Conceal Information Research Articles

Investigating the students use of english internet slang at 4th grade english education UIN Mataram

Internet slang is often used in informal communication. The purpose of this research is to find out what are the factors of students of 4th grade English Language and Education UIN Mataram in using internet slang, and students perceive toward the use of internet slang in communication. This research used qualitative case study method to obtain quantitative data, this research using 2 instruments which are questionnaires and interviews. The author distributed questionnaires to 53 respondents consisting of 4 classes, namely classes A, B, C, and D in collecting data. The results showed that more than half of the respondents said that there are 5 factors that influence them, which are; 1. Social status, 2. Age, 3. Social Distance of Familiarity, 4. Situations, and 5. Media and Popular Culture, next findings There are 3 students' perspectives about the internet slang, first is the desire to appear cool, second is facilitate communication, the last is conceal information from others. Another discovery is 32 respondents (60.37%) understand the term of internet and 17 respondents (32.08%) do not understand the term of slang, it can be concluded that students at 4th Grade Uin Mataram mostly understand the terms of Internet slang

RR-PU: A Synergistic Two-Stage Positive and Unlabeled Learning Framework for Robust Tax Evasion Detection

Tax evasion, an unlawful practice in which taxpayers deliberately conceal information to avoid paying tax liabilities, poses significant challenges for tax authorities. Effective tax evasion detection is critical for assisting tax authorities in mitigating tax revenue loss. Recently, machine-learning-based methods, particularly those employing positive and unlabeled (PU) learning, have been adopted for tax evasion detection, achieving notable success. However, these methods exhibit two major practical limitations. First, their success heavily relies on the strong assumption that the label frequency (the fraction of identified taxpayers among tax evaders) is known in advance. Second, although some methods attempt to estimate label frequency using approaches like Mixture Proportion Estimation (MPE) without making any assumptions, they subsequently construct a classifier based on the error-prone label frequency obtained from the previous estimation. This two-stage approach may not be optimal, as it neglects error accumulation in classifier training resulting from the estimation bias in the first stage. To address these limitations, we propose a novel PU learning-based tax evasion detection framework called RR-PU, which can revise the bias in a two-stage synergistic manner. Specifically, RR-PU refines the label frequency initialization by leveraging a regrouping technique to fortify the MPE perspective. Subsequently, we integrate a trainable slack variable to fine-tune the initial label frequency, concurrently optimizing this variable and the classifier to eliminate latent bias in the initial stage. Experimental results on three real-world tax datasets demonstrate that RR-PU outperforms state-of-the-art methods in tax evasion detection tasks.

Ambiguous persuasion in contests

We study optimal information disclosure via an ambiguous persuasion approach in a two-player contest. The designer can precommit to an ambiguous device to influence the uninformed contestant's belief about his opponent's private type. We fully characterize the optimal ambiguous information structures when players are maxmin expected utility (MMEU) maximizers. Depending on the prior, it is optimal to either induce ambiguity or fully conceal information. We provide a necessary and sufficient condition under which an effort-maximizing organizer can benefit strictly more from using ambiguous persuasion than from using the optimal Bayesian device.

Unveiling the efficacy of the feedback concealed information test in collaborative crime detection

Collaborative crime poses severe social hazards. In collaborative crime scenarios, previous studies have indicated that perpetrators’ collaborative encoding can impair the detection efficiency of P300-based complex trial protocols due to the collaborative encoding deficit. The feedback concealed information test (fCIT), a unique variation of the concealed information test, provides participants with feedback on how well they conceal information from memory. The fCIT, which has proven to be highly efficient, detects concealed information using recognition P300 along with feedback-related event-related potentials, and reflects the subject’s motivation to conceal. However, no studies have examined the fCIT’s effectiveness in identifying collaborative criminals. We propose that the fCIT’s efficiency persists in cases of collaborative crime and test this hypothesis using a sample of 48 participants. The participants in the collaborative groups were instructed to have hushed conversations about theft to simulate the collaborative crime process. Subsequently, they completed the fCIT. The findings indicate a significant decline in recognition P300′s detection efficiency when participants committed crimes collaboratively. Nevertheless, the detection efficiency of feedback P300 and feedback-related negativity remained high. This study’s outcomes illustrate the capacity of the fCIT to detect perpetrators involved in collaborative crime.

A novel grey-inverse graph model for conflict resolution approach for resolving water resources conflicts in the Poyang Lake Basin, China

With the continuous urbanization and industrialization in recent years, different stakeholders in the same basin meet local water needs and compete for water resources, which hinders economic development and ecological protection of the basin. Different stakeholders conceal information about their own strategies and preferences to protect their vested interests, making it difficult for third-party regulators to develop optimal operational policies for the joint use of water resources in the basin. Therefore, the research objective of this study is to propose a new grey inverse Graph Model for Conflict Resolution (grey inverse GMCR), and apply the new method to the complex problem of water allocation and environmental governance with the Poyang Lake basin conflict. The new GMCR model proposed in this study can solve the cost minimization problem of a third-party mediator that manipulates decision makers (DMs)’ grey preferences to achieve desired outcomes. The results of the equilibrium analysis show that upstream areas' preferences mainly affect the result of water resource conflicts in the PLB, and establishing a scientific mechanism to compensate the water resources protection cost borne by the upstream areas would be a cost-effective way to realize the sustainable development of the basin as a whole.

Effects of Mood on Psychophysiological Detection of Concealed Information and the Relation to Self-Assessed Lying Ability

The present study examined the effects of mood on physiological responses in the Concealed Information polygraph Test and the relation to self-assessed lying ability. One hundred and eight undergraduate students self-assessed their lie-telling ability, committed a mock theft, and were asked to conceal information related to the crime. Participants were then divided into three equal groups: two groups were asked to provide a detailed written account of either a happy or sad event in order to induce a happy or sad mood, while the third group served as a neutral group. Participants then underwent a polygraph test and were asked to try to avoid detection. An induced happy or sad mood tended to lower relative skin conductance responses to critical (crime related) items and enhance relative cardiovascular responses. Relative respiration responses to critical items obtained for the sad mood condition were more robust than the ones obtained for the happy mood condition. Under induced sad and happy moods, those who self-rated their lie-telling ability as high showed enhanced cardiovascular responsivity to critical items. These results were limited to the initial phase of the test. We discussed possible motivational explanations and implications for the Concealed Information polygraph test.

Intramolecular carbon isotope signals reflect metabolite allocation in plants.

Stable isotopes at natural abundance are key tools to study physiological processes occurring outside the temporal scope of manipulation and monitoring experiments. Whole-molecule carbon isotope ratios (13C/12C) enable assessments of plant carbon uptake yet conceal information about carbon allocation. Here, we identify an intramolecular 13C/12C signal at tree-ring glucose C-5 and C-6 and develop experimentally testable theories on its origin. More specifically, we assess the potential of processes within C3 metabolism for signal introduction based (inter alia) on constraints on signal propagation posed by metabolic networks. We propose that the intramolecular signal reports carbon allocation into major metabolic pathways in actively photosynthesizing leaf cells including the anaplerotic, shikimate, and non-mevalonate pathway. We support our theoretical framework by linking it to previously reported whole-molecule 13C/12C increases in cellulose of ozone-treated Betula pendula and a highly significant relationship between the intramolecular signal and tropospheric ozone concentration. Our theory postulates a pronounced preference for leaf cytosolic triose-phosphate isomerase to catalyse the forward reaction in vivo (dihydroxyacetone phosphate to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate). In conclusion, intramolecular 13C/12C analysis resolves information about carbon uptake and allocation enabling more comprehensive assessments of carbon metabolism than whole-molecule 13C/12C analysis.

Concealing information in security hologram using interferometry

A new method utilizing holographic interferometry technique is described to conceal information in security holograms for enhancing their anti-counterfeiting ability. This concealed information can only be imitated if security hologram is illuminated through correct decoding wavefront generated through a key hologram. In decoding process, three spatially separated focus spots emerge at predefined positions which upon divergence further generate interferometric fringes modulated with concealed information in them. When security hologram is perfectly aligned, interferometric fringes disappear and concealed information becomes visible. The advantage of encoding through this technique lies in the fact that relative repositioning of key and security hologram becomes much easier and also additionally brings multifold improvement in the security level of the verification systems.

High security object integrity and manipulation of conceal information by hiding partition technique

High security object integrity and manipulation of conceal information by hiding partition technique

The dynamics of concealment

Firm managers likely have more information than outsiders. If managers strategically conceal information, market uncertainty will increase. We develop a dynamic corporate disclosure model, estimating the model using the management earnings forecasts of US public companies. The model, based on the buildup of reputations by managers over time, matches key facts about forecast dynamics. We find that 80% of firms strategically manage information, that managers have superior information around half of the time, and that firms conceal information about 40% of the time. Concealment increases market uncertainty by just under 8%, a sizable information loss.

A convolution neural network-based computational model to identify the occurrence sites of various RNA modifications by fusing varied features

RNA modification occurs in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes, which is considered one of the major RNA properties. RNA modifications are the main portions of the regulatory landscape found in genes, which contain several bioprocesses at the post-transcriptional level. Therefore, the identification of RNA modifications residue information is essential for determining their molecular functions and their relevant mechanisms. Although the wet lab experimental works for identification of RNA modification sites have produced satisfactory results, these experimental-based approaches are highly labor-intensive and precious. So, it is indispensable to establish a novel and robust computational approach for the prediction of RNA modification sites. To solve these issues, an intelligent computational predictor called “iRNA-Mod-CNN”, using deep learning hypotheses is developed to identify RNA modification sites. First, the biological sequences are encoded by implementing the one-hot encoding method. Then encoded feature vector is provided to the convolution neural network (CNN) model in order to discern the conceal information. Further, k-Gram feature space is amalgamated with CNN feature space. The computational predictor “iRNA-Mod-CNN” showed significant improvement over the existing methods, producing 99.56%, 92.39%, and 86.66% of accuracies on m1A, m6A, and m5C benchmark datasets, respectively.

The Dynamics of Concealment

Firm managers likely have more information than outsiders. If managers strategically conceal information, market uncertainty will increase. We develop a dynamic corporate disclosure model, estimating the model using the management earnings forecasts of US public companies. The model, based on the buildup of reputations by managers over time, matches key facts about forecast dynamics. We find that 80% of firms strategically manage information, that managers have superior information around half of the time, and that firms conceal information about 40% of the time. Concealment increases market uncertainty by just under 8%, a sizable information loss.

Design and engineering of a dual-mode absorption/emission molecular switch for all-optical encryption.

Photochemical reactions that produce a detectable change in the spectroscopic properties of organic chromophores can be exploited to harness the principles of Boolean algebra and design molecule-based logic circuits. Moreover, the logic processing capabilities of these photoactive molecules can be directed to protect, encode, and conceal information at the molecular level. We have designed a photochemical strategy to read, write and encrypt data in the form of optical signals. We have synthesized a supramolecular system based on the known dye resazurin, and investigated a series of photochemical transformations that can be used to regulate its absorption and emission properties upon illumination with ultraviolet or visible light. We have then examined the logic behaviour of the photochemistry involved, and illustrated its potential application in data encryption.

Optimal Information-Sharing Behaviors among Hotels: Game-Theoretical Approach

The lodging industry uses diverse pricing strategies to maximize revenues. Given the uncertain nature of decision parameters (demand conditions), sharing information among competitors can dramatically affect hotels’ profits. This study examines the decisions of hotels to share or not to share private information with competitors to maximize profits via a game-theoretic model. In a two-stage model, hotels decide whether to share information in the first stage, and then, in the second stage, they compete in setting prices along the lines of a standard price competition model. Results include that hotels share demand information with their competitors if there is a low demand signal but conceal information if the demand signal is high. This study provides a standard price competition model that can assist hotel managers in decision making on revenue management, including room pricing strategy.

Insights into the timing, intensity and natural setting of Neanderthal occupation from the geoarchaeological study of combustion structures: A micromorphological and biomarker investigation of El Salt, unit Xb, Alcoy, Spain.

Middle Paleolithic lithic and faunal assemblages throughout Eurasia reflect short-term Neanderthal occupations, which suggest high group mobility. However, the timing of these short-term occupations, a key factor to assess group mobility and territorial range, remains unresolved. Anthropogenic combustion structures are prominent in the Middle Paleolithic record and conceal information on the timing and intensity and natural setting of their associated human occupations. This paper examines a concentration of eleven combustion structures from unit Xb of El Salt, a Middle Paleolithic site in Spain through a geoarchaeological approach, in search of temporal, human impact and paleoenvironmental indicators to assess the timing, intensity and natural setting of the associated human occupations. The study was conducted using micromorphology, lipid biomarker analysis and compound specific isotope analysis. Results show in situ hearths built on different diachronic topsoils rich in herbivore excrements and angiosperm plant residues with rare anthropogenic remains. These data are suggestive of low impact, short-term human occupations separated by relatively long periods of time, with possible indicators of seasonality. Results also show an absence of conifer biomarkers in the mentioned topsoils and presence of conifer charcoal among the fuel residues (ash), indicating that fire wood was brought to the site from elsewhere. A microscopic and molecular approach in the study of combustion structures allows us to narrow down the timescale of archaeological analysis and contributes valuable information towards an understanding of Neanderthal group mobility and settlement patterns.

Language Game as a Means of Creating Implicit Meanings

This article presents a number of theoretical aspects of “implicit meanings” associated with their definition and reasons making communicators use indirect communication. A typical communicative situation is described in which speakers deliberately conceal the meaning. It is called a communicative triad and involves two types of addressees – “true addressee” and “unplanned participant” of communication. When considering a number of communicative situations of the triad, which are not directly intended to conceal information, one can note the analogy with the phenomenon of “language game”, as one of its features is lack of rational grounds for its functioning. The production of implicit meanings based on the language game principle is described in the form of precedent texts inclusion, where the parameters of presence/absence of the precedent text significance for different categories of recipients, as well as the different participants’ awareness of the factors and rules of the game are significant. There are two scenarios allowing participants to complicate the meaning, which correspond to the main game types distinguished in the game theory – “game-competition” and “game-presentation”. Besides, the authors analyze the use of specialized precedent phenomena, as well as simpler means of playing with the meaning based on the category of uncertainty.

Individual typological differences in a neurally distributed semantic processing system: Revisiting the Science article by Mitchell et al. on computational neurolinguistics

Background: Revisiting the 2008 Science article by Mitchell et al. on computational neurolinguistics, individual typological differences were found as striking characteristics in the patterns of informative voxels crucial for the distributed semantic processing system. Methods: The results of different feature selection methods (ANOVA and Stability) were compared based on the open datasets of each subject for evaluating how these features were decisive in predicting human brain activity associated with language meaning. Results: In general, the two selection results were similar and the voxel-wise ranks were correlated but they became extremely dispersive for a subgroup of subjects exhibiting mediocre precision when examined without regularization. Quite interestingly, looking at the anatomical location of these voxels, it appears that the modality-specific areas were likely to be monitored by the Stability score (indexing “identity”), and that the ANOVA (emphasizing “difference”) tended to detect supramodal semantic areas. Conclusions: This minor finding indicates that in some cases, seemingly poor data may deeply and systematically conceal information that is significant and worthwhile. It may have potential for shedding new light on in the controversy pertaining to cognitive semantics, which is divided into modality-biased (embodied) and amodal symbol theories.

An Examination of the Impact of Tax Avoidance on the Readability of Tax Footnotes

ABSTRACT Due to the proprietary nature of tax returns, the tax footnote is the primary source of information for stakeholders about a firm's tax position. However, studies suggest the tax authority acquires information in tax disclosures, creating a trade-off for managers on whether to provide decision-useful information for stakeholders or conceal information from the tax authority. We investigate this trade-off by examining the readability of tax footnotes. We find a positive association between tax avoidance and tax footnote readability for firms with tax avoidance below the industry-year median, consistent with managers highlighting good performance in the form of tax savings with straightforward disclosures. In contrast, we find a negative association between tax avoidance and tax footnote readability for firms with levels of tax avoidance above the industry-year median, consistent with managers concealing tax avoidance from the tax authority. Reinforcing these results, we find that investors place a premium (discount) on tax avoidance when the tax footnote is straightforward in firms with tax avoidance below (above) the industry-year median.

Mafia rules. The role of criminal codes in mafia organizations

How can organizations that lack mechanisms of legal dispute resolution and cannot create binding contracts work efficiently? They establish and enforce organizational rules. Rules are an essential aspect in the life of any organization, and they are even more important for criminal organizations because they serve to regulate interaction among dishonest people. Using a wide range of sources, this article analyzes the role of rules in mafias, in particular in the Sicilian “Cosa Nostra” and the American “La Cosa Nostra”. The main contribution of this paper is to unveil the organizational rationality of mafia rules. Through a comprehensive analysis of the few written, and several unwritten rules, I find that rules in mafias serve three main goals: (1) to ensure organization, coordination, and cooperation among members; (2) to settle conflicts and contain violence; and (3) to maintain secrecy and conceal information.

Palestinian television and public participation

This article examines the Palestinians perceptions towards the role of Palestine TV and Al-Aqsa TV in providing a platform for open discussion and create an arena for different groups to communicate freely with each other. Focus groups with a range of participants, from university students and human rights activists, to journalists and non-governmental organization employees were deployed. The article argues that the two political factions are trying to manipulate the public and conceal information that affects their power. It provides an overview of comments, and views expressed by the participants during the focus group sessions in response to a set of questions. The key findings of the study were, in the view of many respondents, that the two television channels, Palestine TV and Al-Aqsa TV, were controlled by the two political parties – Fatah and Hamas, respectively and that this has compromised the media’s function to public participation.