Concentration In Diabetic Rats Research Articles

Long-Term Effects of Suramin on Renal Function in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes in Rats.

In short-term diabetes (3 weeks), suramin, a drug used clinically, affects renal function and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), which may be involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy, the main cause of end-stage renal disease. In the present study, we evaluated the long-term (11 weeks) effects of suramin (10 mg/kg, i.p., once-weekly) in diabetic rats. Concentrations of VEGF-A, albumin, soluble adhesive molecules (sICAM-1, sVCAM-1), nucleosomes, and thrombin-antithrombin complex (TAT) were measured by ELISA, total protein was measured using a biuret reagent. Glomerular expression of VEGF-A was evaluated by Western blot, mRNA for VEGF-A receptors in the renal cortex by RT-PCR. The vasoreactivity of the interlobar arteries to acetylcholine was assessed by wire myography. Long-term diabetes led to an increased concentration of VEGF-A, TAT, and urinary excretion of total protein and albumin, and a decrease in the concentration of sVCAM-1. We have shown that suramin in diabetes reduces total urinary protein excretion and restores the relaxing properties of acetylcholine relaxation properties to non-diabetic levels. Suramin had no effect on glomerular expression VEGF-A expression and specific receptors, and on sICAM-1 and nucleosomes concentrations in diabetic rats. In conclusion, the long-term effect of suramin on the kidneys in diabetes, expressed in the reduction of proteinuria and the restoration of endothelium-dependent relaxation of the renal arteries, can be considered as potentially contributing to the reduction/slowing down of the development of diabetic nephropathy.

Application of hyaluronic acid microneedles in insulin intelligent delivery system for the treatment of diabetes

In this study, insulin (insulin, INS)/Ca3PO4 complex and glucose oxidase (glucose oxidase, GOx)/Cu3(PO4)2 complex were prepared by coprecipitation method. The mineralized insulin (mineralized insulin, m-INS) showed irregular crystalline clusters, and the mineralized glucose oxidase (m-GOx) showed flower spherical morphology, with a diameter of about 1-2 μm. In vitro simulated release experiment showed that m-INS released INS as the pH value of the medium decreased. When the pH value was 4.5, the release amount reached 96.68%. The enzyme activity detection experiment showed that the enzyme activity stability of m-GOx was higher than that of free GOx. It still maintained high activity after 10 days at room temperature, while the activity of GOx was less than 60%. The glucose solution was prepared to simulate the state of normal blood glucose (5.6 mmol/L) and hyperglycemia (22.2 mmol/L). When m-INS and m-GOx were added to the glucose solution, the release amount of INS showed a significant glucose concentration dependence. The higher the glucose concentration, the greater the release amount and release rate of INS. Finally, m-INS, m-GOx and hyaluronic acid (HA) solution were mixed to prepare HA microneedle arrays loaded with m-INS and m-GOx. Type 1 diabetes mice were constructed to evaluate the effect of drug-loaded HA microarray on blood glucose control in diabetic rats. The results show that the HA microneedles loaded with m-INS/m-GOx could deliver drugs effectively. The average blood glucose concentration in diabetic rats dropped to about 7 mmol/L within 1 h, normal blood glucose concentration could be maintained for 10 h, and the overall blood glucose concentration was lower than the level before administration for 36 hours. Compared with HA microneedles loaded with INS only, m-ins microneedles showed better glucose tolerance, longer-lasting glucose control effect and less risk of hypoglycemia. Compared with other sustained-release systems, the preparation process of the core components in this study is simple, efficient, safe and effective, and has great commercial potential.

Silymarin reduces retinal microvascular damage in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Diabetic retinopathy is a severe microvascular problem in diabetes mellitus. Silymarin is a flavonoid compound, and according to previous studies, it is a bioactive compound with potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This investigation aims to peruse the impact of silymarin against diabetic retinopathy in streptozotocin (STZ)-provoked rats. Thirty-two adult male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into the control group, STZ group, STZ + silymarin (50 mg/kg), and STZ + silymarin (100 mg/kg). STZ rats received silymarin every day until 2 months after diabetes induction. The serum and retinal tissues were collected 2 months after silymarin treatment to determine biochemical and molecular analyses. Silymarin markedly lowered the serum glucose concentration in diabetic rats. Silymarin reduced the increased levels of advanced glycosylated end products (AGEs), the receptors for AGEs (RAGE), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in diabetic rats. Silymarin also attenuated the phosphorylation of p38 MAP kinase and nuclear factor (NF)-κB p65 and diminished diabetes-induced overexpression of inflammatory cytokines, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), adhesion molecules, and extracellular matrix proteins in STZ rats. Our data suggested that silymarin has protective effects against diabetic retinopathy, which might be related to the inhibition of the AGEs/RAGE axis and its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.

Sacubitril/valsartan combination enhanced cardiac glycophagy and prevented the progression of murine diabetic cardiomyopathy

BackgroundDiabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is linked to disturbance in cardiac glucose handling and increased cardiac glycogen storage. This study tested the potential role of sacubitril/valsartan on the progression of DCM in high fat diet (HFD)/streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 2 diabetic rats compared to valsartan alone, including their effects on the cardiac glycophagy process. Materials and MethodsRats were fed on HFD for 6 weeks followed by single low-dose STZ (35 mg/kg). After confirming hyperglycemia, diabetic rats were continued on HFD and divided into three subgroups: Untreated-diabetic, Valsartan-treated diabetic and Sacubitril/valsartan-treated diabetic groups; in addition to a control group. Changes in ECG, blood glucose, serum insulin, lipid profile, and Homeostasis model of assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were assessed and the degree of cardiac fibrosis was examined. Cardiac glycogen content and glycophagy process were evaluated. ResultsSacubitril/valsartan administration to diabetic rats resulted in improvement of metabolic changes more than valsartan alone. Also, sacubitril/valsartan effectively prevented diabetes-associated cardiac hypertrophy, QTc prolongation, and fibrosis. Finally, cardiac glycogen concentrations in diabetic rats were decreased by sacubitril/valsartan combination, coupled with significant induction of glycophagy process in the diabetic rats’ heart. ConclusionSacubitril/valsartan therapy provides a more favorable metabolic and cardioprotective response compared to valsartan alone in a rat model of DCM. These findings may be due to a direct cardioprotective impact of sacubitril/valsartan and secondary beneficial effects of improved hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia. In addition, these beneficial cardiac effects could be attributed to the induction of the glycophagy process and alleviating cardiac glycogen overload.

Effect of Tithonia diversifolia Leaf Extract on Leptin, Adiponectin, and Insulin Receptor Levels in Diabetic Rats

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Tithonia diversifolia extract (TDE) on leptin, adiponectin, and insulin receptor (IR) concentrations in diabetic rats. Twenty-four Wistar rats were divided into a control and treatment groups (n=6 per group). The control group received normal saline, and the treatment groups received 0.25% sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, TDE at 100 mg/kg body weight (bw), and catechin at 10 mg/kg bw for 7 days. On day 8, the rats were sacrificed, blood samples were obtained, and leptin, adiponectin, and insulin concentrations were measured using avidinhorseradish peroxidase sandwich-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A calorimetric method was used to measure blood glucose (BG) and total serum cholesterol concentrations. The pancreas and kidneys were collected for the measurement of renal IR and macrophage cluster of differentiation (CD)14 levels using immunohistochemical staining. Acute type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with elevated BG and total serum cholesterol concentrations was observed in the treatment groups administered streptozotocin. The administration of TDE at 100 mg/kg bw significantly decreased leptin and increased adiponectin concentrations (P≤0.05). Furthermore, TDE treatment significantly increased renal IR and decreased macrophage CD14 levels (P<0.05). Therefore, TDE decreased leptin and BG concentrations by increasing IR levels. TDE also suppressed the necrosis of pancreatic tissues by inhibiting macrophage CD14 expression in diabetic rats. However, further research is necessary to determine the effect of TDE on interleukin and IR levels in the related tissues of patients with T2DM.

The Insulinotropic and Antihyperglycemic Effect of Hypericum Perforatum L. Extract Based on Changes in AMPK Expression and PKCε Concentration in Diabetic Rats

The Insulinotropic and Antihyperglycemic Effect of Hypericum Perforatum L. Extract Based on Changes in AMPK Expression and PKCε Concentration in Diabetic Rats

An anticoagulant/hemostatic indwelling needle for oral glucose tolerance test

Indwelling needles are widely used in the clinic for their advantages of reducing the pain and discomfort caused by repeated venipuncture. Achieving anticoagulation and hemostasis with one single indwelling needle is highly desired from perspective of implantation patency and the prevention of needle-withdrawal-induced uncontrolled bleeding. Herein, we develop a sophisticated indwelling needle with an anticoagulant/hemostatic dual function by anchoring an anticoagulant heparin coating and a hemostatic hydrogel coating on the inner surface and the outer surface of the indwelling needle, respectively. The results of in vitro tests and continuous blood collections from the rabbit ear vein indicate that the anticoagulant coating can resist the adhesion of proteins and blood cells, and its anticoagulant effect can maintain the patency of the indwelling needle for 3 hours after implantation. Meanwhile, the xerogel-hydrogel transition of the hemostatic coating upon contacting blood promotes the aggregation of blood cells, thus sealing the puncture site to achieve complete hemostasis after needle removal. Importantly, this anticoagulant/hemostatic indwelling needle can replace traditional repeated puncture, and can be used to monitor blood glucose concentration changes in diabetic rats through continuous blood collection, portending its promising application in the oral glucose tolerance test.

Effects of Consuming Different Varieties of Bambara Nut (Vigna subterranea) Seeds on Liver and Kidney of Diabetic and Non-diabetic Subject

Aims: Bambara nut seeds have been reported as a good source of food with high fiber and nutritional contents, and is consumed by persons with diabetes as one of the dietary therapy. However, the plant seeds are of different varieties and whether they might have vary biological effects on renal and liver functions is not fully known. This has prompted the study to evaluate effects of consuming different varieties of Bambara Nut seeds on liver and kidney of both diabetic and non-diabetic rats.&#x0D; Methodology: Four Bambara nut seeds varieties were dehulled and each heated at 60oC, cooled then grounded into flour using a mechanical grinder. The flours were used to formulate feeds which were given to different diabetic and non-diabetic rats’ groups as follows; group A (ALK01 feed), group B (ALK02 feed), group C (ALK03 feed), group D (ALK04 feed), group E (Basal feed), and group F (Normal animal’s feed). The animals were fed for 28 days then sacrifice, blood collected and serum separated and used for hepatic and renal parameters analysis.&#x0D; Results: The results of the study showed decrease levels of serum total protein and albumin, and elevation of AST and ALT activities as well as urea and creatinine concentrations in diabetic rats fed basal and normal diets, whereas, reverse in these parameters were recorded from diabetic rats fed varieties of Bambara nut seeds’ formulated feeds. &#x0D; Conclusion: Findings from the study suggest consumption of Bambara nut seeds of different varieties is safe and has ability to ameliorate diabetic hepatic and renal failure in a variety dependent manner where; ALK 04 is more likely the most effective.

Effect of vanadium (IV) chloride supplementation on appetite-related hormone levels in rats with experimentally induced diabetes

Vanadium is one of the essential trace elements for mammals, which has important functions in the metabolism of carbohydrates. There is limited data about the effects of vanadium (IV) chloride supplementation on appetite-related hormones in literature. Our target was to analyse the impacts of vanadium supplementation on appetite-related hormone (leptin, nesfatin-1 and apelin) levels in rats with experimentally induced diabetes. Twenty eight male Sprague-Dawley albino rats were used in this study. After formation of diabetes, 0.3 mg/mL of vanadium was added to drinking water of rats for four weeks. A substantial increment was found in serum glucose (p < 0.001), HbA1c (p < 0.001), HOMA-IR (p < 0.01), and leptin (p < 0.001) levels and a significant decrease in insulin, apelin and nesfatin-1 concentrations in diabetic rats. Moreover, blood glucose, HbA1c, HOMA-IR, and leptin levels decreased in diabetic + vanadium group, but nesfatin-1 (1.74 ± 0.94 ng/mL), apelin (1.74 ± 0.94 ng/mL), and insulin concentrations were found higher compared with the diabetic group. As a result of this study, vanadium has increased the levels of circulating nesfatin-1 and apelin levels in diabetic rats while decreasing blood glucose and leptin concentrations. But further studies are required to determine the blood glucose lowering effects of vanadium and its relationship with appetite related hormones in diabet.

Dimethyl fumarate ameliorates diabetes-associated vascular complications through ROS-TXNIP-NLRP3 inflammasome pathway

Vascular complications are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among diabetic patients. This work aimed to investigate possible influences of dimethyl fumarate (DMF) on streptozotocin (STZ) diabetes-associated vascular complications in rats, exploring its potential to modulate ROS-TXNIP-NLRP3 inflammasome pathway.Two weeks after induction of diabetes (via a single injection of 50 mg/kg STZ, i.p.), diabetic rats were administered either DMF (25 mg/kg/day) or its vehicle for further eight weeks. Age-matched normal and DMF-administered non-diabetic rats served as controls.DMF treatment elicited a mild ameliorative effect on diabetic glycemia. DMF reduced serum TG and AGE levels and enhanced serum HDL-C concentrations in diabetic rats. Moreover, DMF significantly diminished aortic levels of ROS and MDA and restored aortic GSH, SOD and Nrf2 to near-normal levels in STZ rats. Aortic mRNA levels of TXNIP, NLRP3 and NF-κB p65 in diabetic rats were significantly reduced by DMF treatment. Serum and aortic protein levels of TXNIP and aortic contents of IL-1β, iNOS, NLRP3 and TGF-β1 were significantly lower in DMF-diabetic animals than non-treated diabetic rats. Furthermore, protein expression of TNF-α and caspase-3 in diabetic aortas was greatly attenuated by DMF administration. DMF enhanced eNOS mRNA and protein levels and increased bioavailable NO in diabetic aortas. Functionally, DMF attenuated contractile responses of diabetic aortic rings to KCl and phenylephrine and enhanced their relaxant responses to acetylcholine. DMF also mitigated diabetes-induced fibrous tissue proliferation in aortic tunica media.Collectively, these findings demonstrate that DMF offered vasculoprotective influences on diabetic aortas via attenuation of ROS-TXNIP-NLRP3 inflammasome pathway.

Effect of Muntingia calabura L. Stem Bark Extracts on Uric Acid Concentration and Renal Histopathology in Diabetic Rats.

Background and objectives: This study was designed to determine uric acid concentration and renal histopathology of Muntingia calabura L. stem bark extract in diabetic rats and to compare the natural product of M. calabura L. stem bark extract with allopurinol. Materials and Methods: A completely randomized design was used for the experiment, which consisted of six treatment groups, each consisting of four rats, as follows: 1) NR, normal rat; 2) KN, diabetic rat (negative control); 3) KP, diabetic rats given allopurinol 10 mg/kg body weight; 4) EM150, diabetic rats given the test extract 150 mg/kg body weight/day; 5) EM300, diabetic rats given the test extract 300 mg/kg body weight/day; and 6) EM450, diabetic rats given for extract 450 mg/kg body weight/ day. Results: The results showed that M. calabura L. stem bark extract decreased (p < 0.05) uric acid concentrations in diabetic rats and no specific damage to renal proximal tubular cells was seen. Conclusions: It was concluded that M. calabura L. stem bark extract has a potential as an antihyperuricemic in diabetic rats. The recommended dose was 300 mg/kg body weight to provide a significant effect on reducing the uric acid level in diabetic rats. Our results support the use of this plant for the treatment of degenerative and inflammatory diseases.

Effects of naringenin on renal expression of organic cation transporter 1 and 2 proteins and metformin disposition in diabetic rats

Abstract Modulation of metformin transporters could affect its pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics. The effects of naringenin on the renal tubular Organic Cation Transporter 1 (OCT1) and 2 (OCT2) protein expressions and subsequently the metformin clearance in diabetic rats are hereby investigated. Male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into 7 groups. Animals were daily treated orally with metformin (250 mg/kg) or naringenin (60 mg/kg) alone or both for 56 days. Blood glucose tests were done. Serum, urine, and kidney samples were collected. Naringenin alone or in combination with metformin significantly increased creatinine clearance and lowered plasma metformin concentrations in diabetic rats compared to controls. OCT1 and OCT2 protein expressions in renal tissues were unchanged in diabetic rats treated with either naringenin or metformin, respectively. However, co-administration of metformin and naringenin upregulated OCT2 expression in diabetic rats. Naringenin may stimulate renal uptake/excretion of metformin by increasing OCT2 protein expression which facilitates metformin clearance in diabetic rats.

Efficacy of a Methanolic Extract of Adansonia digitata Leaf in Alleviating Hyperglycemia, Hyperlipidemia, and Oxidative Stress of Diabetic Rats.

Traditionally, in many countries, various parts of the Adansonia digitata (A. digitata) tree have been used in the treatment of many clinical ailments including diarrhea and dysentery. The phytochemical screening has indicated that the leaf extract of A. digitata contains flavonoids, saponins, mucilage, steroids, and alkaloids. Thus, this paper aims to evaluate the hyperglycaemic and hypolipidaemic effects of methanolic extract of A. digitata leaves (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) in diabetic rats. The extract was administered orally for six weeks in the streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. The treatment with the extract caused a significant reduction in the blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels by 46.7%, 46.15%, 48.91%, 43%, 60%, 66%, 45.45%, and 30.4%, respectively, as compared to the diabetic group after the sixth week of treatment. The leaf extract also mitigated the decline of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level, RBCs count, hemoglobin level, packed cell volume (PCV %), and erythropoietin concentration in diabetic rats by 31%, 33.25%, 24.72%, 51.42%, and 220.68% with respect to the diabetic group. Also, the extract maintained the level of antioxidant enzymes, catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), and reduced glutathione (GSH) in the diabetic rats. It also reduced the elevation in the white blood corpuscles (WBC) count in the STZ-induced diabetic rats. Our study, therefore, indicates that methanolic extract of A. digitata leaf exerts strong antidiabetic and hypolipidaemic properties in a dose-dependent manner by improving the hematological properties and redox parameters in the experimental diabetic rats.

Plasma Changes of some Biomarkers and Adenosine Deaminase Activity in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes Mellitus in Rats Following Administration of Different doses of Pure Extract of Cynodon dactylon Rhizome

Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes of some biomarkers in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats following the administration of pure extract of Cynodon dactylon. Materials & Methods: In this study, after dividing 50 rats into five groups and induction of diabetes mellitus in four groups, pure extract of Cynodon dactylon was administered at 150, 300, and 450 mg/kg/day concentrations to three diabetic groups for three months. The positive control group (diabetic group without Cynodon dactylon administarion) along with negative control group (non-diabetic group) did not receive any extract. Afterwards, some biomarkers along with plasma adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity were assessed in all the groups. Findings: The results showed a significant increase in all the inflammatory markers, including ADA Hcy, and cTnI (P≤0.01) and a significant reduction in marker of tissue damage, gelsolin (GLS), (P≤0.01) in the positive control group compared with the control group. We also found a significant decrease in these parameters (P≤0.01) and a significant increase in marker of tissue damage (GLS) following the administration of 450 mg/kg of the extract compared to the positive control and negative control groups. Discussion & Conclusions: It can be concluded that the extract of Cynodon dactylon, especially at the concentration of 450 mg/kg of body weight, can significantly reduce cardiovascular and inflammatory biomarkers and elevate GLS concentration in diabetic rats.

Effects of endurance training on hippocampus DJ-1, cannabinoid receptor type2 and blood glucose concentration in diabetic rats.

Aims/IntroductionTo investigate the effect of endurance training on hippocampus DJ‐1 and cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB 2) protein and blood glucose concentration in diabetic rats.Materials and MethodsA total of 32 rats were randomly divided into diabetic (D), diabetic and exercise (DE), exercise (E) and control (C) groups. The endurance training was carried out five times per week for 6 weeks. The hippocampus DJ‐1 and CB 2 were measured using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay method.ResultsThe level of DJ‐1 in the D group was significantly higher than the other groups (P ≤ 0.01). However, the level of DJ‐1 was not significantly different between the C, E and DE groups. In addition, the level of CB 2 was significantly lower in the D group compared with the other groups (P ≤ 0.01). Blood glucose was significantly higher in the D group compared with the DE group (P ≤ 0.05). Furthermore, a significant positive correlation between the level of DJ‐1 and blood glucose was observed (r = 0.67, P ≤ 0.001). There was also a significant inverse correlation between the level of CB 2 and blood glucose (r = −0.77, P ≤ 0.001).ConclusionsThe results of this study suggest that the level of DJ‐1 and CB 2 might change in response to diabetes, and regular aerobic exercise could mediate the effect of DJ‐1 and CB 2 on diabetes‐induced neurodegenerative diseases.

Gentiana kurroo Royle attenuates the metabolic aberrations in diabetic rats; Swertiamarin, swertisin and lupeol being the possible bioactive principles.

Background Gentiana kuroo Royle is a medicinally important plant of north-western Himalayas used for various ailments. In the present study, the plant extracts were investigated for the antidiabetic effects in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Methods The impact of the extracts on serum glucose levels of diabetic rats was compared with reference drug - glibenclamide-treated diabetic rats. Streptozotocin injection was used to induce diabetes in fasted rats. Various biochemical, physiological and histopathological parameters in diabetic rats were observed for assessing the antidiabetic activity. Results The serum glucose concentrations in diabetic rats were significantly lowered by the extracts (methanolic and hydroethanolic at the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight). Several related biochemical parameters like creatinine, low-density lipoproteins, triglycerides, cholesterol, alkaline phosphatase, serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase were likewise decreased by the concentrates. The extracts also showed reduction in feed and water consumption of diabetic rats when compared with the diabetic control. The extracts were found to demonstrate regenerative/protective effect on β-cells of pancreas in diabetic rats. The methanolic and hydroethanolic extracts also exhibited hypoglycaemic effect in normal glucose-fed rats (oral glucose tolerance tests). LC-MS characterization of this extract showed the presence of these compounds - Swertiamarin, swertisin, lupeol, etc. Conclusions The current study demonstrated the counter diabetic capability of G. kuroo Royle being powerful in hyperglycaemia and can viably ensure against other metabolic deviations created by diabetes in rats. The possible bioactive principles responsible for the antidiabetic activity of G. kurroo Royle are Swertiamarin, swertisin and lupeol.

Renoprotective Effects of Trigonella foenum and Cinnamon on Type 2 Diabetic Rats

Background: Herbal medicine is used in all parts of the world mainly for prevention and treatment of various disorders due to better cultural suitability, lower cost and less side effects. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the hypoglycemic and kidney-protective effects of the aqueous extract of Trigonella foenum and Cinnamon on diabetic rats. Methods: In this experimental study, rats were randomly divided into 6 groups as follows: Group 1: control group in which animals received chow diet, group 2: diabetic rats, group 3: diabetic rat + 2% T. foenum extract (w/w), group 4: diabetic rat + 8% of Trigonella foenum extract (w/w), group 5: diabetic rat + 2% Cinnamon extract (w/w) and group 6: diabetic rat + 8% of Cinnamon extract (w/w). Aqueous extract of T. foenum leaves and Cinnamon were administered to diabetic rats for 4 weeks. The malondialdehyde (MDA) level and total antioxidant capacity were also measured in kidney of the animals. In addition, morphological changes of the kidney were also analyzed by the light microscope. Results: Trigonella foenum and Cinnamon extract in diabetic animals significantly reduced MDA levels and restored antioxidant capacity (P&lt;.05). T. foenum and Cinnamon also normalized plasma urea and creatinine concentration in diabetic rats (P&lt;.05). Administration of T. foenum and Cinnamon extract especially at the dose of 8 mg/kg normalized histopatholgical changes of kidney in diabetic animal. Conclusions: The findings of this experiment showed that T. foenum extract and Cinnamon restored antioxidant capacity and structural changes of kidney.

Ellagic acid rich Momordica charantia fruit pulp supplementation prevented oxidative stress, fibrosis and inflammation in liver of alloxan induced diabetic rats

The present study was undertaken to investigate the hepatoprotective effect of Momordica charantia in alloxan induced diabetic rats. The experimental rats were randomly divided into four groups. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and biochemical analysis for oxidative stress parameters and liver function marker enzymes were analyzed for each group of rats. Moreover, histological staining was also performed on liver sections. Momordica charantia supplementation prevented the rise of blood glucose level and improved oral glucose tolerance test in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Liver marker enzymes such as aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities were increased in alloxan induced rats which were normalized in Momordica charantia supplemented group. In addition, elevated level of oxidative stress markers were also observed in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Momordica charantia supplementation significantly restored the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) enzymes activities and increased reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration in diabetic rats. Histological assessments confirm the mononuclear cell infiltration and fibrosis in liver of alloxan induced diabetic rats which were ameliorated by Momordica charantia supplementation. The present investigation suggests the hepatoprotective nature of Momordica charantia in diabetic rats probably by attenuating oxidative stress and improving the antioxidant competence in hepatic tissues.

The comparative effect of different types of honey on levels of glucose, fructosamine and insulin in Streptozocin-induced diabetes in wistar rats

The prevalence of diabetes is increasing rapidly. Diabetic patients are deprived of sugar sweetener consumption due to their high blood sugar. Choosing appropriate substitutes in the meal plan of diabetic patients is one of the important therapeutic strategies. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of different types of honey on the concentration of glucose, fructosamine and insulin of diabetic rats. This study was an interventional clinical trial animal study. In this study, 32 Wistar rats were used, which were divided into 4 groups. The drug of Streptozocin was used to induce diabetes in 4 groups of rats. Three types of Acacia honey, Astragalus honey, and Nodushan Yazd honey were used in 3 groups of diabetic rats and 1 group also was considered as control groups of diabetic and normal groups. Difference in blood Fructosamine of diabetic rats was not significant in the receiver groups of different types of honey. On the other hand, the Astragalus honey consumption significantly increased glucose and the Nodushan honey consumption significantly increased insulin concentration in diabetic rats. The present study showed that some types of honey do not have any negative effect on blood glucose concentration of diabetic rats, but they cause an increase in serum insulin concentration. Based on the findings of this study, it is recommended that some types of honey can be used as a safe natural sweetener and even can be beneficial.

Beneficial influence of phosphorylated parboiled dehusked red rice (Oryza sativaL.) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Red rice (Oryza sativa L.) consumed in most Asian countries is widely considered as nutritional and phytochemical enriched rice with health implications. In the present study, we prepared parboiled and parboiled cross-linked (phosphorylated) whole red rice and their beneficial effect was investigated in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Groups of diabetic rats (n¼8 per group) were maintained on raw whole red rice, parboiled whole red rice, and parboiled cross-linked whole red rice at 62% level in the diet for 6 weeks. The raw, parboiled and parboiled cross-linked whole red rice showed a significantly lower glycemic response in normal rats compared to that of white (polished) rice. All the three whole red rice forms exerted favorable influences in diabetic rats by improving the body weight and reducing hyperglycemia compared to control diet fed rats (p<0.05). The characteristic diabetic complications such as severe glucosuria, proteinuria, blood urea, and nephropathy were notably reduced (p<0.05). These red rice preparations also significantly decreased blood cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in diabetic rats with a higher effect in the parboiled cross-linked rice group (p<0.05).Histopathological examination of kidney sections revealed shrunken glomeruli in diabetic control rats, while glomeruli were nearly normal in all the three dietary intervention groups. Thus, the present animal study which evidenced the hypoglycemic, hypocholesterolemic, hypotriglyceridemic, and renal protective properties of all the three forms of whole red rice, with highest hypolipidemic effect by parboiled cross-linked red rice suggests their utility as a functional ingredient in diets for diabetics.