Computed Radiography Research Articles

Hybrid Deep Learning Based Model for Removing Grid-Line Artifacts from Radiographical Images

The digital imaging technique known as Computed Radiography (CR) has transformed the medical imaging industry by providing a number of advantages. It eliminates the need for traditional film-based methods, making it more efficient and convenient. A common issue faced with CR images is the presence of grid artifacts and other pattern artifacts, which can have a significant impact on the quality of the images when viewed on a computer screen, especially if a clinic-grade display is not accessible. This paper presents a novel framework for removing grid line artifacts from X-ray images, which is a critical challenge in medical imaging. The framework proposes a hybrid Deep Grid model that combines a Gaussian band-stop filter with ADAM optimization to produce high-quality, grid-line free X-ray images that are suitable for further analysis and diagnosis. Deep learning (DL) models for instance the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), DenseNet, VGG-Net, and Fast R-CNN were utilized to classify images, and the grid-by-grid removal of grid lines in the image was performed. The proposed framework achieved a high accuracy rate of 98% in eliminating grid line artifacts from X-ray images, demonstrating its possibility for a big improvement the accuracy and reliability of diagnostics for medical based on X-ray images

Evaluation of the detector linearity response of the DR system in different x-ray bean filters

In the recent past, at Brazilian radiology services, direct digital radiography (DR) systems are replacing Computed Radiography (CR). This situation provides several significant advantages such as improving digital image quality, patient effective dose reduction, and improved speed of examinations performed. To evaluate DR systems, various organizations have published protocols with guidelines concerning quality assurance and acceptance tests for DRs. In these protocols, there are methodologies for evaluating several parameters, such as the detector linearity response (DLR). To test the DLR, different methodologies are proposed by the organizations, such as the application of different additional filters on the X-ray beams spectrum to promote the X-ray doses suitable to produce the latent image in the DR. The objective of this work was to evaluate the results of different protocol methodologies for carrying out the DLR test of a DR flat panel. An analogic radiology equipment, a primary ionization chamber, a DR system and images unprocessed were used in this study. As indicated by the protocols, the spectra of the X-rays were modified by additional filters of copper (Cu) with aluminum (Al); Al; Cu; and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). The spectra of the X-rays were modified to achieve the exposure range of 0.1 to 7 mR. The results showed that the DLR curves adjustment were R²>0.99, for a logarithmic equation, type y=a.ln(x)+b. For the filters of 0.5 mmCu with 1.0 mmAl; 11.5 mmAl; 1.0 mmCu; 21 mmAl the mean pixel values showed 0.9% of the coefficient of variation (COV), while for 10 cm PMMA filters, the COV increased to 2.7%. The study showed that methodologies using Al, Cu and Al with Cu filters DLR have similar responses while using PMMA, the response was slightly different.

Is digital mammography reducing radiation doses to women?

This study aims to investigate the impact of national quality programs in mammography and technological advances in digital mammography units on the radiation doses delivered to women in Brazil. Radiation dose assessments in mammography units were conducted through a mail-based dosimetric system. For each unit of facilities that applied to one of the two national quality programs, a postal dosimetric system is dispatched, comprising an optically stimulated luminescent dosimeter (OSL) attached to the surface of a 4.0 cm thick polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) phantom, simulating a compressed breast with 4.5 cm thickness. Testing instructions to expose the dosimetric phantom for assessing the mean glandular dose (MGD) are provided. Between 2012 and 2023, the programs evaluated the MGD in 1,687 mammography units of computed radiography (CR) and direct digital radiography (DR) technologies from 1,399 facilities located in all Brazilian regions. A total of 1,660 (70.5%) evaluations were carried out on CR technology mammography units and 696 (29.5%) on DR units, totaling 2,356 MGD evaluations. The overall average MGD was 1.60 ± 0.80 mGy, with 1.68 ± 0.83 mGy for CR technology and 1.42 ± 0.68 mGy for DR technology. A comparison of average MGD between the periods 2012 - 2018 and from 2019 onwards shows a dose reduction of 8.6% for CR systems and of 26.0% for DR systems (p = 0.000). As CR systems use analog mammography units, which did not undergo technological advances between the two periods, the reduction in doses observed is due to the actions of national quality certification programs and by using image plates for dual-sided reading or needle-based image plates. The reduction observed in DR systems is due to both national quality programs and technological advances in mammography units, especially the use of radiation beams generated by X-ray tubes with tungsten targets.

Data analysis of average glandular dose in mammography toward revision of the diagnostic reference level of Japan.

Diagnostic reference level (DRL) for mammography for 2015 and 2020 has been published by J-RIME. More new dose studies are needed to revise the next DRL. In preparation for the next revision of the DRL for mammography, this study investigated data from the Japan Central Organization on Quality Assurance of Breast Cancer Screening on the mean average glandular dose (AGD) for institutional image accreditation in 2019-2023 and the relationship between the average at eligible institutions to date and the type of breast X-ray system. The 95th percentile values of the AGD distributions for the Computed Radiography (CR) and Flat Panel Detector (FPD) systems were 2.5mGy and 2.0mGy, respectively. Moreover, it is assumed that AGD is decreasing due to the spread of FPD systems, and it is expected that the further spread of FPD systems and systems with W/Rh target/filter will reduce AGD in future.

Transphyseal Hemiepiphysiodesis: Is it Truly Reversible?

Although numerous studies reported the efficacy of percutaneous epiphysiodesis using transphyseal screws (PETS) in correcting angular knee deformities, many surgeons refrained from using it in younger children because of a lack of objective evidence of reversibility. Our hypothesis is that PETS is both truly reversible and effective. Twenty-one patients aged 8 to 13 years (36 lower limbs LL) with coronal plane knee deformity were enrolled into this prospective case series from January 2021 to September 2023. Besides the routine monitoring of PETS efficacy, low dose CT knee of 32 treated physes was done 6 months after screw removal. In addition, lower limb length, mechanical lateral distal femur angle (mLDFA), and medial proximal tibial angle (MPTA) were recorded preoperatively and 6 to 17 months after screw removal for 24 LL to investigate physis behavior, technique reversibility, and resumption of bone growth after screw removal. The mean mechanical axis deviation (MAD) correction rate was 3.46mm/mo and 1.78mm/mo for genu valgum and genu varum patients, respectively. No physeal bony bars could be detected 6 months after screw removal for all patients. Out of 24 physis that underwent computerized radiography (CR) of the whole lower limb, 12 LL resumed their growth, 4 were stationary, while 8 were excluded due to inadequate calibration. A single physis showed rebound deformity, and another showed overcorrection in the genu valgum group. In addition to being a highly effective method of hemiepiphysiodesis, PETS was found to be reproducible, safe, and reversible when used in the juvenile and early adolescent pediatric population. IV-Prospective case series.

Patient dose and associated exposure parameters in pelvic x-ray examinations: dependence on radiographic system.

Technological differences between computed radiography (CR) and digital radiography (DR) systems can influence patient doses and exposure parameters in pelvic x-ray examinations. The presence of radiosensitive organs in the pelvic region underscores the need to optimize these parameters for both CR and DR systems. This prospective study aimed to compare the patient doses and exposure parameters for adult patients undergoing pelvic x-ray examinations using CR and DR systems, based on data from Sri Lanka. The study included data from 56 x-ray examinations, with 25 using CR and 31 using DR. Patient demographic characteristics and exposure parameters (kVp: kilovoltage peak, mAs: tube current-exposure time product) were recorded, and patient doses were measured in terms of the kerma-area product (PKA) using a PKA meter. Despite similar mean weight and body mass index (BMI), the CR systems showed significantly higher mean kVp (7.4%), mAs (16.4%), and PKA (29.7%) than the DR systems (CR - kVp: 73.2, mAs: 37.8, PKA: 2.29Gy cm2; DR - kVp: 67.8, mAs: 31.6, PKA: 1.61Gy cm2). The Mann-Whitney U test revealed statistically significant differences in PKA and kVp between the CR and DR systems (p < 0.05). Furthermore, even with lower patient weight and BMI, the mean mAs and PKA in this study were substantially higher than those reported in the literature for both CR and DR systems. These results suggest the need to optimize current mAs settings for the studied hospitals and introduce radiographic system-specific exposure parameters and reference dose levels for pelvic x-ray examinations in order to enhance patient protection.

Computed chest radiography for total body irradiation: image quality and clinical feasibility

Objective. In myeloablative total body irradiation (TBI), lung shielding blocks are used to reduce the dose to the lungs and hence decrease the risk of radiation pneumonitis. Some centers are still using mega-Volt (MV) imaging with dedicated silver halide-based films during simulation and treatment for lung delineation and position verification. However, the availability of these films has recently become an issue. This study examines the clinical performance of a computed radiography (CR) solution in comparison to radiographic films and potential improvement of image quality by filtering and post-processing. Approach. We compared BaFBrI-based CR plates to radiographic films. First, images of an aluminum block were analyzed to assess filter impact on scatter reduction. Secondly, a dedicated image quality phantom was used to assess signal linearity, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), contrast and spatial resolution. Ultimately, a clinical performance study involving two impartial observers was conducted on an anthropomorphic chest phantom, employing visual grading analysis (VGA). Various filter materials and positions as well as post-processing were examined, and the workflow between CR and film was compared. Main results. CR images exhibited high SNR and linearity but demonstrated lower spatial and contrast resolution when compared to film. However, filtering improved contrast resolution and SNR, while positioning filters inside the cassette additionally enhanced sharpness. Image processing improved VGA scores, while additional filtering also resulted in higher spine visibility scores. CR shortened TBI simulation by over 10 minutes for one patient, alongside a dose reduction by order of 0.1 Gy. Significance. This study highlights potential advantages of shifting from conventional radiographic film to CR for TBI. Overall, CR with the incorporation of processing and filtering proves to be suitable for TBI chest imaging. When compared to radiographic film, CR offers advantages such as reduced simulation time and dose delivery, re-usability of image plates and digital workflow integration.

COST ASSESSMENT OF COMPUTED RADIOGRAPHY TOWARDS CONVENTIONAL RADIOGRAPHY

Introduction: With the expansion of the development of computer equipment and the improvement of software interfaces, there is also a sudden development of radiology without film, through computerized radiography (CR) systems. The CR system made it possible to improve the quality of the radiological image, and thus to make a more accurate and faster diagnosis.Objective: To estimate the costs of computed radiography compared to conventional radiography.Materials and methods: The analysis used data on the costs of radiological materials and existing radiological information systems from the plans and signed contracts for 2019 and 2022 in the Croatian Hospital "Dr. Fr. Mato Nikolić" Nova Bila.Results: Thecosts of conventional radiology are exceptionally high, including the procurement of X-ray films, processing chemicals, and equipment maintenance. The analysis compares the number of procedures and the displayed costs for the hospital.Conclusion: Computerized radiography is more cost-effective than conventional radiography due to reusable phosphor imaging plates and reduced chemical and film expenses.Keywords: Diagnostic Imaging, Radiography, Cost-Effectiveness Analysis,Radiology Information Systems

Radiation exposure in routine mammography screening: a large observational cross-sectional study in Morocco

This observational cross-sectional study aims to assess the exposure levels during mammography examinations in Morocco and provide an international comparative analysis. Patient data from 1100 mammographic examinations conducted in five units, comprising both digital radiography (DR) and computed radiography (CR) systems from various brands and models in the Rabat-Salé-Zemmour-Zaër region, were collected. The mean glandular dose (MGD) and technical parameters, including exposure factors and breast thickness, were analyzed. The collected data were compared with findings from international studies to provide valuable context. The overall median MGD was 1.34 ± 0.36 mGy for craniocaudal (CC) and 1.48 ± 0.38 mGy for mediolateral oblique (MLO) incidences. It’s essential to note that these values were calculated based on the median compressed breast thickness. The MGD varied among different units and anode/filter combinations. The Rh/Rh anode/filter combination was most commonly used, resulting in the lowest radiation dose. The study findings also highlighted the relationship between MGD and breast thickness, with higher doses observed for thicker breasts. This study provides valuable insights into radiation exposure during mammography breast cancer screening in Morocco. The results underscore the importance of future dose optimization strategies to ensure patient safety without compromising diagnostic image quality. Implementing optimized technical parameters, conducting regular quality assurance programs, and promoting education and awareness are essential in achieving dose reduction and minimizing radiation risks. Collaboration among healthcare professionals, regulatory bodies, and international organizations is crucial for sharing best practices and advancing radiation dose optimization in mammography.

PyDAP: Automated dental OPG beam area measurement using python and raspberry Pi camera

IntroductionThis study investigates if inexpensive computer hardware, open-source computer vision and a phosphor screen from disused CR (computed radiography) Cassette can be used to quantitatively assess beam shape and area. Materials and MethodsThe phosphor screen was affixed to a Carestream CS 8100 dental OPG system and the camera was mounted above the X-ray tube. Videos were acquired of the green light emissions during the tomographic irradiation. Images of a chessboard pattern, attached to the detector were used to correct for camera angulation and provide image pixel size calibration. K-Means colour clustering was used to define beam area. The effect of light conditions on beam dimension measurement was also investigated. The beam width measurement from optimised methodology was compared with that determined from dose calibrated GAFChromicTM XR-SP2film. ResultsVideos in dark conditions provided the most reproducible results. FW20M gained from initial sampling matched that obtained using the GAFChromicTM film within the errors of the measurements,6.41 ± 0.09 mm FW20M from this methodology,compared with FW20M (full width at 20 % of maximum) 6.4 ± 0.1 mm from film. The height and area were 126 ± 0.22 mm and 807 ± 11 mm2 respectively. The chess pattern imaging provided a robust means of perspective correction and pixel calibration. There is potential for this methodology to be employed using any digital camera, provided the camera acquisition settings remain constant, the sensor pixels are square, and the camera position is fixed. ConclusionThe potential of this low-cost open-source method of beam area measurement using computer vision is thus proven.

Implementasi Pemahaman Radiografer terhadap Exposure Index dalam Optimasi Prosedur Pemeriksaan Radiografi Computed Radiography

Background: Increasing the exposure factor is often carried out by radiographers to reduce noise and maintain image quality in computer radiography (CR). Therefore, there is a need for awareness and understanding of the exposure index (EI) to implement optimization procedures in radiographic examinations. Methods: The research method is descriptive and analytical by providing questionnaires to radiographers in PA chest radiographic examinations. This research was carried out at hospitals A, B, and C in the Jakarta-Bogor area with the research carried out between August – October 2023. Statistical analysis used SPSS 27 with data coding previously. After that, the data is processed with descriptive statistics to determine the frequency, distribution, percentage, average, and standard deviation. Then, the test chi-square to determine the relationship between gender, age, education, and work experience in understanding CR optimization procedures. Next, to find out the relationship between age and weight and EI, a test was carried out by Pearson test to determine the level of relationship between the two variablesResults: was found that the level of awareness and understanding of radiographers regarding optimization procedures using EI is still low. Test results chi-square age-understanding 0.309, gender-understanding 0.772, education-understanding 0.036, experience-understanding 0.201. next are the test results Pearson for Hospital-A: age-EI 0.09, weight-EI -0.49, Hospital-B: age-EI -0.21, weight-EI 0.06, Hospital-C: age-EI -0.37, weight-EI 0.56. Conclusions: implementing EI in the optimization procedure, it needs to be confirmed by measuring the patient's radiation dose so that there are no errors in implementing the optimization.

Abdomen Radiography with Atresia Ani Specifications at Bhayangkara Hospital Medan

Abdominal plain radiology examination Anal atresia aims to obtain a radiographic picture of congenital abnormalities in the anus which cause the anus to form imperfectly. The projections carried out in this radiological examination are Antero-Posterior Supine (AP), and Lateral Knee Chest (L) projections. This research uses descriptive research. Atresia ani radiology examination research time This was carried out in May-J 2021 at Bhayangkara Hospital, Medan. The X-ray aircraft used in this examination is a conventional Toshiba-DK Medical System brand aircraft with a capacity of 20 0 Kv and a maximum mA of 300 mA. Radiographic image processing uses CR (Computed Radiography). The cassette used during this examination was a CR cassette measuring 35 cm x 35 cm. The results of the research obtained from an abdominal examination with the suspicion of Atresia ani with the results of the interpretation from the radiologist being correct Atresia ani with the distance of the most distal intestinal air to the anal dimple (marker) being ± 2.6 cm.

Radiography Hystero Salpingography (HSG) With the Allegation of Nonpatency of Both Fallopii Tubes at Columbia Asia Hospital Medan

Hystero Salpingography (HSG) radiography with suspected non-patency of both fallopian tubes at the Radiology Installation of Columbia Asia Hospital, Medan. Scientific Writing for the Diploma III Radiodiagnostic Engineering and Radiotherapy Study Program Sinar Amal Bhakti Foundation Medan 2021. Hystero Salpingography (HSG) is an examination of the uterus and salpinx using radio opaque contrast media via a uterine canule carried out by a radiologist with the patient supine on the flouroscopy table, examination This can also be done with conventional radiography using a tube from above. Non-patent tubes are tubes that are occluded so that sperm cannot reach the ampulla to fertilize the ovum. The aim of the examination is to show the anatomy and abnormalities accurately by means of contrast injection using a catheter. This research was conducted at the Radiology Installation at Columbia Asia Hospital, Medan. The examination technique uses an antero-posterior projection which aims to optimally show the anatomical structure of the uterus and fallopian tubes. The aircraft used in this research is a Philips Pesawar General X-ray Unit with the Bucky Diagnost CS.Optimus 80 type and a capacity of 500 mA. The cassette used measures 18x24 cm. The film processing process used is Computed Radiography (CR).

Radiography Cervical Vertebrae with Suspect Spodylosis at the Prof. Dr Chairuddin Panusunan Lubis Educational Hospital University of North Sumatra Medan

The cervical vertebrae (neck bones) are vertebrae which consist of seven segments which have small segment bodies and large segment openings. Radiographic techniques are the science of studying procedures for photographing objects that are examined using X-rays. Cervical spondylosis is a common degenerative disease of the cervical spine. To show abnormalities in these organs, X-rays in the field of radiology are needed. Therefore, a radiological examination is needed to show whether there is spondylosis and its effect on the surrounding organs. with AP Axial and Lateral examination techniques. The AP Axial projection shows an image of the cervical spine from the AP position. Lateral projection shows an image of the cervical vertebrae from a lateral position, and spondylosis is clearly visible at C3 and C4. In collecting data, the author used interviews and field observations. The results of the diagnostic examination provided information about abnormalities in the cervical spine using Computer Radiography (CR), a cassette measuring 24 cm x 30 cm with a device used by Philips with a capacity of 500 mA.

Quality and Image Processing Analysis versus Radiation Dose in Hip Radiographic Examinations

Aims: Evaluate the quality and processing of images in hip radiographic examinations.&#x0D; Study Design: Six combinations of exposure techniques commonly used in clinical practice were used, keeping the voltage (kVp) value constant, varying only the current and time relationship (mA.s).&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out at the Radiodiagnosis Laboratory of the Radiology and Medical Physics graduation courses at the Franciscan University (UFN), as part of the research developed during the Image Processing course in the second semester of 2023.&#x0D; Methodology: Image acquisition and radiation dose measurement were performed using clinical radiographic equipment and a model resembling hip anatomy, along with a dosimetric system to quantify radiation dose at the entrance surface (ESAK). The captured images were digitized through a computerized radiography (CR) system, enabling quantitative analysis using histograms and Regions of Interest (ROI) in anatomical structures relevant for diagnosis. Signal and noise values were evaluated, allowing the determination of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and radiographic contrast (CR).&#x0D; Results: The results revealed significant differences among the various techniques employed. Some images displayed lower SNR, ranging from 8.14% to 15.60%, yet with higher CR, varying between 5.48% and 22.29%. Remarkably, one technique (70 kVp with 16 mA.s) demonstrated the best cost-benefit relationship, reducing radiation exposure by 48.7% (from 6.32 to 3.24 mGy) with minimal reduction in SNR, less than 10%, and a 5.47% increase in CR.&#x0D; Conclusion: These findings highlight the importance for radiology professionals seeking imaging techniques that guarantee high diagnostic quality with minimal patient exposure. Prioritizing safer and more effective radiological practices is essential for delivering quality healthcare services.

Current status and prospect of PET-related imaging radiomics in lung cancer.

Lung cancer is highly aggressive, which has a high mortality rate. Major types encompass lung adenocarcinoma, lung squamous cell carcinoma, lung adenosquamous carcinoma, small cell carcinoma, and large cell carcinoma. Lung adenocarcinoma and lung squamous cell carcinoma together account for more than 80% of cases. Diverse subtypes demand distinct treatment approaches. The application of precision medicine necessitates prompt and accurate evaluation of treatment effectiveness, contributing to the improvement of treatment strategies and outcomes. Medical imaging is crucial in the diagnosis and management of lung cancer, with techniques such as fluoroscopy, computed radiography (CR), digital radiography (DR), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET)/CT, and PET/MRI being essential tools. The surge of radiomics in recent times offers fresh promise for cancer diagnosis and treatment. In particular, PET/CT and PET/MRI radiomics, extensively studied in lung cancer research, have made advancements in diagnosing the disease, evaluating metastasis, predicting molecular subtypes, and forecasting patient prognosis. While conventional imaging methods continue to play a primary role in diagnosis and assessment, PET/CT and PET/MRI radiomics simultaneously provide detailed morphological and functional information. This has significant clinical potential value, offering advantages for lung cancer diagnosis and treatment. Hence, this manuscript provides a review of the latest developments in PET-related radiomics for lung cancer.

Application of anode heel effect (AHE) with stepwedge and variation of x-ray tube voltage to contrast to noise ratio (CNR) in computed radiography (CR)

A study has been carried out on the application of anode heel effect (AHE) with stepwedge to variations in X-ray tube voltage on contrast to noise ratio (CNR) on computed radiography (CR) images. Stepwedge used with 21 steps with the addition of a thickness of 1.5 mm each step. X-ray tube voltage variations are 40kV, 50 kV, 60 kV, 70 kV, 80 kV, and 90 kV. Analysis of the variation of the X-ray tube voltage on the CNR value was determined using IMB SPSS Statistics 26 with a simple regression test. The results of these tests indicate that the variation of the X-ray tube voltage affects the CNR value, where the greater the variation of the X-ray tube voltage, the lower the CNR value. The CNR value at a thickness of 27.0 mm is the optimal CNR value of 71.113

Comparison of x-ray spectra and mean glandular dose estimations in computed radiography systems for mammography: Simulations versus measurements

To determine the dose given to patients in mammography, it is necessary to evaluate the mean glandular dose (MGD) in the computed radiography (CR) system with a solid-state detector, utilizing polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) phantoms and spacers to model breast thickness. In the present study, irradiations were performed in a mammograph with a solid-state detector, and simulations were carried out using the Monte Carlo N-Particle Extended (MCNPX) code to give the MGD and spectra for the same conditions. In the mammograph, the glandular dose values were calculated for three anode/filter combinations: molybdenum/molybdenum (Mo/Mo), molybdenum/rhodium (Mo/Rh), and rhodium/rhodium (Rh/Rh). Through acquisitions from kerma values, the spectra were plotted. The MGD results obtained from the mammograph for Mo/Mo, Mo/Rh, and Rh/Rh were below the reported acceptable levels, while the spectra were mostly in accordance with the literature.

Use of Low Melting Point Alloy Mcp-96 Filter on Gammagraphic Optimization of Patient Position Verification with Telecobalt 60 Machine

Verification of the patient's position is a stage in external radiotherapy that aims to ensure the accuracy of radiation therapy administration according to plan. Equipment for the patient position verification process that is often used is Electronic Portal Image Devices (EPID) and film portals. However, not all Telecobalt 60 machines are equipped with EPID, so it requires alternative equipment to verify patient positions. One modality that can be utilized is Computed Radiography (CR). The study was conducted to analyze the use of MCP-96 low melting point alloy filters in imaging, verifying patient positions with CR devices on telecobalt 60 machine can calibrate radiation doses and provide good image quality and anatomical information. The study used a posttest-only control group design by comparing radiation dose, image quality, and anatomical information of the patient's position verification image. Imaging was performed using a phantom pelvis as an object and using CR equipment and low melting point alloy MCP-96 as a filter. The results showed that low melting points alloy MCP-96 with a thickness of 1 cm, 2 cm and 4 cm can calibrate the radiation dose output of the telecobalt 60 machine in accordance with recommendations for kilovoltage imaging. There was no significant difference in SNR and CNR images from imaging verification of patient positions with filter thicknesses of 1 cm, 2 cm, and 4 cm. Filter thickness of 1 cm produces images with optimal image quality and anatomical information in gammagraphic imaging verification of patient position using CR on telecobalt 60 machine. Thus, the use of low melting point alloy MCP-96 thickness of 1 cm and CR devices can be used in gammagraphic imaging of patient position verification on a telecobalt 60 machine as an alternative if you do not have EPID.

Analysis of Histogram and Grayscale on Chest X-Ray in Lung Cancer Using Image-J

Posteranterior (PA) chest radiographic examination is a support in screening for the diagnosis of lung cancer. Computed radiography (CR) modality can produce chest images quickly, optimally and can be processed as needed. However, so far radiologists interpret images only by visual assessment, so the results are very subjective. Therefore digital medical image processing can be done by looking at the histogram and gray scale values to increase the accuracy of enforcing patient diagnoses. This study aims to analyze the comparison of histograms and gray degree values on CR chest images between normal patients and lung cancer patients. The study was conducted using 30 chest images consisting of normal and lung cancer patient groups with 15 images each. All images are calculated grayscale and display histogram graphics with the Image-J application and statistically analyzed using the Independent T-Test. The results show that there is a difference in grayscale values between normal chest images and lung cancer (p&lt;0.001). The grayscale and histogram values on lung cancer chest images ( 103.2908 + 6.119 ) are higher and tend to the right compared to the grayscale and histogram values on normal chest images ( 64.5848 + 3.28) . Histogram and grayscale values add objective image interpretation in diagnosing lung cancer.