇M) in combination with indole 3-acetic acid (2.5 𝜇M) and GA3 (1.25 𝜇M) was most effective, providing multiple shoot regeneration for 79.33% of cotyledonary leaf explants associated with a high number of shoots per explant (20.00 ± 1.15) and length of shoot (2.66 ± 0.08 cm). Whereas, the frequency of response, mean number of shoots, and respective lengths were varied with different concentrations of 6-benzylamino purine when used in combination with IAA or NAA and BAP (5.0 𝜇M) along with IAA (2.5 𝜇M) at the frequency of 47.66%. Whereas, the addition of GA3 (1.25 𝜇M) in combination with BAP (5.0 𝜇M) and IAA (2.5 𝜇M) has shown a maximum number of multiple shoot formation/explant (12.33) with length of shoot (1.53 ± 0.08 cm). MS medium supplemented with 10 𝜇M 6-benzyl amino purine and 2.5 𝜇M naphthalene acetic acid recorded the highest response (53.66%) with more number of the shoot (9.66) and length of the shoot (1.83 ± 0.03 cm) per explant. The maximum percentage of response (84.33%) was recorded at 1 2 strength MS medium with 5.0 𝜇M NAA, whereas the highest number of roots per shoot (6.66 ± 0.33) was induced at MS + 5.0 𝜇M NAA. The highest length of roots (3.66 cm) was recorded at basal MS medium fortified with 5.0 𝜇M NAA and 7.5 𝜇M NAA. Novelty: The standardized protocol method is of first of its kind, a quick and suitable approach for the high quantity production of Anodendron paniculatum with appropriate concentrations of plant growth regulators that meet thecommercial demand of endangered medicinal plants. Keywords: Anodendron paniculatum; Endangered plant; Plant growth regulators; Regeneration; Protocol standardization

Effect of landraces on Musa micropropagation

This work aimed at assessing the performance of two landraces of Musa spp in micropropagation. Tissues from Owom and Efol were sterilized by soaking the explants in 70 % ethanol for 30 sec, 8 % NaOCl for 5 min, 5 g/L benlate for 5 min, and in 1.2 g/L HgCl2 for 10 min before being thoroughly washed with distilled water. Tissue exposure to U. V. light for 5 min was done before they were cultured in a shooting MS-based culture medium supplemented with 5.00 mg/L concentration of 6-Benzylaminopurine, and later to a rooting MS-based culture medium supplemented with indoleacetic acid (IAA) of 2.00 mg/l concentration. Data were collected on number of shoots, shoot height, shoot’s health, days to rooting, root number, and root length. The result from shooting medium showed that the plants’ heights were highly significantly different at P ≤ 0.01, with Owom producing marginal mean heights of 3.59 cm and 5.05 cm at 3 and 5 weeks respectively, after initiation. A very high significant difference was observed with plant health at P ≤ 0.001 whereby Owom landrace reduced in health status as the week increased, unlike Efol which increased in health status across the weeks. For rooting medium, significant differences at P ≤ 0.05 for days to rooting, root length, health performance, and plant height were observed. While high significant difference was observed for the number of roots at P ≤ 0.01. Owom performed significantly better than Efol and has shown value for commercial production and breeding programs.

Clonal micropropagation and ex-situ conservation of Rhycncholaelia digbyana (Lindley) Schltr

Objective: To obtain protocols for clonal micropropagation, crop planning, and in vitro conservation of Rhycholaelia digbyana (Lindley) Schltr. Methodology: The effects of the Kundson C basal medium and benzylaminopurine concentration were evaluated for clonal micropropagation. The treatment with the greatest number of shoots formed per apex was selected for crop planning. Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of basal medium Murashige and Skoog concentration at 2.2 gL-1 and 4.4 gL-1; sorbitol, mannitol, and sucrose at 1, 2, and 3% on slow growth. Results: The best treatment for clonal micropropagation and crop planning was identified as 21.60 gL-1 Knudson C with 8.80 µM benzylaminopurine. This treatment resulted in uniform-sized shoots produced. The multiplication process can yield 10,240 seedlings in 12 months. Slow growth was achieved using Murashige and Skoog basal media at 2.2 gL-1 with 1% mannitol. Implications: More experiments must be conducted to determine the best shoot induction conditions and improve resource efficiency. Conclusions: These findings represent the first report on micropropagation and ex-situ conservation to preserve germplasm for this species as an important resource for the floriculture industry.

Optimization of in vitro Regeneration of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) using Computational Models

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) is the most preferable cultivated crop in the World and can grow on poor soil with water scarcity. More than 80.0% of its cultivation is confined to the Sub-Saharan African continent. However, it is now one of the most preferable crops in Asia and Europe due to its low nutritional and water demand during cultivation under field conditions. In this study, the Bodrum Red cultivar of cowpea was used for in vitro regeneration. The 9-0 days old half cotyledonary node explant was used and placed on different concentrations of Benzylaminopurine (BAP), Indole-butyric acid (IBA), and Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). The results were analyzed by ANOVA and response surface methodology (RSM). The ANOVA analysis revealed the maximum shoots from the medium enriched with 1.0 mg/L BAP with shot counts ranging from 1.17-3.11. The results were further analyzed by surface regression analysis which revealed the significant impact of NAA on callus formation. The results were also analyzed through Pareto charts and normal plots which confirmed the significant role of BAP and NAA on in vitro regeneration. The use of a response optimizer revealed the maximum shoot counts of 3.0 per explant from the medium supplemented with BAP. Results revealed the significance of RSM for optimizing input factors precisely for multiple input factors simultaneously. Advanced biotechnological approaches like genetic engineering and marker-assisted selection could enhance cowpea resilience to environmental conditions, ensuring its sustainability and adaptability across diverse agroecological zones with the aid of RSM

Optimization of the in-vitro culture protocol of Haworthiopsis viscosa and Haworthia truncata var. truncata

This study was conducted to optimize the in vitro culture of Haworthiopsis viscosa and Haworthia truncata var. truncate. The full and half concentration of Murashige and Skoog (MS) and Gamborg (B5) after the disinfection of the explants was used to determine the suitable medium culture. The effect of the different concentrations of 6-benzyl aminopurine (BA) and Kinetin (Kin) (0, 1, 2, 3 and 6 mg/L) was investigated on the percentage of regeneration, callus formation and the number of seedlings regenerated. The different concentrations of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) (0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mg/L) were used to investigate the seedlings rooting. Finally, the cocopeat + perlite, the sand +perlite and the vermicolit +perlite substrates were studied to determine the suitable substrate for compatibility. The results show that the use of MS culture medium at complete concentration was more successful than the other treatments and increased the regeneration and seedling percentage in both species. Also, the use of BA at a concentration of 1 mg/L (H. truncata var. truncate) and at a concentration of 3 mg/L (H. viscosa) increased the percentage of regeneration and the number of regenerated seedlings significantly and the regenerated seedlings had a very good quality. The rooting of seedlings in both studied species was the highest at 1 mg/L IBA. The use of NAA in the culture medium produced roots that stuck together and were fragile in some cases, which was not suitable for the compatibility. By comparing different substrates, it was found that the use of cocopeat + perlite increased the seedling compatibility percentage to more than 95% in both species.

Efecto de diferentes concentraciones de bencilaminopurina en la propagación in vitro de Vainilla tahitensis (J. W. Moore)

The establishment of an efficient in vitro propagation protocol is still ongoing for Vanilla tahitensis (J. W. Moore), an underdeveloped but economically attractive crop in Ecuador. The objective of the research was to evaluate the application of different concentrations of cytokine benzylaminopurine (BAP) in its in vitro culture. The effect of six concentrations of BAP was studied (0.50, 1.00, 1.50, 1.75, 2.00 and 2.50 mg/L), and a control treatment, with five repetitions, using a completely randomized design. The 2.0 mg/L concentration of BAP allowed the best micropropagation of the vanilla producing 5 and 6 shoots at 60 and 90 d after sowing. The greatest length of roots was achieved with 1.75 mg/L (7 cm). Regarding plant height and leaf number, the 2.0 mg/L concentration showed the highest plant height with 18 and 6 cm at 90 and 60 d after sowing, and the highest number of leaves with 7 and 5 leaves, respectively. This research reports a successful in vitro culture protocol for this species, to promote the development of this crop in Ecuador, due to its outstanding possibilities for commerce at the international market.

Optimizing Biomass and Steviol Glycoside Yield in Hydroponically Grown Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) with Ammonium Nitrate and 6-Benzylaminopurine Concentrations

Optimizing Biomass and Steviol Glycoside Yield in Hydroponically Grown Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) with Ammonium Nitrate and 6-Benzylaminopurine Concentrations

Effect of Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP) on the Leaf Growth of Vanda limbata Blume Orchid In Vivo

<p><em>Vanda limbata</em> is a natural orchid with slow growth and is often taken directly from the forest in large quantities, threatening its sustainability. Ex-situ preservation efforts are needed for this orchid, one of which is through cultivation with the addition of Benzyl Amino Purin (BAP), known to increase shoot growth. This research aims to analyze the effect of BAP and determine its optimal concentration on the growth of <em>V. limbata</em> orchids. This research used a single-factor completely randomized design in BAP concentrations of 0, 25 and 50 mg l<sup>-1</sup> with 5 replications. The method used was spraying BAP solution once a week on all parts of adult <em>V. limbata</em> orchids aged ±2 years. The research was conducted for 3 months in the experimental garden with parameters observed in the form of the number of new leaves, elongation of old leaves, the length of new leaves, increase in the width of old leaves, the width of new leaves, stomatal density and the number of roots. The results showed that the most effective BAP concentration was 50 mg l<sup>-1</sup> for the number of new leaves which increased by 200%, the length of old leaves which increased by 168.66% and the length of new leaves which increased by 800%, but resulted in less stomatal density than the control. BAP can increase the growth of <em>V. limbata</em> orchid leaves. This research can be a recommendation for ex-situ conservation efforts that have the potential to be developed as a means of orchid cultivation.</p>

Shoot Induction of Black Stem Potato (Solanum tuberosum L. var. Cingkariang) with Several Concentration of 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP)

Black stem potato (Solanum tuberosum L. var. cingkariang/cingkariang potato) are a specific germplasm of West Sumatra with low productivity. One method of propagating this plant is through tissue culture techniques. The addition of Plant Growth Regulator (PGR) determines the results of plant propagation through tissue culture technique. Cytokinins such as 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) play a role in cell division and accelerate shoot formation. This study expects to decide the impact of a few convergences of BAP on the shoot enlistment of cingkariang potato. The examination utilized a totally randomized plan (CRD) with four treatments (0, 1, 2, and 3 mg/L BAP) and six replications. The result showed that BAP was able to induce Cingkariang potato shoots in all concentration. BAP 2 mg/L gave the fastest shoot and root emergence time and also gave the highest number of shoots and roots of Cingkariang potato. BAP 2 mg/L was the best concentration for shoot induction of black stem potato (Solanum tuberosum L. var. Cingkariang).

Induksi Tunas Beberapa Varietas Nilam (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) dan Konsentrasi BAP Secara In Vitro Shoot Induction of Several Varieties of Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) and Concentration of BAP In Vitro

Conventional propagation of patchouli plants has not met the demand for superior seeds. Propagation of superior seeds in a relatively short time can be done using in vitro culture techniques. This research aims to determine the induction of patchouli shoots of Tapaktuan, Lhokseumawe and Sidikalang varieties with Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP) concentrations in vitro. This research was carried out at the Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Syiah Kuala University. This research used a Randomized Block Design with a 3x4 factorial pattern consisting of 2 factors. The first factor was patchouli variety which consisted of 3 levels, namely: Tapaktuan, Lhokseumawe, and Sidikalang. The second factor was BAP concentration which consisted of 4 levels, namely: 0 (control), 0.5, 1, and 1.5 mg L-1. The results showed that the percentage of live patchouli explants was 100% in all treatments. The time and percentage of shoot emergence tended to be faster in the Lhokseumawe + BAP 0.5 mgL-1, namely 17.5 days after planting (DAP) and 100%. The number of patchouli explant shoots tended to be high in the Sidikalang + BAP 0.5 mgL-1, namely 12 shoots. The number of patchouli explant leaves tended to be high in the Lhokseumawe + BAP 1 mgL-1, namely 13 sheets. Patchouli explants tended to be taller in the Sidikalang + control, namely 8 cm. The percentage of callus formation tends to be high in the varieties Tapaktuan + BAP 1 mgL-1, Sidikalang + BAP 0.5 mgL-1, Sidikalang + BAP 1 mgL-1, Tapaktuan + BAP 1.5 mgL-1, Sidikalang + BAP 1.5 mgL-1 and Sidikalang + control were above 50% at 4 WAP. The number of patchouli explant roots tended to be high in the Tapaktuan + control, namely 16.50 roots. 
 
 Keywords: Aceh Patchouli, BAP, Cytokinin, Explant, Patchouli Shoots

In vitro Propagation of Lagenaria Siceraria: A Plant of the Cucurbitaceae Family with High Medicinal Value

Background and Objective: Lagenaria siceraria is extensively grown as a vegetable crop in tropical and subtropical regions of the world as a source of food and for it’s medicinal potential. The purpose of this research was to determine the optimal conditions for plantlet regeneration of Lagenaria siceraria microshoots on various concentrations of benzyl amino purine and naphthalene acetic acid in vitro.
 Materials and Methods: The research was designed as a completely randomized design. Shoot tips of Lagenaria siceraria were surface sterilized with sodium hypochlorite(NaOCl) at different concentrations (0,3,4,5,6 and 7 mg/L) and cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) solidified medium supplemented with 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) at different concentrations of (0,0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0,2.5 and 3.0mg/L) for shoot induction and the obtained shoots were transferred to MS medium containing naphthaleneacetic Acid(NAA) at different concentrations (0,0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0,2.5 AND 3.0mg/L) for root induction.
 Results: Surface disinfection was optimal after immersion of shoot tips and/or nodal explants in cleaning detergent (5 min), ethanol 70% (1 min), and sodium hypochlorite 5mg/L (15 min). MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/L BAP was most effective in inducing shoot multiplication (100%), with an average of 4,33 shoots per explant after 4 weeks. MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/L NAA was most appropriate for rooting (100%) with an average of 5.33 roots per shoot after 4 weeks.
 Conclusion: shoots sterilized with 5mg/L NaOCl and inoculated in MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/LBAP and 2.0 mg/L NAA were optimal conditions for the surface sterilization, shoot and root induction of Lagenaria siceraria shoots.

The Effect of Growmore and BAP (Benzyl Amino Purine) Concentrations on The Growth of Dendrobium bigiante agrihorti Orchid In-Vitro

The increase in production of Dendrobium bigiante agrihorti orchids by in vitro culture is to produce numerous and uniform seedlings. This study aimed to determine the effect of Growmore and BAP concentrations on the growth of orchid plantlets. The experiment consisted of two factors namely Growmore concentration (0; 3; 6; 9 ppm), and BAP concentrations (0; 1; 3; 5 ppm). The factors combination on ½ MS media was repeated 3 times and obtained 48 experimental units. Observation parameters included the percentage of live plantlets, number of roots, number of leaves, plant height (cm), and wet weight of plantlets (g). Results showed that a Growmore concentration of 3 ppm had a significant effect on the number of roots and plant height at 4.36 units and 4.17 cm. BAP concentration of 3 ppm also had a significant effect on the number of roots, plant height, and wet weight of respectively 4.72 units, 3.22 cm, and 0.63 g. A combination of Growmore 3 ppm + BAP 0 ppm produced the largest percentage of live planets at 100% and plant height at 7.37 cm, Growmore 9 ppm + BAP 0 ppm produced the largest number of roots at 6.33 units and Growmore 6 ppm + BAP 3 ppm produced the largest number of leaves at 8.78 strands. Keywords: BAP, Dendrobium bigiante, Growmore.

Methodology of Micropropagation of Elite Genotype in Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) Genotype Lakshmi

The lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) is an aquatic plant grown extensively throughout Asia, mostly for commercial and ornamental purposes. It is mostly propagated via rhizomes. A potent and reproducible plant regeneration system for lotus has been developed in this work employing rhizomes, shoot tips from the mother plant, and mature and immature embryos collected from eighteen and twenty-six-day-old aseptically fertilized seed. Shoot induction, number of shoots, and length of roots were induced on Murashige and Skoog's (MS) basal medium supplemented with various concentrations of 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) mgL-1 (0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4). The response of the explant varied with different BAP concentrations. The most favorable outcomes were achieved using MS medium treated with 0.5 mgL-1 6-Benzylaminopurine (T2).

The Effect of IAA and BAP on Root Induction of Cattleya Orchids

Orchid is an ornamental plant commodity that has an important meaning in international trade. Until now, orchids are still the center of attention of farmers and lovers of ornamental plants, because of their bright potential as cut flowers and potted plants. The popular and widespread type of orchid is Cattleya sp. The Cattleya orchid is also called the queen of orchids because of its colorful flowers. Cattleya sp. orchids take a long time to propagate by seed, about 4 to 7 years, so other methods are needed to deal with them. Tissue culture is a method for isolating plant parts such as cells, tissues or organs, and cultivating them in an aseptic environment. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal interaction of growth regulators indole acetic acid (IAA), benzyl amino purine (BAP), and their interactions with the root induction of Cattleya sp. Cytokinins interact with auxin in determining the direction of cell differentiation. In this research method, differences in concentrations of indole acetic acid (IAA: 0, 2, 4, 6 ppm) and concentrations of benzyl amino purine (BAP: 0, 0, 5, 1 ppm) were carried out. Parameters observed were the number of roots and root length. Data were analyzed descriptively and inferentially using ANOVA. The highest number of roots was obtained in the treatment medium containing 0.5 ppm BAP and 6 ppm IAA, which was 6.33. The highest root length was found in the B0I4 treatment (BAP 0 + IAA 4 ppm). The results of the analysis of the interaction variance between the IAA treatment and the BAP treatment were 0.005, meaning that there was a significant effect of the combination of IAA and BAP on the leaf length of Cattleya sp.

Effect of BAP (6-Benzylaminopurine) and NAA (α-Napthalene Acetic Acid) treatment on Micropropagation of Adansonia digitata L.

The African Baobab, also known as Kalpvriksha (Adansonia digitata L.), is a significant multi-purpose tree that has gained popularity among people, primarily in African countries, for its use as food, fodder, clothing, and ropes. There is one of the obstacle arises in growing this plant by farmers in India is the lack of planting materials. The young plants of A. digitata L. have to be imported form selected nurseries. Therefore, micropropagation can be used as a substitute method to create offspring that are genetically similar to the parent plant. In order to micropropagate Kalpvriksh (A. digitata L.), this experiment is being conducted utilizing shoot tip explants. For shoot proliferation, these explants are grown in MS medium containing various concentrations of BAP (6- Benzylamino purine): 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.5, 5.0 mg/L. Shoots are rooted in a medium containing at the same concentration of NAA (α-Napthalene Acetic Acid) 0.5 mg/L alone or with combination. Complete Randomized Design (CRD) is used to conduct each experiment. ANOVA and the Duncan New Multiple Range test are used to examine the data. According to the technique for micropropagation of A. digitata L. The concentration of BAP and NAA was found to be 1.5 mg/L and 0.5 mg/L respectively which showed better enhancement for shoot regeneration and rooting for micropropagation of Kalpvriksha (Adansonia digitata L.) tree.

Callogenesis and Morphohistological Characterization of Hancornia speciosa Gomes

Hancornia speciosa Gomes belongs to the family Apocynaceae and is distributed across different regions of Brazil. The objective of this study was to evaluate callus induction and histodifferentiation in five mangaba accessions under different in vitro culture conditions. Five acessions from the Active Germplasm Bank of Mangaba (Embrapa, Brazil) were evaluated. In vitro-germinated plant seedlings were used for the excision of different explants (internode and node segments, and foliar section). These segments were inoculated in a culture medium containing different concentrations of 6-Benzylaminopurine (BA) and 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). There was a significant effect of accessions, treatments, and time on the callus mass (g). There was no callus induction in the absence of regulators. After 60 days of in vitro culture, all treatments exhibited a linear positive cellular growth. The highest callus mass was observed in the BI accession, in the presence of 22.62 µM 2,4-D and 11.10 µM BA.

Effect of Seed Treatments on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of <em>Madhuca longifolia</em> var. <em>longifolia</em> (“Mee”)

Madhuca longifolia (Koenig) J.F. Macb. var. longifolia is a forest tree species with high reforestation potential in the dry zone of Sri Lanka. Seasonality in seed production and lack of plant production are the drawbacks of this species regenerating naturally. Seeds were treated with gibberellic acid (GA3), potassium nitrate (KNO3), distilled water (DW), and scarified in addition to control without any treatment. Data were evaluated for germination and seedling growth under ex vitro and in vitro conditions. The objective of this study is to determine the dormancy associated with M. longifolia seeds and the effect of pre-treatments on seedling growth. Mechanically scarified seeds, under ex vitro conditions, showed higher germination than all the other treatments after 28 days and a significantly higher percentage (p<0.05) than the control under both light (90.00%) and dark (85.45%). Dark conditions stimulated germination significantly within the first seven days of sowing. The highest shoot growth was observed for GA3, KNO3, and DW (8.3, 8.6, and 8.5 cm, respectively) treatments while rooting was not significantly affected by the applied treatments. In vitro germination was tested for de-coated, surface sterilized seeds on half-strength liquid Murashige and Skoog (½ MS) media with different concentrations of benzylaminopurine (BAP) such as 0, 0.2, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/L. The germination percentage of ½ MS with 0.5 mg/L BAP (77.71%) was higher than all the other media compositions. Results revealed that M. longifolia seeds show a lower level of germination due to physical dormancy, and it can be released by mechanical scarification.